http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us June 2016 Land use land cover change (LULCC) is the result of the long time process of natural and anthropogenic activities that has been practiced on the land. GIS and remote sensing are the best tools that support to generate the relevant land use/cover change in the basin. This study was conducted in the Akaki River basin to detect land use land cover changes within the 30 years period (1985-2015) by using landsat imagery data acquired from the GCF. Supervised maximum likelihood algorithm classification were deployed to classify land use/cover into four prominent land use groups and data’s were processed by using ERDAS imagine 2014 and ArcGIS10.1 software. In the basin dominant LULC was agricultural land use which accounts around 56.28% and the second largest is built-up area by 31.51% and the rest, forest(11.9%) and water body(0.31%) coverage were takes third and fourth position(as 2015 data). The rapid expansion of Addis Ababa city consumes more fertile land near to the city. According to the projected LULCC for 2030 the proportion of agricultural and built-up area near to each other, i.e., agricultural land reduced to 42.33% and urban or built-up area increased to 41.63%. One good thing observed in the basin was an increment of the forest land in between 2011 and 2015 by 23.85% whereas in between 1985 and 2015 the annual rate of change was by 4.2. This may be due to the implementation of green-economy building strategy of the government and other stakeholders to rehabilitate the degraded lands in order to achieve MDG and SDG goals. Urbanization, industrialization, commercial center enlargement and population explosion in the main city Addis Ababa grabs more fertile and productive lands which supports more semi-urban communities. Hence, the government should consider the dramatic and drastic horizontal expansion of the urbanization which resulted due to lack of appropriate master plan for the city and towns in the basin to protect the loss agricultural productive lands. http://ijeab.com/detail/land-use-land-cover-change-detection-by-using-remote-sensing-data-in-akaki-river-basin/ Adimasu Woldesenbet Worako http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1467813922-1 IJEAB-MAY-2016-4-Land Use Land Cover Change Detection by Using Remote Sensing Data in Akaki River Basin.pdf Background: Human health, incorporating physical, social and psychological well-being, depends on an adequate supply of potable water and a safe environment sections. Waterborne infections are one of the commonest problems in developing countries. Access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation needs will eliminate vast part of water-borne disease cases. Objectives: to assess the trends safe water coverage and sanitary conditions in Ethiopia together with the challenges of the sector. Methods: In depth literature survey from online published peer reviewed articles, publications from international organization and Ethiopia ministry of health was used to assess the trend and access of improved water and sanitation coverage since 1990 to 2015 in Ethiopia. Results: Among 93 articles, 45 of them have important information and included in the quantitative review. To this end Ethiopia has reached the Millennium Development goal of access to safe water and the national coverage reached to 68.5% and 33% for sanitation facilities. Ethiopia is not on the right track to reach for sanitation target (47%) of 2015. The development trend for water coverage and sanitation facilities shows that urban dwellers (16% of the population) are more benefited than the rural (84%) citizens. Poor access of sanitation and improved drinking water in rural part is resulted due to improper planning, malfunction water scheme utilities, and other factors. Conclusions: Despite, the efforts made to increase the access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities to the population in the last 15 years; water related diseases are still one of the top ten diseases in the country. Protecting the source alone is not sufficient enough to reduce waterborne diseases unless point of use treatments and hygienic handling of water is practiced. Additional commitments and efforts are required post 2015 to assure the sustainability, access to the basic human right, water. http://ijeab.com/detail/water-supply-and-health-drinking-water-and-sanitation-coverage-in-ethiopia-1990-2015-review/ Thewodros Bekele , Seyoum Leta http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1467813932-2 IJEAB-MAY-2016-3-Water Supply and Health Drinking water and Sanitation Coverage in Ethiopia 1990 - 2015 Review.pdf Nendran is the popular variety grown commercially in different regions due to its wider adaptability and high degree of tolerance to drought in a perennial cropping system and is the leading commercial cultivar of Kerala. A field experiment was laid out in randomised block design with ten treatments and three replications consisting of nitrogen and potassium at different combinations to know their nutrient concentrations in banana leaves and soil at different growth periods viz., vegetative stage, flowering stage and harvesting stage. The treatment N250P80K400 grams/plant was recorded significantly higher leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium during 9th month of vegetative stage (3.36, 0.5 and 4.37% respectively), shooting (2.94, 0.45 and 3.39% respectively), fruiting (2.67, 0.41 and 2.4% respectively) and harvesting stages (2.35, 0.36 and 2.03% respectively) than other treatments. Treatment T9 (N250P80K400 grams/plant) recorded significantly highest leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (384.71, 39.67 and 999.70 kg/ha respectively) during vegetative stage (9th month), shooting (371.71, 28.69 and 1271.71 kg/ha respectively), fruiting (303.85, 24.25 and 1084.96 kg/ha respectively) and harvesting stage (249.35, 23.91 and 894.56 kg/ha respectively) than untreated plants T10. The highest micro nutrients were noted in T9 in all the stages and Nendran supplemented through inorganic fertilizers @ N250P80K400 can be recommended as optimum dose for this region. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-inorganic-fertilizers-on-leaf-mineral-content-of-plantain-cv-nendran-and-on-the-nutritional-status-of-studied-soil/ S. K. Mahato, S. Gurung, B. Chhteri, C. P. Suresh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1467813935-3 IJEAB-MAY-2016-9-Effect of Inorganic Fertilizers on Leaf Mineral Content of Plantain (CV. Nendran) and on the Nutritional Status of Studied Soil.pdf Availability of major livestock feed resources, their chemical composition and balance between available feed resources and requirements of existing tropical livestock units (TLU) in Kedida Gamela district (Southern Ethiopia) were assessed. A survey was conducted on 100 sample households (HH) and data collected using group discussions, structured questionnaire and personal observations. Furthermore, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (IVDMD) of major feed resources identified (natural pasture and crop residues) were also determined. A total of 28,675 tonnes of DM were produced annually for a total of 40,080 TLU which satisfies only 31.4% of their maintenance requirement. Maize stover and wheat straw contain lowest ash and from agro-industrial by-products noug cake and wheat bran the highest ash content. The highest (p0.05) between the agro-industrial by-products. The highest acid detergent lignin content for roughage feed was recorded from maize stover to natural pasture and the highest from agro-industrial by-products was recorded from wheat bran to noug cake. Differences in IVDMD for major feed resources were not significant (P>0.05). The differences in nutrient composition and IVDMD of the feed resources in midland and highland followed similar trend, although there were slight differences in nutrient content and IVDMD of similar feedstuffs from the two altitudinal zones. In conclusion, the main feed resource is crop residues which are of low quality with high fiber content, low digestibility which may result in reduced livestock productivity and disease resistance. Chopping followed by soaking or ammonaition or urea treatment could be suggested to improve quality of the roughages. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-feed-resource-availability-and-quality-in-kedida-gamela-district-southern-ethiopia/ Mengistu Lemma, Tegene Negesse, Ajebu Nurfeta http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4 IJEAB-MAY-2016-10-Assessment of Feed Resource Availability and Quality in Kedida Gamela District, Southern Ethiopia.pdf Artificial light at night and its negative consequences are of great interest in the fields of Ecology, Human Geography Astronomy, and Human Health. Most of the studies to date concentrated on the influences of light pollution has on our ability to view the night sky, on biodiversity, and ecosystems. Though, in recent years, with the use of new technologies sensors, which provide accurate information for determining of night lights at the area, most consideration were given for estimating artificial light at night within the urban areas. In this study, urban night lights within the cities of Nigeria was evaluated by monitoring data from the ground measurements using Sky Quality Meter (SQM-LU-DL) devices. Besides, the SQM was used at the zenith (upward direction) for maximum evaluating of artificial light at the sites. Differences in night sky brightness were found between the observation sites with the brightest values measured in the upward direction (20.14 to 22.00 magsqm arcsec−2) as the SQM measurements were influenced by surface albedo, this was due to the reflection of solar radiation during the day by the earth’s surface; and the other sources that exposed direct lights from buildings and car lamps, while in some locations the upwards direction represented skyglow. Cluster analysis result has shown that some places are more ecological friendly especially for migrating birds and other nocturnal animals. GIS software was used to group the data according to the data obtained during the monitoring. The result showed tha, the area with a dark color in the map indicated the darkest region of the study area and the bright areas on GIS map image were associated with areas of high use of artificial light and high albedo. This study provides a clear view for the assessing the sky condition and can serve as a tool for locating the suitable place for a zoological garden and even for optical astronomy in the study area. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-ecological-impacts-of-light-pollution-at-night-time-a-mechanistic-appraisal/ Abdullahi MG, Roslan U, Kamarudin M. K. A. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1467813949-5 IJEAB-MAY-2016-12-The Ecological Impacts of Light Pollution at Night-time a Mechanistic Appraisal.pdf A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy research farm of IAAS, Rampur, chitwan, Nepal during summer and winter season 2010 and 2011 to study the effect of crop sequence and nitrogen rates on hybrid maize. There were thirty treatment combination consisting of six crop sequences, maize-maize, fallow-maize, greengram-maize, cowpea-maize, blackgram-maize, clusterbean-maize in main plots and five nitrogen rates 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha in subplots with three replication.The research finding revealed that grain yield of maize was higher after summer legumes than after maize, fallow and clusterbean. Maximum grain yield of maize (4840 kg/ha in 2010 and 5230 kg/ha in 2011) was recorded under greengram-maize sequence followed by cowpea-maize, whereas the lowest grain yield was noted under maize-maize during both the years. Grain yield recorded with 200kg N/ha was maximum (6250 kg/ha in 2010 and 6548 kg/ha in 2011) while lowest yield (2296 kg/ha in 2010 and 2570 kg/ha in 2011) was under no nitrogen application. Maximum cob diameter (3.72 cm in 2010 and 3.85 cm in 2011) was recorded under greengram-maize sequence and it was minimum under maize-maize sequence. Cob diameter was maximum (3.78 cm in 2010 and 3.99 cm in 2011) with 200 kg N/ha while it was minimum at no nitrogen application. Cob length noted under cowpea-maize sequence was maximum (12.2 cm in 2010 and 12.8 cm in 2011) which was comparable to greengram – maize. While cob length was minimum under maize-maize sequences. Maximum cob length (12.5 cm in 2010 and 13.3 in 2011) was recorded with 200 kg N/ha and it was minimum under control. Maximum grain number per cob (334.6 in 2010 and 338.5 in 2011) was noted under greengram– maize sequences and minimum under fallow – maize in 2010 and under maize – maize in 2011. Grain number per cob was maximum 359.0 in 2010 and 364.0 in 2011 ) noted with 200 kg N/ha while it was minimum with no nitrogen during both the years . Maximum grain weight per cob (64. 5 g in 2010 and 65 .9 g in 2011) was recorded under cowpea– maize sequences which was comparable to greengram– maize sequences, while it was minimum under maize– maize. Grain weight per cob was maximum (80.0 g in 2010 and 82.0 g in 2011) recorded with 200 kg N/ha and it was minimum under no nitrogen application.Maximum 1000 grain weight (191.5 g in 2010 and 193.0 g in 2011) was recorded under greengram– maize sequence. While it was minimum under maize-maize sequence. 1000 grain weight was maximum (206.5 g in 2010 and 208 .0 g in 2011) with 200 kg N/ha and it was minimum with no nitrogen application. Stover yield was maximum (10504 kg/ha in 2010 and 11050 kg /ha in 2011) under greengram – maize sequences while it was minimum under maize– maize sequences. Maximum Stover yield (11922 kg /ha in 2010 and 12700 kg /ha in 2011) was recorded with 200 kg N/ha while it was minimum with no nitrogen application. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-preceding-crops-and-nitrogen-rates-on-post-harvest-attributes-of-winter-hybrid-maize-zea-mays-l/ B.P. Yadav, D. N.Yadav, K.B. Koirala, K.R. Pandey , R.B.Thapa http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1467813955-6 IJEAB-MAY-2016-13-Effect of Preceding Crops and Nitrogen Rates on Post Harvest Attributes Of Winter Hybrid Maize (Zea Mays L).pdf Phycoremediation is the use of algae for the removal of pollutants from wastewater since algal species are relatively easy to grow, adapt and manipulate within a laboratory setting and appear to be ideal organisms for use in remediation studies. The present investigation was carried out to determine the phycoremediation potential of Spirogyra sp. using sugar mill effluent. The results of the present study revealed that sugar mill effluent is considerable loaded with TDS, EC, BOD, COD, TKN, PO43- , Ni, Cr, Fe and Mn. The phycoremediation studies showed that the maximum removal of TDS (24.92%), EC (14.47%), pH (11.47%), BOD (47.82%), DO (21.46%), COD (15.73%), TKN (40%), PO43- (44.44%), Ni (42.79%), Cr (40.74%), Fe (24.78%) and Mn (34.92%) was recorded after 60 days of phycoremediation experiments using Spirogyra sp. moreover, the removal of TDS, EC, BOD, COD, TKN, PO43- , Ni, Cr, Fe and Mn of the sugar mill effluent was progressively increased at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of phycoremediation experiments using Spirogyra sp. Therefore, the phycoremediation study clearly indicated the effectiveness of microalgae Spirogyra sp. for the removal of nutrients and heavy metals present in the sugar mill effluent. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-phycoremediation-efficiency-of-spirogyra-sp-using-sugar-mill-effluent/ Vinod Kumar, Prabhav Gautam, Jogendra Singh, Roushan K. Thakur http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1467813968-7 IJEAB-MAY-2016-14-Assessment of Phycoremediation Efficiency of Spirogyra Sp. Using Sugar Mill Effluent.pdf This research investigates the pathways tto reduce the environmental footprints of energy inputs in sesame production in Jigawa State of Nigeria using data elicited from 99 sesame farmers via multi-stage sampling technique. Energy efficiency was studied and degrees of technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) were determined using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Additionally, wasteful uses of energy by inefficient farms were assessed and energy saving of different sources was computed. Results revealed that only 9.4% DMUs were technically efficient with average TE score of 0.624; based on BCC model 34.4% DMUs were identified to be efficient with mean PTE score of 0.79; while based on scale efficiency only 12.5% DMUs were efficient with mean SE score of 0.804. Furthermore it was observed that approximately 38.17% (1505.58MJha-1) of overall input energies can be saved if performance of inefficient DMUs rose to a high level. http://ijeab.com/detail/pathways-to-reduce-the-environmental-footprints-of-energy-inputs-in-sesame-production-in-jigawa-state-nigeria/ Sadiq M S., Singh I.P., Umar S.M., Grema I.J., Usman B.I., Isah M.A., Saleh A.M. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1467813975-8 IJEAB-MAY-2016-7-Pathways to Reduce the Environmental Footprints of Energy Inputs in Sesame Production in Jigawa State, Nigeria.pdf Market integration in many agricultural commodities had been extensively studied for the insight it provides into the functioning of such markets, thus giving valuable information about the dynamics of market adjustment, and whether there exist market imperfection, which may justify government intervention. This study empirically investigated price transmission, volatility and discovery of gram across four wholesale gram markets, viz. Jaipur, Kishangarh, Chomu and Malpura in Rajasthan state of India using Johansen’s multivariate cointegration approach, VECM, Granger causality tests, GARCH, EGARCH and ARIMA. Monthly wholesale gram price data spanning from January 2011 to December 2015 sourced from AGMARKNET were used. Multivariate cointegration showed that all the selected gram markets were cointegarted in the long-run, meaning long-run price association among these markets. The degree of market integration observed is consistent with the view that Rajasthan state gram markets are quite competitive; thus, provide little justification for extensive and costly government intervention designed to enhance market efficiency through improve competitiveness. Therefore, in order to sustain the present system of market integration, there is need to evolve mechanism that will generate market information and market intelligence which would serve as a platform for guiding farmers in marketing their produce. http://ijeab.com/detail/price-transmission-volatility-and-discovery-of-gram-in-some-selected-markets-in-rajathan-state-india/ Sadiq, M S., Singh, I.P., Suleiman Aminu, Umar, S.M., Grema, I.J., Usman, B.I., Isah M.A., Lawal A. T http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1467813979-9 IJEAB-JUN-2016-1-Price Transmission, Volatility and Discovery of Gram in Some Selected Markets in Rajathan State, India.pdf