http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us February In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the cultivation and consumption of peppers, prompting efforts to identify optimal conditions for their growth and development. This study aimed to assess the impact of biostimulants on the growth and yield of capsicum. The experiment involved twelve treatments, including an absolute control, and was designed using a Randomized Block Design with four replications. The underlying hypothesis suggested that biostimulants could enhance the yield of pepper fruits. The study was conducted in a polyhouse at the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during the Rabi seasons of 2022-23 and 2023-24, using the PSM-1 variety as the experimental material. The result showed that treatment T3 (RDF + Seaweed extract 2.5 ml/L) recorded highest plant height (103.22 cm), leaf area (370.63 cm²) and no. of branches per plant (11.63). http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-bio-stimulants-on-growth-parameters-of-capsicum-capsicum-annum-l/ Uday Singh, Archana, Sanjay Kumar, Sunil Kumar Gola, Shiv Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Sheenu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-112202411-Impact.pdf Contact with nature has always been recognized as having a positive and relaxing effect on people; horticultural therapy is one of the latest forms of unconventional therapy, which uses plants to improve physical and mental condition. Horticultural therapy activities, after a long experimental phase dating back to the 1960s, are now a consolidated practice in the USA, Canada and Europe. In Italy, social farming has developed in a more organic way since the early 2000’S: there are no pre-established models and the various social agriculture projects, in recent years, have aimed to develop good practices starting from personal experience in the field rather than from codified models. The Animal Farm, social farm in Ladispoli (Rome, Italy), has developed a functional model based on twenty years of experience in the period 2003 – 2024, which is reported in the present work. The mixed experience of informative educational activities and rehabilitation activities allowed farm’s visitors to come into contact with the participants in the workshop and this increased people's awareness of the problems of people with disabilities. The workshops are organized in daily activities where the various local institutions bring their users (either individuals or groups) to carry out agricultural activities and practical workshops. The path followed is aimed at people with medium and severe mental disabilities. The workshop is structured in two levels of activity: routine works and creative work. The experiments implemented within the horticultural therapy paths in the Animal Farm of Ladispoli (Rome, Italy) confirm the key role of agricultural activities in rehabilitation programs for disabled people and in the present work the positive effects observed in the workshops are reported. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-vegetable-garden-for-all-twenty-years-of-horticultural-therapy-experiences-at-the-animal-farm-in-ladispoli-rome-italy/ Agnieszka Lidia Kaczmarczyk, Antonio Pizzuti Piccoli http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-10120252-TheVegetable.pdf Mugu district in Nepal, despite facing geographical constraints, hold immense potential for finger millet production, which can improve the living standard of its residents. A study conducted in Mugu district evaluated economics of production and marketing which includes cost return analysis, marketing dynamics, constraints and recommendations associated with finger millet cultivation. Drawing from the sample of 120 farmers from Khatyad Rural Municipality and Chayanath Rara Municipality, where finger millet is extensively grown. Household survey was carried out to collect primary information from growers conducting interviews supplemented by secondary data from various sources. The cost-return analysis underscores the profitability of finger millet cultivation, with a per-hectare cost estimated at NPR 43,127.71, gross returns reaching NPR 50,790, resulting in net returns of NPR 7,662.29 with NPR 28.80 of cost per kg of production. The productivity was 1497 Kg/Ha and benefit cost ratio of 1.18. Factors such as labor cost and cost of fertilizer were statistically significant coefficients suggesting change in labor cost and cost of fertilizer influence annual finger millet income. Direct marketing of finger millet from producers to consumers was most frequent, for which the producer receives NPR 0.98 out of NPR 1.00 paid by consumer. Attack of pests such as rats and blast disease followed by lack of infrastructures and market intelligence were the major production problems. Growers highly suggests to have technical support for producing beverages along with availability of modern production technology. http://ijeab.com/detail/production-economics-and-marketing-of-finger-millet-in-mugu-district/ Love Raj Pant, Hari K Panta, Rupak Nath http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-10120258-Production.pdf The study aims to analyze the influence of performance factors on the profitability of broiler chicken farming using partnership patterns in North Minahasa Regency. The method used is a survey method, using a purposive random sampling technique. Data collected through used the questionnaires. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the profitability obtained by broiler chicken farmers using a partnership pattern was IDR 623,844,148 with an average per respondent of IDR 20,794,805. While the influence each independent variable have a very significant effect on the partnership pattern broiler farming profitability. The results of the regression coefficient analysis show that if the Performance Index (IP) increases by IDR 1, profitability will increase by IDR 2.29, these results indicate that farmers have succeeded in achieving the performance of lifeweight and efficiency of feed and medicine/vaccine use. However, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) increases by IDR 1, profitability will decrease by IDR 1.13, meaning it is necessary to improve maintenance management to increase feed conversion into additional bodyweight. Likewise, the Mortality rate increases by IDR 1, then profitability tends to decrease by IDR 0.68, which means the depletion or mortality rate needs to be reduced through more intensive maintenance management. http://ijeab.com/detail/profitability-performance-of-broiler-chicken-farming-partnership-pattern-in-north-minahasa-regency/ Annatasiya Grace Ambat, Femi H. Elly, Richard E.M.F. Osak http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-111202414-Profitability.pdf In recent years, mulberry becomes one of the important cash crops in India and it is the only sole food crop to feed the silkworm (Bombyx mori).Water scarcity creates significant impact on quality mulberry leaf production which in turn determines the silk productivity. Importantly, rainfed sericulture contributes majorly to the overall silk production in the country. But inconsistence and erratic rainfall pattern greatly affects the mulberry productivity and its sustainability. Maintaining adequate soil moisture in the plant root zone is one of the important agronomic practices in order to obtain higher mulberry productivity in rainfed sericulture. In this context, run-off rain water in the farm can be collected and stored in the surface tank or farm pond for future supplemental irrigation during non-rainy season. A device with solar pump based drumkit drip irrigation system has been developed for effective irrigation management in the rainfed mulberry cultivation. It is an eco-friendly and efficient system to supply the water and nutrients directly at the plant root zone. The study was undertaken at Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Berhampore with an objective to explore the effect of solar drip irrigation technology on mulberry productivity. Solar drip irrigation system was established in the experimental garden as follows: a) a water drum of approximately 1000 litre capacity was placed at a height of 5 feet from the above ground level b) From the water drum, water was conveyed to the main field using PVC pipes after filtering through screen filter c) One conventional inline drip lateral (12 mm OD; 2.4 lph) was fixed in every mulberry row with a lateral spacing of 90 cm d)Surface storage tank was constructed to collect and store the run-off rainwater. e) 0.25 HP solar based nano pump was used for lifting water from surface tank to the overhead water tank. f) 80 Wp solar photovoltaic panel was installed to generate solar electricity in order to run the solar nano pump. The experiment consisted of three irrigation systems: Solar Drip Irrigation Kit (SDIK), Conventional Drip Irrigation (CDI) and Surface Irrigation (SI). SDIK system was performed at par with CDI system in terms of mulberry growth and yield attributes. There was 37% improvement in SDIK in leaf yield against SI. Moreover, when water applied through SDIK resulted in the water saving by 24% as compared to that of SI. Besides, significant improvement in water productivity by 44% was recorded in comparison to SI. The present study clearly indicated that SDIK is an innovative approach for efficient irrigation management in order to sustain the mulberry productivity in the rainfed areas. This system would be highly suitable and affordable to small and marginal rainfed sericulture farmers. http://ijeab.com/detail/solar-drip-irrigation-kit-sdik-sustaining-the-mulberry-productivity-under-rainfed-sericulture/ Mahesh Rajendran, Tanvi Rahman, Kishan Kumar R, Kanika Trivedy, Gandhi Doss Subramanium, C.M. Babu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-101202511-SolarDrip.pdf Present experiment was conducted as on-farm testing at farmers’ field during Rabi season of 2022-23 and 2023-24 to assess the impact of micronutrient spray on growth, bulb yield and economics of onion crop. Two treatments i.e. T1- Farmers’ practice (without spray) and T2- foliar spray of micronutrient replicated at five farmers field of Jhajjar district. Micronutrients were applied through foliar spray of multiplex general liquid 2.5 ml/ litre (625 ml/ ha) which contains Zn 9%, Fe 8%, Mn 0.50%, Cu 0.50% and Bo 0.25% after one month of transplanting and at bulb formation stage of the onion. The use of micronutrient as foliar spray was found effective in T2 treatment the significantly highest plant height (68.35 & 69.10 cm), number of leaves (6.80 & 6.95), bulb weight (55.38 & 58.80 g) and bulb yield (307.90 & 311.80 q/ha) during 2022-23 and 2023-24, respectively. Maximum net return (₹ 110367 & 211270/ ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.96 & 2.82) were recorded in the treatment T2 whereas, in farmers’ practices were found net return (₹ 88428 & 176530/ ha) and BC ratio (1.79 & 2.55), respectively during both the year of study. Therefore, the use of micronutrient application to be increases the production and recommended for onion cultivation. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-micronutrient-spray-on-growth-bulb-yield-and-economics-of-onion/ Desh Raj Choudhary, Rajesh Kumar, Ajay Kumar, Vikash Hooda, K. S. Saini http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-112202412-Impactof.pdf The experiment entitled “Studies on crop weather relation in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) under experiment was carried out in FRBD (Factorial Random Block Design). Nine treatment combinations comprise of three sowing environments viz. crop sown on 28th June (G1), 8th July (G2) and 18th July (G3) respectively along with three cultivars i.e., PC-701, HHB-67 and RHB-223 were used in the investigation. The minimum temperature and rainfall had a positive and significant effect on the grain yield. It had a strong negative correlation with evaporation and wind speed. During the research period, among cultivars the highest accumulated GDD had observed in HHB-67 from emergence to physiological maturity. The higher accumulated HTU had consumed by 18th July and lowest by 28th June and the highest HTU were observed in HHB-67 from emergence to milking stage (except flag leaf stage, boot stage, dough stage and physiological maturity on 18th July). The Accumulated Heat use efficiency (HUE) was higher on 28th June treatment at 60 DAS. HHB-67 (0.61 g/m2 oC/day) possess higher HUE followed by PC-701 and RHB-223 (0.50 g/m2 oC/day). http://ijeab.com/detail/agrometeorological-indices-and-the-weather-parameters-impact-on-growth-and-yield-of-pearl-millet/ Maya, S.R. Mishra, A.K. Singh, A.N. Mishra http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-112202454-Agrometeorological.pdf In Niger in general, and in its western part in particular, natural ecosystems have been undergoing continuous degradation for decades. In response, unprecedented efforts are being made to reclaim degraded land. This article assesses the cost of creating one hectare of sylvo-pastoral land in the rural communes of Simiri and Tondikiwindi (Ouallam department, Niger). Based on interviews, the cost was assessed by identifying the players involved and the equipment used. Daily remuneration, equipment depreciation, market price and load calculations were used to establish the monetary value of the cost. The people who carry out the work in the field are essentially the beneficiaries, who provide the labour and the technical supervisors. One hectare requires 105 diggers, 2 plotters and equipment. The direct and indirect monetary costs of developing one hectare of sylvo-pastoral half-moon site are estimated at 163,555 and 116,500 CFA francs respectively. The year of implementation covers the essential costs. This work has enabled us to understand the human resources and costs involved in developing a sylvo-pastoral site. http://ijeab.com/detail/evaluation-of-the-cost-of-sylvo-pastoral-site-development-operations-the-case-of-a-half-moon-site-in-the-ouallam-niger-department/ Moussa Abdou Ousseini, Ousseini Aichatou, Alio Dan Ladi Yahaya, Oumarou Issoufou Nana Aichatou, Soumana Idrissa, Dan Guimbo Iro http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-10220252-Evaluation.pdf Livestock farming contributes to more than 10% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (DNPIA, 2013). However, the aerial vegetation cover that supports this livestock is subjected to severe challenges due to recurring droughts, floods, and human activities. Today in Mali, it is imperative to develop a strategy to optimize the sustainable use of pastoral resources. This necessarily involves access to information on the spatiotemporal dynamics of forage resources, a challenge faced by technicians and policymakers responsible for livestock management in Mali. The present study, initiated to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of forage resources in the Sikasso region, could provide stakeholders with essential information for developing an effective and sustainable management strategy. The analysis of collected data highlighted the significant variability in rainfall data from 1980 to the present and particularly from 1999 to 2012. It also provided insights into forage availability, which was largely higher than the region's needs. The surplus was estimated at 6,950,099 tons in 2020, indicating that the region could accommodate additional livestock. The spatiotemporal mapping of the Dry Matter Production (DMP) showed that the critical periods of the year are February, March, and April. This period may extend into May if rainfall is insufficient. Forecasts also indicate that forage availability will continue to decline until 2050 if no action is taken. The rate of decline is expected to be steep in July from 2025 to 2050. In conclusion, the objective of this study has been achieved, as the results presented can assist in making appropriate decisions. http://ijeab.com/detail/spatio-temporal-dynamics-of-fodder-availability-in-mali-case-of-the-sikasso-region/ Djénéba Dembele http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-10920249-Spatio.pdf This study aims to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizers and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and fertilizer residues. The research was conducted at Jatimulyo Experimental Farm, Malang, using a split-plot design with 12 treatment combinations of organic fertilizers and PGPR. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizers increased soil organic carbon content, while PGPR contributed to improving nitrogen and potassium efficiency by reducing nutrient losses. However, the efficiency of phosphorus from inorganic fertilizers remained low, with most of the phosphorus retained in the soil and not absorbed by plants. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that plant growth parameters were more influenced by inorganic fertilizer treatments than organic ones. This research provides important insights for the development of sustainable agricultural technologies that enhance soil quality and reduce dependence on inorganic fertilizers. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-organic-fertilizers-and-plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria-pgpr-on-nutrient-residue-and-growth-of-rice-oryza-sativa-l/ Muhammad Bimasakti Tawakal, Setyono Yudo Tyasmoro, Karuniawan Puji Wicaksono http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-10220251-Effectof.pdf The analysis of genetic relationship among traditional glutinous rice varieties is crucial for genetic management, conservation, and the development of new varieties. The experiment was conducted from 2023 to 2024 in Duc Pho district, Quang Ngai province, Vietnam to assess the agro-morphological characteristics and genetic diversity of 106 traditional glutinous rice varieties. The study used 48 polymorphic SSR markers to calculate the polymorphic information content (PIC). Cluster analysis of the rice collection was then conducted using a similarity matrix and the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). The results revealed a total of 193 alleles, with an average of 4.02 alleles per locus. PIC values ranged from 0.33 to 0.87, with an average of 0.61. The genetic similarity coefficients of the 106 traditional glutinous rice varieties ranged from 0.41 to 0.98. Based on the UPGMA analysis of molecular data using NTSYS-pc 2.11a software, the 106 traditional glutinous rice varieties were grouped into two major clusters, indicating genetic differences. In addition, the varieties exhibited relatively wide range of growth time with most belonging to the short-day and medium-day groups. They displayed medium-to-high plant heights, medium-to-long panicle lengths, and 1000-grain weights ranging from high to extra-high. The correlation coefficient analysis showed that all the traits were correlated with each other, with the yield being strongly correlated with the 1000-grain weight. Therefore, the research findings not only provide an essential starting material for the development of high-quality, high-yield rice varieties but also contribute to the conservation and promotion of the Ngu glutinous rice genotype, which is closely associated with the Sa Huynh cultural heritage. http://ijeab.com/detail/agro-morphological-characteristics-and-genetic-diversity-of-traditional-glutinous-rice-varieties-in-quang-ngai-province-vietnam/ Xuan Hanh Tran, Thanh Son Tran, Tan Ho, Thi Hue Truong, Dinh Thi Nguyen, Thanh Liem Nguyen http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-10220255-Agro.pdf Melon (Cucumis melo L.) holds significant economic value but faces declining production and export rates in Indonesia due to urbanization and limited agricultural land. Rooftop farming offers a solution, albeit with challenges such as extreme microclimatic conditions and nutrient deficiencies. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizae in optimizing melon growth and yield under rooftop farming conditions. A split-plot design with four PGPR concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 ml/L) and three mycorrhizal doses (0, 5, 10 g/plant) was employed. Growth and yield parameters were assessed alongside microclimatic data analysis. Significant interactions were observed between PGPR and mycorrhiza on fresh root weight, total dry weight, and fruit weight. The combination of 15 ml/L PGPR and 10 g/plant mycorrhiza produced the highest improvements, with fruit weight increasing by up to 67% compared to controls. Independent effects on root length, root dry weight, plant height, and leaf count were also observed. The synergistic effects of PGPR and mycorrhiza demonstrate the potential of microbial-based approaches for enhancing crop productivity in urban agricultural systems. These findings support the development of sustainable and adaptive solutions for urban farming challenges. http://ijeab.com/detail/optimization-of-growth-and-yield-of-melon-cucumis-melo-l-on-rooftop-through-the-application-of-pgpr-and-mycorrhizae/ Eko Muhammad Bayu, Nur Edy Suminarti, Adi Setiawan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-101202517-Optimization.pdf This study was conducted to evaluate the various effects of nettle extract and potassium bromate on the histological and physiological changes of male rabbit reproductive organs and semen quality. Rabbit breeding experiments were conducted on a private farm in Lamluda region, Al-Qubbah city, eastern Libya, during the year 2024. Rabbits were divided into three groups: the first was dosed with potassium bromate, the second was dosed with nettle extract, and the third was dosed with potassium bromate for three days followed by nettle extract for three days, compared to the fourth group, as a control group. At the experiment's end, all animals were sacrificed, their epididymides were removed, and sperm assays were performed. The results showed that the weights of rabbits treated with potassium bromate and a mixture of potassium bromate + nettle extract decreased by 26.59% and 19.48% compared to the control, and the testis weight decreased by 190.39%, 25.83%, and 71.59% for each of the samples treated with potassium bromate, nettle extract, and the mixture of both compared to the control, respectively. The findings revealed that animals exposed to potassium bromate had a significantly decreased sperm count, higher semen viscosity, distracted and erratic sperm motility, and abnormalities in the sperm, with the head becoming spherical and the tail short, broken, and divided. The use of nettle extract, however, reduced these disturbances. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-stinging-nettle-extract-and-potassium-bromate-on-histological-and-physiological-changes-of-male-rabbit-reproductive-organs/ F. Abuajaila Sabriyah, M. Aboubakr Salma http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB10220254-Effect.pdf The present invitro study carried out with eleven blackgram genotypes including T-9 used as check were collected from NBPGR regional centre Hyderabd and ICAR-CRIDA Hyderabad respectively. Seeds that were healthy and uniformly sized were surface sterilized for two to three minutes using 0.1% mercuric chloride (HgCl2) before being thoroughly washed with distilled water. The sterilized (10) seeds were sown in petri plates with moistened germination paper and various water potentials, namely, 0.0 (control), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of PEG 6000 in 100 ml of distilled water. The ANOVA results revealed sgnificant variability due to treatment, genotype and treatment verses genotype for the trait seed grmination at all the percentage of PEG 6000 studied. The results showed that among eleven genotypes IC426766 and IC382811 recorded higher germination percentage at higher PEG concentration and upto 20% PEG very lower percentage of germination was observed. It indicates that the variety IC426766 with hold the water even at higher concentration and showing water stress condition. http://ijeab.com/detail/invitro-analysis-of-seed-germination-parameter-in-blackgram-vigna-mungo-l-hepper-by-using-polyethylene-glycol-peg/ G. Kumara Joshi, K. Srinivas Naik, A. Yugandhar, B. Rajesh Nayak, G. Vijay Kumar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-102202511-Invitro.pdf The land's low physical and chemical carrying capacity has impacted the low productivity of eggplant plants grown in ultisol soil. Therefore, using chicken manure and PGPR is highly recommended to increase plant productivity. This research aims to determine the appropriate chicken manure dosage and PGPR concentration for cultivating eggplant plants on this land. The experiment used a split-plot design by placing chicken manure doses in the main plot: (0%, 50%, and 100%) of the recommended dose. PGPR concentrations were placed in sub-plots: (without PGPR, 15 ml PGPR/L of water, and 30 ml PGPR/L of water). The experiment was repeated three times. F test at 5% is used to determine the existence of interactions or significant effect of treatment. Differences between treatments were considered Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) value at 5%. The study showed no significant interaction between chicken manure and PGPR on all observed growth and harvest parameters. However, each factor had a significant effect on growth observations: fresh root weight/plant, leaf area, and total dry weight of plants, and yield observations: fresh weight of fruit consumed/harvest plot and fresh weight of fruit consumed/ha. Application of 100% chicken manure can increase the fresh weight of eggplant fruit/ha by 7.27 t ha-1 (38.55%) and 18.47 t ha-1 (233.72%) from 50% and 0% chicken manure. In the PGPR treatment, to get a fresh weight of the maximum consumption fruit of 19.62 tons ha-1 requires the optimum PGPR concentration of 3.11 ml/ L water. http://ijeab.com/detail/increasing-the-growth-and-yield-of-eggplant-solanum-melongena-l-plants-by-applying-chicken-manure-and-pgpr-plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria-on-ultisols/ Nur Edy Suminarti, Nurul Aini, Nando Aldiyansyah, Musofan Prasetianto http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-10220258-Increasing.pdf The bioavailability of minerals in breast milk (BM) and infant formula (IF) plays a crucial role in infant nutrition and development. This study investigated the effects of casein phosphopeptides (CPP), 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO), and lactoferrin (LTF) on mineral content and bioaccessibility following in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. In vitro dynamic digestion was performed, and the mineral content was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results revealed that the combination of CPP, OPO, and LTF significantly increased the bioaccessibility of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) compared to that in the control sample. The bioaccessibility values are 12.4–20.7% (Ca), 11.3–55.2% (Fe), 13.6–28.2% (Mg), and 12.7–25.6% (Zn). These findings suggest that incorporating CPP, OPO, and LTF into infant formulas may enhance mineral bioavailability, potentially supporting better mineral absorption and improving infant nutrition. http://ijeab.com/detail/digestive-behavior-of-minerals-in-infant-formulas-an-in-vitro-study-of-casein-phosphopeptides-1-3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol-and-lactoferrin-fortification/ Sehar Anwar, Peng Zhou, Lina Zhang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-102202517-Digestive.pdf The present study aimed to evaluate the technical and socio-economic impact of using donkeys (Equus asinus) in agricultural production to facilitate the adaptation of the "ASMC" seeder for smallholder women farmers in western Burkina Faso. A survey consisting of eighteen (18) representative farms in ten (10) villages located in two (2) provinces formed the basis for semi-structured interviews with groups of women registered with the Regional Union of Cereal Producers. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to evaluate the survey data. Based on the survey results, the representative farms were primarily family farms with two methods of seeding maize: manual sowing and partial or exclusive use of the ASMC mechanical seeder. The draft donkey ownership rate was 68% on the manual and 41% on the mixed-method of seeding farms. Donkeys provided a significant reduction in the time needed for tillage and planting operations for 74% of the respondents, thereby improving the timeliness of farming activities. There was a positive correlation between total land use for farm activities and the number of draft donkeys on the farm. 67% of the women farmers believed that sowing with a pair of oxen was faster (P http://ijeab.com/detail/use-of-asmc-seeder-prototype-by-women-assessing-the-use-of-donkey-equus-asinus-as-animal-power-source-in-agricultural-mechanization-in-hauts-bassins-region-of-burkina-faso/ Salimata Pousga, Vinsoun Millogo, Michel Kere, Maria Jones, Celestin Bihoun, Ibrahima Traore, Albert Barro, Timothy Harrigan, Georges Anicet Ouedraogo http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-10220257-Useof.pdf The field experiment trial titled “Effect of Nitrogen Sources and Plant Spacing on Soil properties in growing season of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) under Malwa Agro-Climatic Conditions of Madhya Pradesh’’ was carried out in the Herbal Garden Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, KNK College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.) during the Kharif season 2024-25. The experimental Observations on soil parameters were recorded using standard methods. The study assessed key soil parameters, including Available nitrogen (kg ha-1), Available phosphorus (kg ha-1) and Available potassium (kg ha-1) in soil. The results indicated that the pre-transplant soil analysis has a field variation in the soil fertility, as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content. Among the treatment plots, S1 and N1 plots showed more fertility as compared to the other plots. The post-harvest soil analysis showed similar trends, with S1 and N1 plots showing higher nutrient levels in the soil. The combination S1 × N1 resulted in the maximum retention of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, indicating efficient nutrient cycling. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-nitrogen-sources-and-plant-spacing-on-soil-properties-in-growing-season-of-kalmegh-andrographis-paniculata-nees-under-malwa-agro-climatic-conditions-of-madhya-pradesh/ Sunil Bhakar, Dhanraj Choudhyary, Kan Singh, Kartik Salvi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-101202564-Effect.pdf The present study was conducted during 2022–2023 in Tumkur district of Karnataka, employing an ex-post-facto research design to assess the overall technological gap among coconut farmers. Tumkur was purposively selected due to its prominence as a major coconut-producing area in the state. Based on the variations in productivity, four out of the ten taluks namely Tiptur, Turuvekere, Chikkanayakanahalli, and Sira were chosen for the study. A total of 120 coconut growers, comprising 30 randomly selected respondents from each taluk, participated in the research. It was observed that, in case of Tiptur taluk significant number of coconut growers (56.66 %) came under the low level of technological gap. In case of Turuvekere taluk three-fifth of the coconut growers (60.00 %) came under medium level of technological gap. In case of Chikkanayakanahalli taluk half of the coconut growers (50.00 %) came into the high level of technological gap. Whereas in the case of Sira taluk three-fifth of the coconut growers (60.00 %) fell under the high level of technological gap. Overall it was found that significant number of coconut growers (42.50 %) fall under medium level of technological gap to high level of technological gap (32.50 %) followed by low level of technological gap (25.00 %). http://ijeab.com/detail/overall-technological-gap-among-coconut-growers/ Mohith K, C Narayanaswamy http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-101202526-Overall.pdf Value added product, the shade dried tender guava leaves incorporated chutney powder was prepared and this instant product containing dried leaves powder was presented to a panel of 21 semi-trained participants aged 20 to 27 years for sensory evaluation. The samples were assessed for colour, flavor, appearance, texture, taste and overall acceptability with ratings based on a 9-point hedonic scale. Different variations of guava leaves chutney powder were created by incorporating dried guava leaves at levels of 5, 10 and 15 per cent. The chutney powder with 10 per cent leaves powder incorporation achieved the highest scores in taste (8.02) and overall acceptability (8.09) compared to other variations. Mean sensory scores of other attributes in T2 recorded were color (7.87), appearance (8.08), flavor (8.13) and texture (7.82) respectively. http://ijeab.com/detail/sensory-evaluation-of-guava-leaves-powder-incorporated-chutney-powder/ Amrutha S, Mohith K http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-101202530-Sensory.pdf