Volume 10 Number 3 (May )

Development of Integrated farming system model: A Case study of a farmer of Jhajjar District of Haryana

Preeti Yadav, Suman Malik, Ajay Kumar

In India, increasing population coupled with decreasing land holding which results in declining productivity challenged the livelihood of small and marginal farmers. The concept of integrated farming system which integrated various agricultural components and enterprises at farm level helps to have sustainable agriculture production system. Considering the efficacy of integrated farming system, present study was carried out at a farm comprising of bee keeping + horticultural crops + cereal crops,regarding farm income in Malikpur village of district Jhajjar, Haryana during 2021-22. Due to adoption of system net income has increased by 116 percent, indicating that integrated farming system could address the issues of productivity, sustainability and income generation effectively.

Analyzing Farmer’s Perception of the Soil Health Card Scheme and Its Role in Reducing Farming Production Costs

Sarita Yadav, Ajay Kumar, Anshika Jain

Injudicious and haphazard use of chemical fertiliser in agriculture is a matter of concern in recent times. To avoid the deterioration of soil in the long run and to visualise the importance of balanced nutrients in crop production. The Soil Health Card (SHC) provides soil health data to get appropriate guidance to the farmers for the efficient use of fertiliser to cultivate crops based on soil health analysis. The SHC is a simple document which contains useful data on soil based on chemical analysis of the soil to describe soil health in terms of its nutrient availability and its physical and chemical properties. The soil health card is also made available online for farmers. To understand the feelings of the farmers against this system, there is an urgent need to study the degree of positive or negative disposition associated with farmers towards the usefulness and application of the Soil Health Card. Thus, the present study on farmers' perception regarding the soil health card was undertaken. The study was conducted in three blocks of the Rewari district with 120 Soil health cardholders. The findings revealed that the majority of the farmers had knowledge and understanding about the utility of the soil health card. The findings further reveal that a maximum number of Soil health card holders had a favourable attitude towards the Soil health card, followed by less favourable and most favourable attitudes towards the Soil health card. Among constraints, difficulty in calculating fertiliser dose on the basis of nutrient status of soil was the major constraint faced by the majority of the respondents.

Vegan Paneer– A Dairy-Free Alternative

As more people look for healthier and eco-friendly food choices, vegan paneer is becoming a popular alternative to traditional dairy paneer. This review takes a closer look at why vegan paneer is gaining traction, touching on its nutritional benefits, market trends, and the growing demand from people with lactose intolerance and dairy allergies. The world market, worth about $9 billion in 2022, is expected to expand significantly, with India's market to reach INR 1848 billion by 2032. The demand for plant-based alternatives is also on the rise, as seen in the $270 million sales of non-dairy cheese in the US in 2020.Vegan paneer comes in various forms, including soy-based, nut-based, and millet-based options, each with unique flavors and textures. While it offers benefits like lower cholesterol and being allergen-free, one of the main challenges is achieving the same taste and texture as dairy paneer. There are also concerns about nutritional gaps, making fortification an essential part of product development. Innovation is key to making plant-based alternatives more appealing and accessible. As the industry evolves, the focus remains on creating delicious, nutritious, and sustainable vegan paneer options that meet consumer expectations and contribute to a better food future.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Solar Power Operated Brush Cutter

M. Vinayak, B. Madhu, V. Sai Krishna, G. Dinesh Subrahmanyam

The solar power-operated brush cutter offers a promising solution for sustainable agriculture, emphasizing reduced environmental impact and cost-effectiveness. Its design prioritizes performance, reliability, and user-friendliness, with carefully selected components ensuring optimal functionality under diverse conditions. This solar-powered solution showcases the feasibility and effectiveness of clean energy technologies in agriculture, promoting a greener and more sustainable future for farming practices. The solar power operated brush cutter consists of Main frame, Ground Wheel, Handle, Switch, Solar Panel, Motor, Battery, Inverter, Cutting Blade. The developed solar power operated brush cutter performance evaluation was carried out calculated theoretical field capacity (ha/h), actual field capacity (ha/h), Field efficiency (%) cutting efficiency and power consumption.

Effect of feeding mustard cake on nutrient utilization in Pratapdhan chicks

The present study was designed to assess the effect of feeding mustard cake on nutrient utilization in Pratapdhan chicks. A total of 200 day-old straight run Pratapdhan chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups with five replicates of 10 chicks each. The chicks were fed maize soyabean deoiled cake basal diet (T1, control) or with mustard cake included at 3% (T2), 6% (T3 and 9% (T4) in the diet replacing soya DOC by 10, 13, and 16%. A metabolism trial was conducted at 8 weeks of age to study nutrient utilization by Pratapdhan chicks. Results showed that supplementation of 6% Mustard cake in the diet significantly improved the CF intake, digestible CF intake in Pratapdhan chicks. The digestibility coefficients of crude protein (80.48%), crude fibre (76.54%), ether extract (84.65%) and NFE (75.94%) were significantly (P

Constraints faced by goat keepers in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan

The aim of the present study was to find out the constraints faced by goat keepers in the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan. In this study, four tehsils were selected, namely Rajsamand, Nathdwara, Deogarh, and Kumbhalgarh, based on their high goat populations. From each tehsil, five villages were randomly chosen, and 10 respondents with at least ten goats were surveyed from each village, totaling 200 respondents. Data was collected using a pre-tested, well-structured interview schedule. The present study showed that 69.5% of respondents faced severe constraints, with 12% experiencing the most severe and 18.5% experiencing the least severe constraints. The main constraints identified were grazing land shortage (MPS: 94.16), lack of veterinary services (MPS: 91.5), and insufficient credit facilities (MPS: 87). Other significant constraints included a shortage of feed and fodder (MPS: 85.33), non-availability of green fodder (MPS: 80.5), and a lack of knowledge regarding the selection of breeding bucks (MPS: 78.16). Additional issues were a lack of knowledge about scientific goat housing (MPS: 73.33), the high cost of breeding bucks (MPS: 71.5), the high price of concentrate feed (MPS: 69.66), and a lack of knowledge about balanced feeding (MPS: 65.5). Further constraints included a lack of knowledge about mineral mixture feeding (MPS: 62.33), the high price of mineral mixtures (MPS: 61.16), low productivity of goats (MPS: 59.16), parasitic problems (MPS: 54.83), and a lack of knowledge about deworming (MPS: 50.16). Based on the findings, it is recommended to develop appropriate strategies for the advancement of goat farming and support for goat farmers.

From Lab to Land - Overcoming Challenges in Adoptation of Speed Breeding Technology

M. Lakshmanan, M. Vivek, A. Madhumathi

As the population of the world is increase day by day, By means adding of population the large failure can occurs in the world among the people’s. We’ had to break the food scarcity problem before attaining the failure by an system called Speed breeding. Speed breeding is an advanced technology. Introduced by University of Queensland in Australia and inspired by NASA in 2018 in wheat( Triticum aestivium, 2n=42) are grown Wheat on space under controlled environment. This system creates the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress and promote climate adoptability to converting the accelerating the rapid breeding cycle in crops in this technology, numerous kinds can be released in short duration for about 6- 7cycles/ year rather of 3- 4 cycles. Indeed though this veritably important full tool for crop enhancement several barriers are there to adaption this technology. So In my Research I’ve linked the major barriers which will be in adoptation of speed breeding system among growers, scholars, and agristokeholders. I’ve used surveying tools like google form and direct check to growers for analysing the data, about 160 samples of response where collected in 3 quarter of villupuram, namakal and chengalpettu among the agrarian collages, research institutions etc. Grounded on this data I’ve analysed and major barriers and gives the result in my Research. Challenges like high cost, lack of knowledge, limited funding and strategies for overcome from the situation like providing funding, training and workshops ect are discussed in my studied.

Rice Breeding for Brown Planthopper Resistance (Nilaparvata lugens Stål.)

Pham Thi Kim Vang, Tran Ngoc He, Truong Anh Phuong, Nguyen Thi Lang

Plant breeding is considered one of the prospective strategies for the BPH [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)] resistance development under the modernized rice production system. The BPH-resistant novel rice lines were studied via molecular SSR markers, and the BPH effects on grain yield and the agronomic performance of the rice were also reported. The seven rice lines were obtained from the parents OM6683 (donor) x OM6162 (recipient), and two TN1-susceptible and Ptb33-resistant checking cultivars were used through the standard seed box screening technique. The results showed that seven rice lines and the OM6683 variety almost contained the BPH-resistance genes Bph1, Bph3, and Bph13 by utilizing three simple sequence repeat markers, like RM1103 (200 bp), RM204 (200 bp), and RM545 (220 bp). In addition, all of these rice lines/varieties also uncovered the BPH-resistance characteristics from resistant (3, scale) to highly resistant (1, scale) for four diverse BPH populations (Can Tho, Dong Thap, Tien Giang, and Hau Giang provinces) in both Autumn-Summer and Spring-Winter seasons. Furthermore, the results of BPH-resistance characteristics, grain yield, and agronomic traits were better than in the five rice lines G1-BC2F5-7-1-1-5-10, G2-BC2F5-8-1-1-9-5, G3-BC2F5-11-1-1-8-7, G4-BC2F5-54-1-1-5-2, and G5-BC3F4-8-1-1-1-5 as compared to other rice lines and the parents OM6162 and OM6683. In conclusion, the studies suggested that these potential rice lines can be harnessed as donor pivotal genetic sources to develop BPH-resistant novel rice varieties combined with valid agronomic and quality traits, and high crop yield.

Effect of Nitrogen Sources and Plant Spacing on Morphological Traits of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) under Malwa Agro-Climatic Conditions of Madhya Pradesh

Sunil Bhakar, Dhanraj Choudhyary, Kan Singh

The field experiment trial titled “Effect of nitrogen sources and plant geometry on herbage yield and nutrient uptake in Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.)” under Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh’’ was carried out in at Herbal Garden Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, KNK College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.) during the Kharif season 2024-25. The experimental Observations on morphological parameters were recorded using standard methods. The study assessed key morphological parameters, including plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, and number of branches per plant. Observations were recorded from five randomly selected plants at intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after transplanting (DAT), as well as at harvest. The results indicated that the nitrogen treatment N1 (40 kg N applied through vermicompost combined with 40 kg N through urea) resulted in the highest values for plant height, number of branches, and number of leaves. Among the spacing treatments, S1 (20 × 10 cm) was found to be the most effective, also producing the maximum plant height, number of branches, and number of leaves. Furthermore, the combined treatment of S1 × N1 consistently recorded the highest values for all morphological traits across all growth stages, including 30, 60, 90 DAT, and at harvest.

Impact of Different Nitrogen Sources and Plant Spacing on the Growth Characteristics of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) under the Malwa Agro-Climatic Region of Madhya Pradesh

Sunil Bhakar, Dhanraj Choudhyary, Kan Singh

A field experiment titled “Effect of Nitrogen Sources and Plant Geometry on Herbage Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) under the Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh” was conducted during the Kharif season of 2024–25. The study was undertaken at the Herbal Garden, Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, KNK College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.). Observations on various growth parameters were systematically recorded using established scientific methodologies. The study assessed key growth parameters, including Leaf Area (cm2 plant-1) Fresh weight (g plant-1) and Dry weight (g plant-1). Observations were recorded from five randomly selected plants at intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after transplanting (DAT), as well as at the time of harvest. The results indicated that among the nitrogen treatments, N1 (40 kg N through vermicompost + 40 kg N through urea) showed the highest values for leaf area (8.75, 45.10, 104.54, 134.45, and 134.37 cm²), fresh weight (9.13, 25.51, 45.00, 64.41, and 63.72 g), and dry weight (2.68, 6.81, 23.06, 41.77, and 44.17 g). In terms of plant spacing, the S1 geometry (20 × 10 cm) resulted in the greatest leaf area (9.12, 45.80, 105.33, 135.12, and 134.43 cm²), fresh weight (9.22, 26.70, 45.15, 64.95, and 64.34 g), and dry weight (2.76, 6.92, 22.98, 41.70, and 44.22 g). Furthermore, the combined treatment of S1 × N1 produced the most significant results, with maximum leaf area (10.82, 48.23, 108.83, 139.01, and 137.53 cm²), fresh weight (10.50, 32.49, 48.83, 68.50, and 70.06 g), and dry weight (3.49, 8.54, 28.68, 46.61, and 47.79 g) at 30, 60, 90 DAT, and at harvest.

Biology of major lepidopteran predators of Lac Insect

Mahaveer Meena, Hemant Swami, Piyush Sharma, Pradeep Kumar Gautam

Investigations on “Biology of Major Lepidopteran Predators of Lac Insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr)” was carried out in the Department of Entomology, Rajasthan college of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, during 2021 with a view to record biological parameters viz., incubation period, larval and pupal period, pre-oviposition period, oviposition period, post-oviposition period, adult longevity, total life cycle, and fecundity and evaluate the bio-effecacy of organic treatments against major lepidopteran predators of lac insect. The incubation period of E. amabilis ranged from 3 to 5 days, the total larval-pupal period ranged from 22 to 38 days, the pre-oviposition period ranged from 4 to 6 days, the oviposition period lasted 5 to 7 days, and the post-oviposition period lasted between 3 and 6 days. The total life cycle of a female is 48-54 days. Adult male longevity ranged from 6 to 11 days. Female longevity ranged from 7 to 11 days, the Total life cycle of the female was 48-54 days, and the total lifespan of the male E. amabilis was 43 to 50 days. The average number of eggs laid by E. amabilis was 103.60. The Incubation period of P. pulverea ranged from 5 to 6 days. The total larval-pupal period ranged from 23 to 39 days, the pre-oviposition period ranged from 5 to 6 days, and the oviposition period ranged from 7 to 9 days. The post-oviposition period lasted between 5 and 8 days; male longevity ranged from 7 to 14 days. Female longevity ranged from 9 to 18 days, with a total life cycle of 49 to 59 days. The average number of eggs laid by P. pulverea was 92 eggs.

Sustainable Processing and Commercialization of Underutilized Fruits in North East India

The Eastern Himalayan region of India are known for its diverse nature of soil, climate, topography and also rich diversity of less-known, indigenous, underutilized and ethno-medicinally important fruit crops. The underutilized or neglected fruit crops represent an enormous wealth of agrobiodiversity growing wildly in the forest and in almost every homestead and backyard without much care and attention. These crops have great potential for contributing to food security and nutrition, health (nutritional/medicinal), income generation, environmental services and combating the hidden hunger caused by micronutrient deficiencies. Though having many incredible potential, they are less or poorly documented as they have lesser demand in the market, neither they are grown commercially nor traded, lesser known to people about its cultivation, distribution and its value. Through social media and advancement of technology, some tribals have come forward to promote their ways of consuming and preserving by becoming an entrepreneur and making their products commercially available online and offline. Commercialized value-added products of some underutilized fruits from different northeast India were documented here. The commercialization of underutilized fruits in Northeast India holds significant potential for economic, nutritional, and social impacts and also holds significant potential for future research and development. It is high time that the communities, researchers and the entrepreneurs all work together to make these minor fruit crops a commercially viable fruit crop of future.

Effect of Different Auxin Concentrations on Rooting of Bougainvillea

Babloo Maurya, Navaldey Bharti

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Indole- 3 Butyric Acid (IBA) on the rooting and sprouting performance of Bougainvillea cuttings. The cuttings were treated with different IBA concentrations. The treatments were T1 (Distilled water), T2 (IBA 500 ppm), T3 (IBA 1000 ppm), T4 (IBA 1500 ppm), T5 (IBA 2000 ppm), T6 (IBA 2500 ppm), T7 (IBA 3000 ppm), T8 (IBA 3500 ppm) and T9 (IBA 4000 ppm). Key parameters observed were days to sprouting, number of shoots per cutting, sprouting percentage, root length and number of roots per cutting. The results revealed that IBA significantly enhanced rooting and sprouting compared to untreated controls. Among all treatments T6 (IBA 2500ppm) and T5 (IBA 2000ppm) were found to be the most effective, resulting in earlier rooting, increased shoot formation, higher sprouting percentage, longer roots, and more roots per cutting. Higher concentrations above 3000 ppm showed reduced effectiveness, likely due to auxin toxicity. This study concludes that moderate IBA concentrations (2000–2500 ppm) are optimal for the successful propagation of bougainvillea through cuttings.

Evaluation of the different varieties of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in Prayagraj agroclimatic condition, Uttar Pradesh

Balamurugan. K, Devi Singh

The experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Science, Prayagraj, during 2024-2025. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 12 Lotus varieties and each variety was replicated 4 times. The different varieties used in the experiment were 108, Akhila, Fong Hu, Sai Thung Sui, Super lotus 14, Allahabad local lotus-1, Allahabad local lotus-2, Yellow penoy, Super lotus, Bucha, Rani red, White lotus. The result obtained showed that the variety V11: Rani red showed significantly better performance in parameters like plant height (34.01 cm), number of leaves (40.32), leaf length (23.18 cm), leaf width (20.79 cm), number of days for emergence of flower bud (21.62), flower diameter (16.92 cm), flower length (24.99 cm), duration of flowering (9.89), vase life (6.71), total number of flowers/plant (35.90), and which was found to be at par with variety V3: Fong Hu in plant height (33.00 cm), number of leaves (38.93), leaf length (22.78 cm), leaf width (24.03 cm), number of days for emergence of flower bud (22.84), flower diameter (16.25 cm), flower length (24.62 cm), duration of flowering (9.53), vase life (6.43), total number of flowers/plant (35.46), Hence, variety V11 and V3 is excellent in terms of performance and plant growth under Prayagraj agroclimatic conditions.

Impact of Hydrogel Application and Foliar Agrochemical sprays on growth and yield of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Anju Mahiya, Akashdeep Singh, Narendra Kumar Bhinda, Deepak Sharma, S. L. Yadav

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.), a vital rabi oilseed crop in India, faces significant productivity constraints due to water stress and nutrient limitations, particularly in semi-arid regions like Rajasthan. This study was conducted during the Rabi 2024–25 season at the Agronomy Farm, Nirwan University, Jaipur, to evaluate the impact of hydrogel and foliar-applied agro-chemicals (thiourea, salicylic acid, and NPK 19:19:19) on the growth, physiological parameters, and yield of mustard. The experiment, laid out in a factorial randomized block design with 16 treatment combinations and three replications, revealed that hydrogel application at 7.5 kg/ha significantly improved plant height (194.0 cm), dry matter accumulation (257.5 g/m), branching, chlorophyll content (3.26 mg/g), and seed yield (1829 kg/ha) compared to control. Similarly, foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm consistently enhanced growth and yield attributes, recording the highest CGR (8.3 g/m²/day), RGR (74.9 mg/g/day), and seed yield (1820 kg/ha), followed by salicylic acid and NPK treatments. The results underscore the efficacy of hydrogel and stress-alleviating foliar sprays in improving water-use efficiency, physiological resilience, and mustard productivity under water-limited conditions. The integration of these technologies presents a sustainable approach to address abiotic stress in oilseed production systems.

A Comparative Study of Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications in the Textile Industry

Vaishali, Dr. Lalita Rani, Neeraj, Santosh, Neeta, Gunjan

This review explores the multidisciplinary realm of nanotechnology, highlighting its principles, historical evolution, and wide-ranging applications. Beginning with an overview of nanoscience and its foundational concepts, the paper delves into nanomaterials' classification and synthesis methods, including both top-down and bottom-up approaches. A comparative insight into green synthesis and conventional chemical synthesis of nanoparticles is also discussed, where green synthesis is emphasized as an eco-friendly, sustainable, and less toxic alternative, in contrast to chemical synthesis, which often involves hazardous reagents and generates harmful by-products. The paper further emphasizes the unique properties of nanomaterials that differ significantly from their bulk counterparts, making them suitable for diverse applications. Key areas of focus include the role of nanotechnology in electronics, medicine, environmental protection, and agriculture. Additionally, the paper addresses potential risks, toxicity concerns, and the prospects of nanotechnology, stressing the importance of responsible development and application. This comprehensive review aims to provide a foundational understanding of nanotechnology and its transformative potential across various sectors.

Genetic Variability of Quantitative Traits in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Germplasm Lines

Himani Mehta, Neha, Ravindra Kumar

The family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) includes Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss), which is grown across India and the rest of the world under the genus Brassica. It contains 24% protein and 38–42% oil. Rai (B. juncea), a variety of mustard and rapeseed, is highly prized by farmers for its higher yield and stronger resistance to heat, relative diseases, lodging, shattering, drought circumstances, and saltwater sodic environments. In 50 genotypes of Indian mustard germplasm lines, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the genetic variability, correlation, and path analysis of twelve quantitative parameters. The experiment used a randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance ratios showed that the traits analyzed had highly significant differences among the genotypes. This indicates that there is considerable genetic variability among the Indian mustard germplasm lines for the quantitative traits under study. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance quantitative traits in Indian mustard germplasm lines.

Impact Assessment of Pre and Post Disaster Management Awareness Training Programme Conducted by WASH (Women Association for Sustainability & Harmony) -NGO in Cuddalore District

S. Darwin, A. S. Archana

This study evaluates the impact of the Disaster Management Awareness Training Programme (DMATP) conducted by the Women’s Association for Sustainability and Harmony (WASH), a Cuddalore-based NGO, under the Aapda Mitra initiative of the National Disaster Management Authority. The program aimed to strengthen community resilience by equipping volunteers with skills in disaster preparedness, risk assessment, and emergency response. Using a pre- and post-training assessment framework, the study employed quantitative tools including paired T-tests and Pearson’s correlation to measure changes in participants’ knowledge, preparedness levels, and adaptive capacity. A sample of 30 volunteers was selected through proportionate random sampling from three training batches. Data were collected via structured interviews and analysed using percentage analysis, frequency distribution, and inferential statistics. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in post-training knowledge (mean difference: - 6.667, p = 0.000), confirming the program's effectiveness. Participants demonstrated improved understanding of disaster risks, first aid, —evacuation planning, and community coordination. Demographic analysis indicated 56.7% of participants were female, suggesting strong gender-inclusive engagement. The majority were middle- aged (63.3%), college- educated (70%), and from medium-income households (80%). However, challenges such as limited accessibility to training content and concerns over long-term knowledge retention were identified. Correlation analysis revealed that extension agency contact (r = 0.177) had a positive impact on training outcomes, whereas information-sharing behaviour (r = -0.280) showed a negative correlation, indicating a need to strengthen communication channels post-training. In conclusion, the WASH-led DMATP significantly enhanced community-level disaster resilience. The study recommends sustained follow-up through mock drills, refresher training, and policy-level integration to ensure long-term impact. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, NGOs, and disaster management practitioners focused on community-based disaster risk reduction in vulnerable regions.

Relationship between independent variables and Technological gap among coconut growers

Mohith K, C Narayanaswamy

The current investigation or study was done in the district called Tumkur district of Karnataka during the year 2022–23, using an ex-post-facto research design to explore the factors influencing the technological gap in coconut cultivation. Purposively Tumkur was chosen due to its prominence as a major coconut-producing region in the state. From the ten taluks in the district, four taluks namely Tiptur, Turuvekere, Chikkanayakanahalli, and Sira were chosen based on differences in productivity levels. A total of 120 coconut growers, with 30 from each selected taluk, were randomly sampled for the research or study. Correlation was utilized to identify significant relationships between the selected dependent variable and variables called as the independent variables. Thus, in the relationship study between independent variables and the technological gap, it was disclosed that education, information seeking behaviour, extension participation, credit orientation, innovativeness, deferred gratification, scientific orientation and cosmopoliteness were seen to be negatively related with technological gap at one per cent significant or significance level whereas the management orientation and risk orientation seen to be negatively related with technological gap at five per cent significant or significance level while age, family size, land holdings and farming experience were found to have non-significant relationship with the technological gap.

Rainfall and Temperature Projection Analysis and Their Relation to The Potential Harvest Amount of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Aqila Amalia, Ninuk Herlina, Andang Kurniawan

Maize is one of the commodities used as a source of food for the Indonesian people besides rice. Maize is also often used as an industrial raw material, food or feed. Maize productivity in Indonesia in 2023 decreased by 0.07 tons/ha or 0.5% compared to the productivity in 2022 of 14.08 tons/ha. East Java Province is the region with the highest production in Indonesia. East Java contributes about 25.60 percent of Indonesia's total production. One of the problems in corn production is climate change. Climate change affects the agricultural sector with extreme changes in rainfall and temperature. Rainfall and temperature can affect evapotranspiration in determining crop water requirements. Water requirements can affect the quality and quantity of crop production. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct strategic mitigation and adaptation based on the possibility of climate change that occurs in the future using climate projection scenarios. The climate scenario used is Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). The purpose of this study is to project the increase in rainfall and temperature in Tuban district and Malang district based on the RCP scenario and its relationship with the potential yield of maize. This research was conducted in December - January 2025. The research locations taken were Tuban Regency and Malang Regency. The research was conducted using descriptive analysis method. The research location used purposive sampling method based on consideration according to the required criteria, namely lowlands and midlands. The data used in this study are monthly rainfall projection data, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature. In addition, there are also longitude and latitude data, root depth, deplection fraction, pan evaporation, crop coefficient and correction factor. Climate projection scenario data is used with the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenario models REG CM 4 and CSIRO MK 3.6. The results showed that rainfall and temperature projections as well as irrigation needs and potential crop yields showed that projections using RCP 8.5 showed a higher increase compared to RCP 4.5 which tended to experience stable fluctuations. In the rainfall projection, Malang Regency tends to experience a higher increase than Tuban Regency. Meanwhile, the temperature projection of Tuban Regency tends to show a higher increase compared to Malang Regency. Irrigation water demand in both regions tends to increase in August and September. Meanwhile, potential crop yields in both regions are projected to decline where Tuban Regency is more vulnerable to a higher yield decline compared to Malang Regency due to lower rainfall.

Response of Red Fountain Grass (Pennisetum setaceum var. rubrum) to the Frequency of Ecoenzyme Application and Dosage of Chicken Manure Fertilizer

Atifa Putri Utami, Sitawati, Mochammad Roviq

Red fountain grass is an ornamental plant commonly used in residential areas and city parks. As the number of residential areas and city parks increases, so does the demand for this plant. However, the increase in market demand is not in line with the availability of the plant. This imbalance is caused by various factors, one of which is fertilization. Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers will cause a decline in soil quality. Reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers can be balanced by using organic fertilizers combined with ecoenzyme application to ensure adequate nutrient supply. The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design arranged in a factorial layout. The first factor was ecoenzyme application frequency (no ecoenzyme, once a week, and once every two weeks). The second factor was the dose of chicken manure fertilizer (0 tons ha-1, 10 tons ha-1, and 20 tons ha-1). The results showed that the frequency of ecoenzyme application interacted with the dose of chicken manure fertilizer on the variables of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of shoots, root volume, fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, and number of flowers. The optimal dosage of chicken manure fertilizer for promoting the growth and flowering of red fountain grass is 8.56 tons ha-1 and 9.28 tons ha-1 when applied with ecoenzyme. The appropriate application frequency of ecoenzyme is once every two weeks to enhance the growth and flowering of red fountain grass.

Biochemical Analysis of Tomato Plants Grafted onto Wild Brinjal Rootstocks under Fusarium-Nematode Infestation

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation is significantly constrained by the concurrent incidence of Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita, resulting in substantial yield losses. Grafting onto resistant rootstocks has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance resistance against these soil-borne pathogens. The present study investigated the biochemical responses of tomato plants grafted onto wild brinjal rootstocks under Fusarium-nematode infested conditions. Among several rootstocks screened in the screenhouse, brinjal roostock RB5 (Solanum torvum) and RB3 (a wild brinjal genotype) were identified as the most effective. RB5 exhibited the highest phenol content (0.420 mg/g FW in roots; 0.349 mg/g FW in stems) and peroxidase activity (2.19 µmol/min/g FW in roots; 1.47 µmol/min/g FW in stems). These biochemical substances are associated with enhanced structural defense and regulation of oxidative stress, contributing to increased resistance. Grafting tomato plants onto resistant wild rootstocks, particularly S. torvum (RB5), significantly strengthens biochemical defense mechanisms under Fusarium–nematode stress. This approach offers a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative to chemical control, improving plant resilience and supporting higher productivity in Fusarium-nematode infested soils.

Seasonal Abundance and Population Dynamics of Chrysoperla spp. in Tomato Agroecosystems

The study investigated the seasonal abundance and population dynamics of Chrysoperla spp. on tomato crops across two consecutive years, focusing on the influence of environmental factors and prey availability. Observations revealed distinct peaks in egg (4.2 eggs/plant in the 16ᵗʰ SMW, 2023; 1.6 eggs/plant in the 16ᵗʰ SMW, 2024) and larval densities (2.4 larvae/plant in the 16ᵗʰ SMW, 2023; 2.0 larvae/plant in the 15ᵗʰ SMW, 2024). Maximum and minimum temperatures positively correlated with egg (r=0.492*), larval (r=0.662**), and pupal (r=0.504*) stages, while high morning and evening relative humidity negatively impacted all developmental stages. Adult populations showed moderate peaks (0.6 adults/plant in 16th SMW, 2023; 19th SMW, 2024) but were also constrained by high humidity levels. Prey availability, particularly whitefly and jassid populations, exhibited a supplementary role in supporting larval development. Comparisons with previous studies revealed consistent trends, with optimal temperatures and low humidity favouring Chrysoperla populations, while excessive moisture inhibited their activity. The study emphasises the importance of temperature and prey abundance in regulating Chrysoperla population dynamics, underscoring its significant role as a biological control agent in tomato agroecosystems. Integrating Chrysoperla into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, alongside climate-optimized practices, can effectively enhance pest suppression and ensure sustainable crop protection.

Proximate Composition and Functional Enhancement of Panjiri through Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) Stem Supplementation

Mahima Kumari, Dr Parvinder Kaur

The present investigation was carried out to develop and standardize value added panjiri by incorporating giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder at varying concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 per cent. Traditional panjiri, a nutrient-dense Indian sweet prepared using wheat flour, ghee, sugar, dry fruits, and aromatic spices, holds cultural and medicinal significance, particularly during the winter season and for lactating mothers. In this study, giloy stem powder—renowned in ayurveda for its therapeutic properties—was selected for its rich bioactive profile and high medicinal value, especially concentrated in the stem. The present study aim was to enhance the nutritional and functional properties of panjiri through herbal supplementation. Among the three supplemented formulations, Type-I panjiri containing 5 per cent giloy stem powder was found to be the most organoleptically acceptable. The proximate composition of this formulation revealed moisture content of 2.82 per cent, crude protein 5.84 per cent, crude fat 24.16 per cent, crude fibre 1.73 per cent, and ash content 2.51 per cent. The findings suggest that incorporating medicinal plant extracts such as giloy into traditional foods can improve both their therapeutic potential and nutritional profile, offering a novel approach to functional food development.

Socioeconomic Importance of Medicinal Plants and Beekeeping in Mountainous Forest Villages of Artvin, Turkey

Sevim İnanç Özkan, Güven Aksu

This study examines the socio-economic importance of medicinal plants and beekeeping products in mountainous forest villages of Artvin Province, located in northeastern Turkey. Through structured surveys and field observations, the research investigates local knowledge, traditional practices, production methods, and marketing channels in four selected villages: Kayadibi, Camili–Uğur/Çifteköprü, Tütüncüler, and Göktaş. The findings reveal that both medicinal plants and apicultural products significantly contribute to the livelihoods of local communities, with knowledge transmission predominantly occurring within families. Beekeeping activities, often practiced for over a decade, demonstrate the vital role of indigenous knowledge in enhancing productivity and sustaining biodiversity, particularly in designated forest beekeeping zones. The study also highlights local perceptions of climate change impacts, including altered flowering seasons and reduced yields, which pose challenges to resource availability. These insights underscore the importance of integrating traditional ecological knowledge with scientific monitoring to develop adaptive management strategies that support sustainable rural development and biodiversity conservation in mountainous forest regions.

Contrasting Biodiversity Monitoring Methods in Two NIPAS Sites in Luzon, Philippines: A Mini-Review

Angelo L. Lozano

Protected areas under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) in the Philippines serve as critical habitats for biodiversity conservation. This mini-review compares two biodiversity monitoring approaches used in NIPAS-declared areas of Luzon remote sensing in Mt. Pulag National Park and field-based rapid biodiversity assessment in Bataan National Park. The Mt. Pulag study employed Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to detect forest disturbance, while the Bataan study conducted species-level surveys to document biological richness. The review highlights key differences in data type, scale, and application: remote sensing allows for broad-scale, time-series habitat monitoring, while ground-based surveys offer direct ecological insights but are limited by time and area. The review concludes that combining these approaches can create a more effective and adaptive biodiversity monitoring system, aligned with the objectives of the NIPAS framework. An integrated method linking technology, field data, and local participation will better support conservation decision-making in protected areas.

Environmental Attitudes and Visitor Perceptions in Borçka Karagöl Nature Park and Karagöl Sahara National Park

Sevim İnanç Özkan

This study investigates visitor profiles, perceptions, and satisfaction levels at Borçka Karagöl Nature Park and Karagöl Sahara National Park in Turkey. Using on-site surveys and statistical analyses, the research examines socio-demographic characteristics, awareness of conservation efforts, and evaluations of park services. Results indicate that most visitors are young adults with relatively high education and income levels, who show strong awareness and positive attitudes toward environmental protection. However, infrastructure shortcomings and safety concerns, particularly related to traffic congestion and wildlife, affect visitor satisfaction negatively. Socio-demographic factors such as income and education significantly influence conservation awareness and overall experience. The study highlights the need for targeted educational programs, improved infrastructure, and participatory management strategies to enhance both ecological conservation and visitor satisfaction. These findings provide valuable guidance for sustainable tourism planning and protected area management in the region.

Optimizing the Application Frequency of Trehalose Foliar Fertilizer for Off-Season Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Production in Bacnotan, La Union

Lilia O. Sampaga, Angelo L. Lozano, Hodnemer C. Bondad, Patricio A. Cosep II

This study evaluated the optimal frequency of trehalose foliar fertilizer application for enhancing the growth, yield, and economic viability of a solanaceous crop cultivated under protected conditions in Bacnotan, La Union. A randomized complete block design was used with four application frequencies: once, twice, thrice, and four times, using a fixed concentration of 2 tablespoons per 16 liters of water. Results showed no significant effects on flowering time, vegetative growth, total yield per area, or pest and disease occurrence. However, a statistically significant increase was observed in the number of fruits per plant, marketable yield, and harvest frequency under thrice application. No further benefit was gained from four applications, indicating a threshold beyond which efficiency declines. These findings support the use of moderate foliar treatment frequency to improve crop productivity while reducing input costs. Further validation under different agroecological conditions is recommended.

Antagonistic potential of phylloplane Bacillus subtilis PBs4 isolate against grain mold fungi of sorghum in India

Ghanasham V. Petkar, Gajanan K. Giri, Ashwini M. Charpe

In India grain mold disease incited by a number of saprophytic fungi is a major disease of sorghum that results into qualitative as well as quantitative loss of produce due to infection of maturing grains. Use of chemical fungicides on maturing grains may impose serious health hazards, therefore, use of antagonistic microbes may provide an effective alternative to contain this serious problem. In vitro assessment of Bacillus subtilis isolates collected from phylloplane of sorghum, rice, cotton, soybean, pigeonpea and chilli was done by dual culture method for their potential antagonism against major grain mold fungal pathogens of sorghum i.e. Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata and Phoma sorghina. Amongst the six Bacillus isolates, maximum inhibition of mycelial growth was registered by PBs4 against F. moniliforme (75.99%), A. alternata (81.86%), C. lunata (78.09%) and P. sorghina (67.68%) followed by PBs3 and PBs2 indicating maximum antagonistic potential of Bacillus subtilis PBs4 against sorghum grain mold causing fungi.

Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Levels and Split Application on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Soil Fertility, and Economics in Potato

A. K. Saini, Lalita H. Saini, Veeresh Hatti, Sachin H. Malve

A field experiment was conducted at the Plasticulture Development Farm, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India over three consecutive years to evaluate the impact of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertigation levels and split applications on potato growth, yield, nutrient uptake, soil fertility, and economics. The experiment comprised three levels of N and K (including a control with 100% RDF through soil application) and three split application schedules (4, 6, and 8 splits), using sprinkler irrigation on ridge beds. The results indicated that applying 100% RDN and K through fertigation (F3) significantly improved plant height, number of tubers per plant, and average tuber weight. The split fertigation schedule (S3) consistently recorded higher tuber yield, nutrient uptake, and soil fertility levels. The highest marketable tuber yield (439.4 q/ha) and total yield (458.5 q/ha) were achieved under treatment F3, while treatment S3 closely followed with 443.5 q/ha. Economic analysis revealed maximum net returns of ₹273,652/ha (F3) and ₹267,326/ha (S3) with B: C ratios of 3.36 and 3.44, respectively. These findings suggest that fertigation using sprinkler systems with appropriate N and K levels and optimized split applications can significantly enhance potato productivity and profitability in water-limited regions.

A Review on the Use of Water Chestnut Flour in the Enrichment of Bakery Products

Prarthana Mitra, Zoha Mohammadi, Anusha MB

Water chestnut (Trapa natans), known as Singhara in India, is an aquatic vegetable with significant nutritional and therapeutic properties. This review highlights its potential as a functional ingredient in food products, particularly through its derivative, water chestnut flour (WCF). Rich in essential nutrients, including dietary fibre, vitamins, and polyphenols, WCF has demonstrated numerous health benefits such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective effects. Its gluten-free nature makes it particularly valuable in catering to the growing demand for nutritious, gluten-free foods. WCF has shown promise in bakery applications, improving the nutritional profile and sensory qualities of products like buns, bread, cakes, and biscuits. Additionally, it contributes to enhanced shelf life and texture due to its moisture-retaining properties. Studies reveal that WCF’s incorporation into gluten-free formulations enhances dietary fibre, protein content, and sensory appeal while maintaining affordability and accessibility. By leveraging the nutritional and functional properties of water chestnuts, this review underscores their potential in addressing global dietary needs, supporting health-conscious consumers, and fostering sustainable food innovation.

Impact of Pesticide Exposure on Germination of Selected Legume and Cereal Crops Grown in Northeastern Nigeria.

Aisha Mustapha, Umar Aminu Muhammad, Ahmad AbdulHameed

The increasing adoption of chemical pesticides in sub‑Saharan Africa has raised concerns among farmers about potential phytotoxic effects on staple crops. This study evaluated the impact of four commonly used products; Butaforce (butachlor), Glyweli (glyphosate), Kombat (lambda‑cyhalothrin) and Weed Crusher (paraquat) on seed germination and early seedling growth (plumule and radicle) of cowpea (Phaseolus vulgaris), maize (Zea mays), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), rice (Oryza sativa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Seeds were exposed to three concentrations (1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 ml L⁻¹) of each pesticide, with water‑treated seeds serving as control. Data were subjected to one‑way ANOVA at 5% significance level. Results showed that Kombat caused no significant reduction in germination or seedling growth; at 2.5 ml L⁻¹ it even enhanced plumule and radicle elongation in cowpea, and at 5.0 ml L⁻¹ further stimulated radicle growth relative to control. In contrast, Weed Crusher exerted the strongest inhibitory effect on both germination percentage and plumule/radicle development across all species. Butaforce and Glyweli also suppressed germination at higher concentrations, though to a lesser extent than Weed Crusher. These findings demonstrate that pesticide effects are both compound‑specific and dose‑dependent. Farmers are advised to integrate pesticide application within an integrated pest management framework to optimize crop productivity and environmental sustainability. Farmers can also integrate biocontrol agents into their crop protection strategies to reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides and mitigate phytotoxic risks.

Impact of Hypoxic Root Zone Conditions on Growth and Survival of Black behi Pechay (Brassica rapa L.) Under Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Michael H. Vega, Lilia O. Sampaga, Lieslea M. Wagayen

Waterlogging, often caused by excessive rainfall, threatens crop productivity by depriving roots of oxygen. Pechay is a vital crop for food security, capable of producing significantly more food per unit area than cereal crops. This study assessed the growth response of Black Behi under different waterlogging durations (0, 24, 48, and 72 hours). Two weeks after sowing, seedlings were transplanted into polyethylene pots and grown for another two weeks before submersion. The study found that pechay plants, particularly the Black Behi variety, reacted differently depending on how long they were submerged in water. Those exposed to waterlogging for 72 hours (T3) had the lowest survival and recovery rates, along with the poorest growth in terms of plant height and number of leaves. In contrast, plants submerged for only 24 hours showed growth nearly equal to those that were not submerged at all (T0), suggesting that pechay can tolerate brief flooding. Overall, the results indicate that Black Behi pechay can withstand waterlogging for up to 48 hours (T2) without major damage. These insights are valuable for farmers aiming to grow flood-tolerant pechay, especially in areas frequently affected by heavy rains or short-term flooding. The study suggests that pechay can tolerate waterlogging for up to 48 hours, but prolonged submersion negatively impacts plant development and survival. These findings are useful for guiding flood-resilient pechay cultivation.

Traditional Indian Methods to Preserve Food

Simran Kaur Arora, Neetu Dobhal, Bhavesh Tiwari, Anamika Gupta

India has a long tradition, spanning thousands of years, of preserving fruits, vegetables, cereals, and milk using natural methods that help extend their shelf life while maintaining their taste, nutritional value, and safety. India's traditional food preservation methods include sun drying, pickling, fermentation, smoking, and brining, which help extend the shelf life of fruits, vegetables, cereals, and dairy by controlling moisture and microbial growth. Additionally, techniques like granary storage, biopesticides, parboiling, roasting, and milk processing ensure the long-term safety and usability of grains, pulses, and dairy products. Various traditional techniques incorporate biological, chemical, and physical principles that prevent spoilage and microbial contamination. These traditional Indian preservation techniques have been passed down through generations and have helped communities survive food shortages and seasonal variations. These traditional Indian preservation techniques reflect the country's deep-rooted knowledge of natural food storage. They help reduce food waste, enhance flavors, and provide food security without relying on artificial preservatives. With the growing preference for organic and chemical-free food preservation, these age-old methods are regaining popularity in modern kitchens.

Assessment of Soil Fertility Status and Nutrient Mapping in the Semi-Arid Nakhatrana Taluka, Kachchh District, Gujarat

Kinjal Dodia, Uday Bhanushali, Govind Kher, Ritesh Tandel, Kalpesh Sorathia

Soil fertility is the inherent capacity of soil to supply essential nutrients in adequate amounts and suitable proportions for plant growth. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties and nutrient status of the Nakhatrana Taluka in the Kachchh District, a semi-arid region characterized by erratic rainfall and saline-alkaline soils. A total of 800 soil samples were collected from six representative villages (Vang, Tal-layari, Virkhan, Devisar, Virani Moti, and Virani Nani) and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), macronutrients (P, K), secondary nutrients (Ca, Mg, S), and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn). The results indicate that the soils are non-saline (EC < 1.0 dS m-1) and neutral to moderately alkaline (pH 7.08–8.52). While the fertility indices for Organic Carbon (66.88% high), Phosphorus (44.88% high), and Potassium (56.50% high) suggest a robust macronutrient status, the soils exhibit critical micronutrient deficiencies. Specifically, 97.88% of samples were deficient in Iron (Fe), and significant deficiencies were observed for Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn). The study concludes that while the macronutrient profile is favorable, sustainable crop production in Nakhatrana requires integrated nutrient management with a specific focus on micronutrient supplementation.