Volume 10 Number 4 (July )

A Review on the Use of Water Chestnut Flour in the Enrichment of Bakery Products

Prarthana Mitra, Zoha Mohammadi, Anusha MB

Water chestnut (Trapa natans), known as Singhara in India, is an aquatic vegetable with significant nutritional and therapeutic properties. This review highlights its potential as a functional ingredient in food products, particularly through its derivative, water chestnut flour (WCF). Rich in essential nutrients, including dietary fibre, vitamins, and polyphenols, WCF has demonstrated numerous health benefits such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective effects. Its gluten-free nature makes it particularly valuable in catering to the growing demand for nutritious, gluten-free foods. WCF has shown promise in bakery applications, improving the nutritional profile and sensory qualities of products like buns, bread, cakes, and biscuits. Additionally, it contributes to enhanced shelf life and texture due to its moisture-retaining properties. Studies reveal that WCF’s incorporation into gluten-free formulations enhances dietary fibre, protein content, and sensory appeal while maintaining affordability and accessibility. By leveraging the nutritional and functional properties of water chestnuts, this review underscores their potential in addressing global dietary needs, supporting health-conscious consumers, and fostering sustainable food innovation.

Weed Management in Fruit and Vegetable Crops: A Review of Herbicide-Based Strategies

Pooja, Pravin Sharma, Poonam Saini, Mukesh Kumar, Anuradha, Desh Raj Choudhary

Weeds are considered as undesirable or unwanted due to their competitive nature, providing habitats to various pests and diseases and also have allelopathic effects. Weeds possess some adaptive traits like deep root system and multiple propagation methods like bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons etc. which enhance the survival and also their persistence. These characteristics allow them to efficiently exploit resources like water, nutrients and light, often at the expense of crop growth and development. In addition to competing with crops for resources, weeds endanger food safety and the sustainability of agriculture. The removal of nutrients by weeds had a significant effect on the crop’s nutritional availability, which in turn affects the buildup of dry matter. The possibility of various herbicides as a successful substitute for weed management techniques is evaluated critically in this review. Because of their effectiveness, affordability, and simplicity of use, herbicides have become an essential component of integrated weed management plans. This review examines the types of herbicides used as pre-emergence and post-emergenceas well as their modes of action, selectivity, and time of application. It concentrates on the role of herbicides in controlling weeds in fruit crops.

Cox-1 Gene-Based Identification and Molecular Phylo-genetics of Horseflies

Farman Ullah, Suleman, Ali Ahmad, Atta Ullah, Syed Azmat Shah, Bilal Ahmad

The hematophagous flies of the family Tabanidae are involved in the transmission of various disease-causative agents such as protozoans, helminths, bacteria, and viruses. However, molecular research on this family is not conducted in Pakistan. This study seeks to investigate the molecular characterization of the horseflies, feeding on buffaloes of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, by targeting the mitochondri-al partial Cox1 gene for the nucleotide identity/diversity and phylogenetic analysis. The Cox1 gene se-quences were compared with NCBI databases using BLASTn. The analyses revealed two Tabanus species (Tabanus sp. 1 and Tabanus sp. 2) and one Atylotus species. Genetic comparisons found a close relation-ship: Tabanus sp. 1 (93.95%) to T. superjumentarius, Tabanus sp. 2 (94.55%) belong to T. bromius, and Atylotus sp. (93.97%) to A. agrestis. Species were identified at the genus level due to limited data availa-bility. The nucleotide identity among the collected species was Atylotus sp. vs. Tabanus sp. 1 (90.7%), Atylotus sp. vs. Tabanus sp. 2 (89.4%), and Tabanus sp. 1 vs. Tabanus sp. 2 (90.1%). As expected, Taba-nus sp. 2, clustered together with its congener, T. bromius forming a basal clade of all other Tabanus spp included in our phylogenetic analysis. This means that Tabanus sp. 2 and T. bromius have some similari-ties and both of them are from the Palaearctic region. However, Tabanus sp.1, though showing com-paratively higher sequence identity with T. superjumentarius (94.55%) placed on a separate branch as a sister clade of the clade containing T. fontinalis and T. rubidus. T. fontinalis and T. rubidus are native to North America and their sequence identity with Tabanus sp.1 were 93.8% and 93.3%, respectively. Simi-larly, the phylogenetic tree placed our sequenced Atylotus sp. on a separate branch inside the clade unit-ing all Atylotus spp. included in our analysis containing A. agrestis as well. From our study, we conclud-ed that the genus Atylotus is monophyletic while the Tabanus genus is may be polyphyletic or paraphylet-ic because as it does not include all descendants of a common ancestor. Molecular characterization of additional species of horseflies from Pakistani hosts will provide a clear image of their genetic inter-relationship and their phylogenetic affinities with other species recorded across the world. Such molecu-lar study will provide a base for determining the prevalence of respective species and the development of their effective management strategies.

Kosali Cattle of Chhattisgarh: A Climate Resilient Indigenous Breed for sustainable Livestock Systems in India

Swati Sao, Shubham K. Singh, Devendra S. Porte

The Kosali cattle, an important indigenous breed of Chhattisgarh, has gained attention for its exceptional climate resilience and adapting abilities to extreme agro-climatic conditions. This paper explores the phenotypic characteristics, genetic strengths, ecological importance, and sustainable utility of the Kosali breed. This will also highlight its role in local livelihoods and traditional farming systems, the study connects its survival traits to future demands in climate -smart livestock farming. The research draws from historical data, farmer practices, and existing literature to propose the Kosali cattle as a strategic component in India’s climate-adaptive livestock policy.

Assessment of Soil Fertility Status and Spatial Variability at Farm Level using Geostatistical Tools

Soil quality and spatial variability of soil properties are essential considerations for sustainable nutrient management, particularly at the farm level. The present study was conducted from 2023 to 2025 at the Agricultural Research Sub-Station (ARSS), Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, to assess the soil fertility status and map the spatial distribution of soil properties using geospatial techniques. In Kikawas Village 34 sample points—were selected, and soil samples were collected from two depths: 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm. A comprehensive physico-chemical analysis was performed on each sample, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), exchangeable sodium (Na), ESP, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). The soils of were alkaline (mean pH 8.16–8.27), with EC variability up to 30%. OC declined from 0.63% to 0.51% between depths, and available macronutrients were lower in the subsoil. Micronutrients, particularly Fe and Mn, showed high spatial variability and limited availability across 40–50% of the farm area.

Corm and Cormlets characterization of Novel Hybrids of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrida) in off-Season

The present study was conducted during 2024-25 at the Horticulture Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, to evaluate the performance of nine novel gladiolus hybrids under off-season conditions. The study aimed to assess their corm production traits to identify superior genotypes suitable for off-season cultivation. Significant variation was observed among the hybrids for all studied parameters. Hybrid H5 ♀ GS-2 × ♂ Arka Amar recorded highest corm diameter (3.94 cm), corm weight (23.60 g), final corm weight (23.60g) While H6 ♀ Gunjan × ♂ Dhanvantari recorded highest corm / plant (1.87) and cormlets / plant (5.93). Furthermore, hybrids H5 ♀ GS-2 × ♂ Arka Amar and H8 ♀ GS-2 × ♂ Pricella demonstrated promising results for corm diameter and weight indicating potential for commercial multiplication.

Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) for seed yield and its quality parameters

Coriander is a vital spice crop in India, but its prolonged germination often delays crop establishment. As the world’s leading producer, India must adopt innovative agronomic strategies to enhance early growth and overall productivity. To address this, two experiments-one in the laboratory and one in the field were conducted during the Rabi season of 2023–24 at the Seed Testing Laboratory and Sagdividi Farm, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of orgopriming and foliar spray treatments on seed quality, growth and yield of the coriander variety Gujarat Coriander-3 (GC-3). Six seed priming treatments were tested under both lab and field conditions, while the field experiment also included foliar spraying treatments as a second factor. Among priming treatments, tender coconut water significantly enhanced germination (81.25%), root length (6.08 cm), shoot length (8.31 cm), seedling length (14.39 cm), seedling fresh (397.70 mg) and dry weight (32.18 mg) and seedling vigour indices (1168.97 and 2614.51). In field performance, it also improved field emergence (82.33%), plant height (76.39 cm), number of umbels per plant (20.88), umbellets per umbel (8.17), seeds per umbellet (10.68), seeds per umbel (61.44), 1000-seed weight (12.56 g), and seed yield per plant (12.48 g) and led to earlier flowering (50.50 days). Among foliar sprays, Jivamrut (10%) significantly increased all growth and yield parameters compared to the control. The highest plant height (80.97 cm), with a 40.48% increase over control, was recorded with the interaction of Bijamrut (10%) priming and Jivamrut (10%) foliar spray. Thus, seed priming with tender coconut water and foliar spraying with Jivamrut (10%) can substantially improve the seed quality and yield of coriander.

Nutritional Values and Bioactive Properties of Breakfast Porridges Based on Selected Sri Lankan Traditional Rice Varieties

Nadini Thushara, Prashantha Malawiarachchi, Pahan Godakumbura

Uncovering the nutritional values, bioactivities and health benefits of traditional rice based porridges has become crucial in order to prevent the non-communicable diseases as well as to build a healthy generation. This study was conducted to determine the range of nutrients and bioactive properties of porridges of madathawalu (MWP), kaluheenati (KHP), mixed rice of sudu heenati, goda heenati, masuran, and dikwee (MXP) and special traditional porridge (STP). The water, nitrogen, crude fat and ash contents of porridges ranged from 93.3±0.2% - 96.9±0.2%, 1.6±0.1% - 1.9±0.2%, 1.9±0.2% - 2.8±0.2% and 1.6±0.2% - 2.0±0.1% respectively. STP possessed the highest amount of Mg, K, Ca, Mn, and Fe contents. The prominent fatty acids in the porridges were oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids. The polyphenolic contents of porridges were 8.24±0.2 - 13.24±0.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. The order of antioxidant capacity of porridges was MWP > KHP > MXP > STP. Consumption of Sri Lankan traditional rice-based porridges may play a vital role in providing a balanced, nutrient rich healthy diet.

Production and Marketing Constraints Faced by Sweet Corn Growers in Haryana

Raj Ratan Panday, Parminder Singh, Neelam Kumari, Ajay Kumar

The present study was conducted in Sonipat district of Haryana state in India. To derive the inferences of the study, 20 farmers were chosen at random from each village, including Manoli, Bhaira Bankipur, Khurrampur and Pabsara which acted as ultimate unit of the sample. According to the frequency distribution to the cumulative total technique, the farmers were divided into four categories that are marginal, small, medium, and large. Data on marketing was gathered from wholesalers and retailers in the selected market i.e., Azadpur Mandi, Delhi. For collecting the primary data, a total of 80 farmers, wholesalers, and retailers were employed. Secondary data for the study was gathered from a variety of published and unpublished sources. In the study of sweet corn, the production constraints noticed were black marketing, stray animals, availability of quality seed, and non-availability of labor at peak season, harvesting cost, difficult availability of loans from regulated sources and lack of knowledge about value addition. The main marketing constraints observed from the analysis of the study that are malpractices in marketing of sweet corn, fluctuation of price of produce in the market, high cost of transportation, lack of processing facility, low selling price during May-June month, delay in sale of produce and lack of infrastructure facilities.

Impact of foliar chitosan and its oligomer on nitrogen metabolism in wheat seedlings in vitro

Chitosan and its oligomers are known to enhance plant defense and metabolism. In this study, a foliar application of 400 ppm chitosan was applied to 14-day-old wheat seedlings. Enzyme activity and physiological parameters were measured 8 hours post-treatment. Results showed significant increases in nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities, along with elevated free amino acid (FAA) levels and chlorophyll content, compared to control. These findings suggest that chitosan enhances nitrogen assimilation and photosynthetic efficiency, demonstrating its potential as a plant metabolic enhancer.

Effect of Biostimulants on Growth, Flowering and Yield of Rose (Rosa chinensis L.) cv. Ganganagri Rose

Study on Effect of Biostimulants on Growth, Flowering and Yield of Rose (Rosa chinensis L.) cv. Ganganagri Rose was conducted at Horticulture Farm, Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan during October 2024 to March 2025. The result indicated that among the treatment plant sprayed T7 75% RDF + IIHR Arka microbial consortium + Humic acid @ 3 ml/litre was recorded significantly maximum plant height (63.46 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (270.92), plant spread- North to South direction (49.40 cm), plant spread East to West direction (55.10 cm), number of flowering shoot (9.75) and shoot length at first flower bud appearance (26.41 cm). minimum number of days to first flower bud appearance (38.00 days), days to flowering (55.00 days) and highest duration of flowering (114.08 days), flower diameter (6.60 cm), flower weight (5.55 g), total number of flowers plant-1 (116.17), flower yield plant-1 (644.74 g), flower yield plot-1 (2.58 kg), flower yield ha-1 (6.45 t/ha) and shelf life of loose flowers (4.00 days). Thus, combined application of bio-stimulant could be considered as a suitable treatment for enhanced growth, flowering, yield and quality of rose.

Comparative Evaluation of Cultural, Morphological and Nutritional Characterisation of Selected Pleurotus Species

The study assessed five Pleurotus species (P. sajor-caju, P. florida, P. djamor, P. citrinopileatus, and P. membranaceous) for mycelial growth, morphological traits, and nutritional composition. Significant interspecific variation was observed across media types, with P. sajor-caju showing the highest yield and biological efficiency, while P. djamor exhibited the fastest colonization and early pinning. Morphological traits varied distinctly among species. Nutritionally, P. sajor-caju had the highest protein and mineral content, while P. membranaceous showed maximum carbohydrate and moisture levels. All species were low in fat, supporting their dietary value. The findings identify P. sajor-caju and P. djamor as promising species for commercial cultivation.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Yield Attributes, and Productivity of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)

Abhishek Kankarwal, D.P. Singh, K.K. Yadav, Jagdish Choudhary, L.N. Mahawer

A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, during the Kharif season of 2024 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on green gram (Vigna radiata L.) growth, yield attributes and productivity. The trial was designed in a randomized block design, with twelve treatments replicated three times. The treatments involved different combinations of chemical fertilizers (RDF), farm yard manure (FYM), vermicompost and seed inoculation with Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). The experimental soil was clay loam in texture, low in available nitrogen, medium in phosphorus, and high in potassium with adequate levels of DTPA-extractable micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu). The combined application of 50% RDF with 1 t ha⁻¹ each of vermicompost and FYM, along with Rhizobium + PSB (T12), led to a significant enhancement in plant height at harvest (64.11 cm), number of branches plant-1 (6.06), number of effective root nodules plant-1 at 40 DAS (37.75), number of pods plant-1 (32.14), number of seeds pod (12.64), test weight (43.80 g), seed yield (1350.60 kg ha⁻¹) and biological yield (3390.90 kg ha⁻¹). These values significantly outperformed the absolute control treatment (T1). The results emphasize the advantage of nutrient synergy in INM systems, highlighting their potential to enhance crop productivity through sustainable and balanced nutrient inputs.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

Nidhi Gangwal, D. P. Singh, R.H Meena, Arvind Verma

A Kharif 2024 field trial at Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, compared four RDF levels (0–100%) with organic treatments: vermicompost (2–6 t/ha) combined with decreasing jeevamrut foliar sprays. While 100% RDF yielded strong growth, nutrient uptake, and yields (seed: 1,140 kg/ha; haulm: 2,095 kg/ha; biological: 3,236 kg/ha), the top organic treatment—6 t/ha vermicompost + 4% jeevamrut—matched or slightly exceeded these results (seed: 1,141 kg/ha; haulm: 2,085 kg/ha; biological: 3,226 kg/ha). Importantly, it also significantly improved soil health indicators—organic carbon, available N, P, K, microbial populations, and enzyme activities—making it a sustainable and effective alternative to full inorganic fertilization.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Biosurfactant Producing Bacteria

Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms with broad environmental and industrial significance. Due to their amphiphilic structure, biodegradability, and production from renewable sources, biosurfactants are emerging as sustainable alternatives to synthetic surfactants. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the isolation of biosurfactant-producing bacteria, screening techniques, molecular characterization, and diverse applications in agriculture, bioremediation, and healthcare. Special attention is given to microbial strains isolated from oil-contaminated environments, their plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes, metal tolerance, and antimicrobial potential. The review also outlines screening protocols and biochemical techniques to identify potent strains, and discusses their role in sustainable agriculture and ecological restoration.

Effect of Irrigation and Moisture Conservation Practices on nutrient content and uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

In the rabi season of 2024-25, a field experiment entitled “Effect of Irrigation and Moisture Conservation Practices on nutrient content and uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was conducted at the Agronomy Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The experimental field comprised clay loam soil with medium fertility status. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, main plot treatments included four irrigation schedules: no irrigation (I0), irrigation at pre-flowering (I1), at pod formation (I2) and at both pre-flowering and pod formation stages (I3). The sub-plot treatments comprised four moisture conservation practices: control (M0), hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 (M1), dust mulch (M2) and maize stover mulch (M3) with three replications. The results revealed that irrigation at pre-flowering and pod formation stages (I3) significantly enhanced nutrient content and uptake. The highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in seed (3.65%, 0.36% and 0.78%, respectively) and haulm (1.40%, 0.25% and 1.59%, respectively) were recorded under I3. Among moisture conservation practices, maize stover mulch (M3) and hydrogel (M1) significantly improved nutrient concentrations. Nutrient uptake by seed and haulm was also maximized under irrigation at pre-flowering and pod formation and maize stover mulch, with total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake reaching 132.59, 18.86 and 80.24 kg ha-1, respectively. These results highlight the synergistic role of optimal irrigation and effective moisture conservation in improving nutrient dynamics in chickpea.

Effect of Vermicompost and Ghanjeevamrit on Growth, Yield Attributes and Productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.)

A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, during the Kharif season of 2024 to study the effect of vermicompost and ghanjeevamrit on maize (Zea mays L.) growth, yield attributes and productivity. The trial was designed in a factorial randomized block design, with sixteen treatments replicated three times. The treatments involved two factors that is vermicompost and ghanjeevamrit. The experimental soil was clay loam in texture, low in available nitrogen, medium in phosphorus, and high in potassium with adequate levels of DTPA-extractable micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu). The application of 75% RDN by vermicompost led to a significant enhancement in plant height at harvest at 60 DAS (111.57 cm) and at Harvest (218.02 cm), number of cobes plant-1 (1.82), number of grains row-1 at (39.48), number of row cob-1 (14.95), cob length (24.09), seed index (256.73 g), seed yield (3524 kg ha⁻¹) and biological yield (9720 kg ha⁻¹). These values significantly outperformed the absolute control treatment (V0). Similarly in ghanjeevamrit @750kg ha-1 significantly enhancement in plant height at 60 DAS (112.02 cm) and at Harvest (218.99 cm), number of cobes plant-1 (1.82), number of grains row-1 at (39.49), number of row cob-1 (15.39), cob length (24.41), seed index (256.79 g), seed yield (3454 kg ha⁻¹) and biological yield (9639 kg ha⁻¹). These values significantly outperformed the absolute control treatment (G0). The results emphasize the advantage of nutrient synergy in vermicompost and ghanjeevamrit systems, highlighting their potential to enhance crop productivity through sustainable and balanced nutrient inputs.

Comparative Evaluation of Cultural, Morphological and Nutritional Characterization of Different Strains of Calocybe indica

The study assessed six stains of Calocybe indica (CI-24-201, CI-24-202, CI-24-203, CI-24-204, CI-24-205 and CI-24-206) for mycelial growth, morphological traits and nutritional composition. Significant interspecific variation was observed across media types, with CI-24-205 exhibited the fastest colonization and early pinning and showing the highest yield and biological efficiency. Morphological traits varied distinctly among strains. Nutritionally, CI-24-203 had the highest protein, CI-24-206 had the highest ash, CI-24-201 showed maximum carbohydrate and CI-24-202 showed maximum moisture levels. The findings identify CI-24-205 as promising strain for commercial cultivation.

A study on the usage patterns, preferences and perceived usefulness of social media among the students of Assam Agricultural University

The purpose of the study, "A Study on the usage patterns, preferences, and perceived usefulness of Social Media among the Students of Assam Agricultural University," was to analyze the profile traits of the students, evaluate how they use social media, and outline the issues they encounter when using it. 120 respondents were chosen from among the second, third, and fourth-year undergraduate students at the College of Agriculture, AAU, using a multi-stage random sampling technique and a descriptive research design. Personal interviews were used to gather data utilizing a semi-structured study plan that had been pretested. This study investigates the usage patterns, preferences, and perceived usefulness of social media platforms among students, focusing on their access methods, knowledge levels, frequency of use, posting behaviors, and time spent. Data was collected to understand how students interact with various platforms such as YouTube, WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and DIKSHA across different environments including academic settings, hostels, and free Wi-Fi zones. Findings revealed that mobile phones are the predominant devices for accessing social media (98.30%), attributed to their portability, affordability, and user-friendly nature. Students demonstrated a high level of knowledge about platforms like Facebook, YouTube, and WhatsApp, while lesser-known platforms like ShareChat, IMO, and Moj showed lower awareness. Students commonly used platforms like YouTube and DIKSHA in academic spaces, while WhatsApp and Instagram were accessed more in private settings such as hostels. Posting behavior varied significantly: while WhatsApp saw frequent posting, platforms like DIKSHA and YouTube were primarily used for content consumption. Time spent on platforms was also diverse, with YouTube, WhatsApp, and Instagram engaging students for longer durations. In terms of usefulness, YouTube was ranked highest (WMS 2.85), followed by WhatsApp (2.75) and DIKSHA (2.34). Platforms like Facebook and Instagram were perceived as less useful, indicating a shift in students’ preferences toward platforms that support learning and communication. These findings offer valuable insights for educators and policymakers seeking to integrate digital tools into educational strategies.

Impact of foliar Nano-DAP on nitrogen metabolism in wheat seedlings in vitro

Nano-DAP are known to enhance plant defence and metabolism. In this study, a foliar application of Nano-DAP was applied in varied concentrations (2-6 ml/L), to 14-day-old wheat seedlings in vitro. To evaluate the responses of Nano-DAP on nitrogen metabolism in wheat, key enzymes were targeted to be checked at 8 hours after foliar application. Results showed significant increases in nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities, along with varied free amino acid (FAA) levels and chlorophyll content, compared to conventional DAP (2%, w/v) as well as control. These findings suggest that Nano-DAP enhances nitrogen assimilation and photosynthetic efficiency, demonstrating its potential as a plant metabolic enhancer.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Nutrient Content and Uptake of Blackgram

Vivek Kumar Meena, Arvind Verma, P.C. Chaplot, Vinod Saharan, Hemant Swami

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2024 at the Agronomy Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on nutrient content and uptake in blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). The experiment followed a factorial randomized block design with 18 treatment combinations involving three fertility levels (100% RDF, 100% RDF + Zn, 100% RDF + Zn + Mo), three vermicompost levels (0, 1, and 2 t ha⁻¹), and two biofertilizer levels (control and NPK liquid consortia). Results revealed that the combined application of 100% RDF + Zn + Mo + vermicompost 2 t ha⁻¹ + NPK consortia significantly enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in seed and improved their uptake in both seed and haulm. The treatment also recorded the highest total N, P, and K uptake by seed and haulm.

Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Zinc on Yield Attributes and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a protein-rich pulse crop crucial for sustainable agriculture and nutrition in semi-arid regions. However, zinc (Zn) deficiency in Indian soils often limits its productivity. A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2024–25 at the research farm of Nirwan University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of soil and foliar Zn application on the performance of chickpea variety GNG 2144. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments replicated thrice. Treatments included control (T1), RDF alone (T2), and combinations of soil-applied ZnSO4 (25 and 50 kg/ha) and foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 at key stages (booting and pod formation). The results showed a significant increase in yield attributes due to zinc application. The maximum number of pods per plant (41.20), number of seeds per pod (1.80), and 100-seed index (24.57 g) were observed under T9 (RDF + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 soil application + two foliar sprays of 0.5% ZnSO4). This treatment also recorded the highest seed yield (19.87 q ha-1), straw yield (25.42 q ha-1) and harvest index (43.88%). Economic analysis revealed that T₉ provided the maximum gross return (₹119220 ha-1), net return (₹79320 ha-1), and B:C ratio (2.00), followed by T8 and T7. The lowest yield and returns were recorded under the control (T1). In conclusion, the integrated application of Zn through both soil and foliar routes significantly enhanced yield attributes, grain yield, and profitability of chickpea, and is recommended as an effective strategy to combat Zn deficiency in chickpea-growing regions.

Suspended Sediment Amount Estimation in River Using Anfis and Conventional Methods

Engin Mert Özer, Bestami Taşar, Fatih Üneş, Mustafa Demirci

The amount of sediment in rivers is of great importance in terms of determining the amount of pollution, river transport, dam life and other factors. In this study, the sediment matter in river was estimated using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Sediment Rating Curve (SRC) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) methods. For sediment estimation, models were developed using the flow and precipitation data between the years 2014-2022 as input parameters from a station on the Yahara River near Catonsville, United States. The models were evaluated using both graphical and statistical analyses. Performance comparison between prediction models was conducted using three key criteria: coefficient of correlation (R), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Based on these evaluation metrics, the ANFIS model demonstrated superior performance compared to other models in predicting suspended sediment amount in the river.

Response of Two Varieties of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) to Sulfur Addition in a Floating Raft Hydroponic System

Yasmeina Putri Szaida, Setyono Yudo Tyasmoro, Nurul Aini

This paper contains information about the effects of differences in varieties and concentrations of sulfur given to shallots cultivated hydroponically. Currently, shallot cultivation in open fields has challenges that must be faced, such as the narrowing of agricultural land and disease due to planting off season which can affect the quantity and quality of shallots. Therefore, hydroponic cultivation of shallots using a floating raft system is a solution that can overcome this problem. Variety selection and fertilizer management are factors that can increase shallot yields. One of the varieties that can be used is the Super Phillip and Tajuk varieties. The increase in yield that can be done is by adding sulfur from MgSO4. Sulfur can increase the weight of shallot bulbs because sulfur plays an important role in increasing the translocation of assimilates to enlarge the bulbs, forming essential amino acids, forming protein, and giving shallots a rich aroma and level of spiciness. This research aims to obtain the optimum concentration of sulfur to obtain good quantity and quality of shallots in the floating raft system.

Boosting Inpago 13 Rice Yield through Mulch Innovation: A Pathway to Enhancing Yield Performance of Inpago 13

Brama Setya Kusuma, Sitawati, Agus Suryanto

The increasing global population continues to elevate food demand and intensify the strain on essential natural resources such as arable land and water. Optimizing agricultural practices to enhance productivity is crucial to achieving sustainable food security. This study explores the importance of different organic and synthetic types of mulch on the growth and yield of upland rice (Inpago 13) cultivated in dryland areas. The experimental design utilized a randomized block design featuring six mulch treatments: absence of mulch, straw mulch, geowoven mulch, black-silver plastic mulch, silver-silver plastic mulch, and white plastic mulch. The findings indicated that mulching significantly enhanced agronomic traits such as tiller number, leaf area, dry biomass, milled dry grain, and 1000 dry grain (P < 0.05). The black-silver plastic mulch (M3) demonstrated the most substantial positive impact, achieving the highest grain yield of 8.76 ton·ha⁻¹ and the largest leaf area (1,479.50 cm²). Compared to non-mulched treatments, plastic mulches enhanced photosynthetic performance leading to better biomass accumulation and yield efficiency. The findings underscore that mulching—especially with reflective plastic films improves physiological processes and grain yield on upland rice (inpago 13). This study highlights the potential of strategic mulch application to maximize upland rice productivity under water-limited conditions and contributes to resilient agricultural practices for future food systems.

Evaluation of Low-Cost Grain-Based Media for Enhanced Mycelial Growth of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus)

This study evaluated the efficacy of low-cost, grain-based media for enhancing the mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) as an alternative to expensive commercial potato dextrose agar (PDA). Six locally available grains including wheat, sorghum, maize, millet, hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus), and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), were tested at concentrations of 10, 30, 50, and 70 g/L in a factorial experiment under controlled laboratory conditions. Mycelial radial growth, colonization time, and phenological traits were measured and compared to PDA medium. Results demonstrated that millet and hyacinth bean at 70 g/L supported the most vigorous mycelial expansion, achieving full colonization (90 mm) by day 9, outperforming Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium, which required 15 days. Higher grain concentrations (50–70 g/L) consistently promoted denser mycelium, rhizomorphic hyphae, and faster growth rates (up to 7.89 mm/day). The study highlights the potential of millet, hyacinth bean, and sorghum as cost-effective, locally sourced alternatives for growth medium, offering a sustainable solution for scaling oyster mushroom cultivation in resource-limited settings like Sudan. These findings support the adoption of grain-based media in mushroom biotechnology to enhance food security and agricultural diversification.

Processes of Diversification of Rural Economy— A Pioneer Approach Dealt for Doctoral Research on Kangra Farms

Girish Mahajan

Thesis advocates rural diversification for solving the problems of rural unemployment, poverty, and hunger. The study was undertaken in Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh. Two developed blocks form the developed category and two backward blocks form the backward category were selected on the basis of infrastructural as well as agrarian related variables for the study. Two stages stratified random sampling with stratification, on the basis of index of crop acreage diversification using Entropy index, at second stage was employed for the selection of villages and households. Both primary as well as secondary data was used in this study. Commensurate with the objectives of the study, data were analyzed using suitable statistical techniques. The results have shown that diversification of crops, measured by Herfindhal and Entropy indices, were higher in more-diversified farms. In the overall farm analysis, crop diversification is higher under developed agriculture than in backward agriculture whereas reverse is observed for income diversification. This clearly shows that income diversification is no guarantee for increasing total household income. The extent of income diversification is higher in less-diversified farms than in more-diversified farms of developed category. In contrast, diversification of income is higher in more-diversified farms of backward category. A pioneer work has been done to examine the impact of diversification on income, consumption and poverty. In this context, the household income was highly diversified in backward category but the level of total household income was significantly lower as compared to developed category, where low level of diversification is associated with high level of income, pointing towards the prevalence of distress diversification. So far as the relationship between the extent of diversification and poverty is concerned, there was systematic relation with crop diversification, but it was not found to be systematic with income diversification. The thesis has identified and analyzed the problem of rural diversification and suggested solution to accelerate the process of diversification in Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh. Specifically, the policy should be that emphasis on diversification of rural economy shall yield no dividend unless efforts are made to improve the productivity of the existing resources and attending to problems like marketing, credit facilities and technical know-how.

Impact of Pre-Planting Weed Control on Diversity Nematodes in the Rhizosphere of Corn Plants

Elly Liestiany, Muhamad Indar Pramudi

This study aims to determine the impact of several pre-planting weed control methods on the diversity of plant parasitic nematode species and their population levels in the rhizosphere of corn crops.The research was conducted from March to June 2024. On farmer's land in Binuang, Tapin Regency. The land observed is land No tillage + glyphosate, No tillage +sulphosate, Minimal tillage (on tractor), Minimal tillage (on tractor) + Oxadiazon, Minimal tillage (on tractor) + Butachlor, Conventional tillage (hoeing), Control (natural / no tillage).Observations based on the results of soil samples taken when the corn crop was harvested. The soil samples wereExtraction using a modified Baerman funnel (Dropkin 1991). Results of extraction of parasitic nematodes found identified based on morphological characteristics up to genus.Identification of nematodes refers to the books: Pictorial Key to Genera of Plant Parasitic Nematodes (Maiet al.1975). The results of research on the impact of pre-planting weed control on nematode diversity from corn rhizosphere samples found 16 nematode genera, Criconemella, Ditylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Hemicycl, Heterodera, Hirschmanniella, Longidorus, Meloidogyne, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Psilenchus, Rotylenchus, Trichodorus, Tylenchorhynchus, Tylenchulus, Tylenchus, and there are variations in the genus and population of nematodes in each soil sample.

The Cultural Christian, Ai Fear Factor, and Business Divide

Rennie Cowan

Cultural Christianity functions as a type of common behavior that harmonizes the secular and the sacred, and often as a trend with influence for the growth of merging spirituality with business. Business mogul Elon Musk for example professes to practice religious integrity based on Christian principles but not religion itself. Musk believes that if a culture loses its religion it starts to “decline” (The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast, 2024, 35:35). Musk calls himself a cultural Christian as a result. Another example, Atheist/scientist Richard Dawkins holds the same philosophy and often publically states he’s a cultural Christian. He offers further explanation that Christianity can exist as the “decent” way of life but no one needs to adopt a belief in it to enjoy it (LBC, 2024, 1:53-1:55). Christian principles can work as a well-accepted framework for the endowed or business world, in regards to corporate responsibility (CSR). Business elites are safe to value them with developing scientific controversial innovations like AI. One inquiry looks at whether business integrates better with Christianity despite innovative disruption.

A Study on Cold Chain Challenges and Farmer Readiness for Perishable Exports in Satara, Maharashtra, India

Prof. (Dr.) Safia Farooqui, Prof. (Dr.) Rajendra Takale, Dr. Ganesh S. Shinde

The globalization of Agri-food trade has amplified the importance of efficient cold chain logistics, particularly for perishable commodities such as dairy, seafood, and fresh produce. This study, titled Cold Chain Logistics for Perishable Exports, investigates the infrastructural and operational challenges in maintaining temperature-sensitive supply chains from farm gate to international markets. Using empirical data from 89 farmers in Satara district, Maharashtra, the research assesses the current level of awareness, adoption, and readiness among producers regarding cold chain technologies and export standards. The analysis reveals critical gaps in refrigeration infrastructure, limited farmer access to cold storage and transport facilities, and significant knowledge deficiencies in handling export-grade perishables. Furthermore, the study underscores the role of policy interventions, public-private partnerships, and targeted capacity-building programs in bridging these gaps. By proposing a strategic framework to enhance cold chain logistics, this research contributes to strengthening the export potential of India’s perishable agri-sector while reducing post-harvest losses and ensuring product integrity in global markets.

Bioconversion of Grape Juice Production Residues into Protein- and Functional Ingredient-rich Biomass - Waste-free Technology Development Perspective

Irina Kapanadze

A protein- and bioactive compound-rich biomass was obtained through the deep fermentation of grape juice production residues by Aspergillus terreus IK40. The digestibility and nutritional value of the product obtained through bioconversion was studied. The crude protein content in the biomass is 19.0%, which fully corresponds to the recommended level for pig feeding during the active growth phase. The crude fat content (7.6%) also satisfies pig feeding standards. The biomass is rich in easily metabolizable sugars (141 mg/g), which plays a significant role in energy balance formation and promotes microbial fermentation in the pig digestive tract. The digestibility level of the biomass is improved due to the reduction of hard-to-degrade biopolymer content. The product is rich in micro and macro elements, contains biologically active metabolites (ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotenoids, and proline) and possesses high total antioxidant activity. Thus, the obtained biomass represents not only a nutrient-rich but also a functionally valuable product, which application in pig feed will contribute to improving growth parameters and strengthening the organism's natural immune barriers.

Production and Characterization of Black Soldier Fly Larva Meal on Harvest Age and Processing Method as a Potential Alternative Protein Source for Fishmeal in Broiler Chicken Diets

The unbridled increasing price of feed ingredients especially the conventional protein sources is a great challenge to profitability in poultry industry. To overcome this issue, insect meals like black soldier fly (BSF) are one of these alternative protein sources. This study is aimed at the production and characterization of Black soldier fly larva meal on harvest age and processing method as a potential alternative protein source for fishmeal in broiler chicken diets. Taking advantage of the study of a life cycle of insects, BSF pupae was procured, conditioned and allowed to pupate to larvae. The BSF laid eggs and the eggs were further favourably conditioned to hatch to larvae (BSFL). The larvae were harvested at two (2) different ages (day 8 and 12), and samples from each age of harvest were divided into two (2) and process independently by sun drying and roasting. The four (4) samples were milled to meals (BSFLM) and presented for chemical analysis. The best meal in optimal protein retention was identified and combined with a procured Fish meal (FM) whose proximate composition and amino acid profile had been determined to form a blend (FM:BSFLM% ; 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75). The proximate composition of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal was significantly influenced by both the age at harvest and the processing method, as well as their interaction. Also, the comparison between the proximate composition of FM and BSFLM showed that FM had a significantly higher crude protein content (66.87%) compared to BSFLM (34.82%). FM is numerically higher in ASH and conversely lower in NFE (3.39%), Crude fibre (0.56%), Fat (10.62) and Moisture (10.34%) compared to BSFLM; 33.21, 1.20, 16.43 and 10.69% respectively. Further studies to corroborate the effect of dietary BSF on growth performance, carcass characteristics, gut morphology and caecum microbiota are required to standardize the inclusion levels in feeds for higher performance of poultry.

A study on the flowering and fruiting Phenology of Plants at Jorbeer Conservation Reserve, Bikaner (Rajasthan)

Priyanka Devra, Smita Jain

Phenology is the study of the timing of various life history events such as bud burst, leaf expansion, abscission, flowering, fertilization, fruiting, seed set, seed dispersal, and seed germination in plants. Phenological events such as flowering and fruiting are key ecological indicators that reflects plant responses to climatic factors, and they play a crucial role in shaping ecosystem dynamics. This paper deals with the study of phenological activities such as flowering and fruiting time of plants at Jorbeer Conservation Reserve, Bikaner (Rajasthan) for two years from 2021-2024. The study area visited regularly two times in a month and systematic phenological monitoring were conducted to record duration of fruiting and flowering time period for each plant species. The flowering and fruiting phenology of 35 plant species reveal distinct seasonal pattern, with the majority of plant species exhibiting flowering phase during the monsoon season (July-September) and fruiting phase extending into the post-monsoon season (October-December).

Impact of Seed hardening, Varying Fertilizer Levels and Organic Foliar Applications on Nutrient Content and Uptake in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

A field experiment entitled “Impact of Seed Priming, Varying Fertilizer Levels and Organic Foliar Applications on Nutrient Content and Uptake in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)” was conducted during the kharif season of 2024 at the Agronomy Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design comprising three factors: seed hardening (control, 2% KCl and 3% panchagavya), fertilizer levels (control, 75% RDF and 100% RDF) and foliar nutrition (7.5% and 10% vermiwash), replicated three times. The results revealed that application of 100 per cent RDF along with seed hardening using 2 per cent KCl and foliar spray of 10% vermiwash significantly enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and uptake in sorghum grain and stover. The highest nitrogen content in grain (1.626%) and stover (0.524%) and maximum total nitrogen uptake (106.06 kg ha⁻¹) were recorded under 100 per cent RDF. Similarly, foliar application of vermiwash @10% and seed hardening with 2% KCl improved nutrient content and uptake, being statistically superior over respective controls. These results indicate that integrated application of seed hardening, optimal fertilizer dose and foliar nutrition plays a significant role in enhancing nutrient use efficiency and productivity in rainfed sorghum.

Review of technological alternatives for wastewater treatment in Brazilian rural areas

Brazil and other Latin American countries face significant challenges in providing adequate sanitation to its rural residents, particularly concerning sewage treatment. The solutions implemented are often based on traditional knowledge, with cesspits and biodigester septic tanks being widely used, which may prove inadequate in many situations. These technologies require enhancement, and exploring additional alternatives, such as systems enabling the separation of toilet water from grey water, is imperative. In this context, the evapotranspiration tank emerges as a viable option due to its ability to prevent direct contact with influent sewage and its non-production of final effluent. While infiltration trenches also present a feasible solution, existing sizing recommendations typically overlook the unique demands of Brazilian rural areas by only considering the combined flow of grey water and toilet effluent. Moreover, the utilization of traditional septic tanks and anaerobic filters poses challenges, particularly concerning sludge management in isolated locations. Promising alternatives like vermifiltration and banana tree circles exist, yet their effective implementation require the establishment of standards for appropriate sizing. Therefore, although technologies are available to alleviate the sewage treatment deficit in rural regions, it is crucial to advocate for their informed selection among rural households and to bolster governmental efforts in implementing national legislation and refining standards and guidelines.

Primary Metabolic Profile of Olive Leaves in Different Cultivars and Sites at Bikaner (Rajasthan)

Madhu Choudhary, Smita Jain

Due to the appreciable amounts of bioactive compounds in olive leaves and the effect of abiotic stress of arid area on their synthesis, this study evaluated the metabolic profile of primary metabolites in leaves of olive cultivars (‘Arbequina’, ‘Barnea’, ‘Coratina’ and ‘Koroneiki’) grown at two sites, viz., Lunkaransar and Napasar, located in Bikaner, Rajasthan (India). The total soluble carbohydrate content and protein content was determined by spectrophotometry. Lipid content was determined by solvent extraction and gravimetric method of quantification. Highest sugar content was found in ‘Coratina’ cultivar of Lunkaransar and protein content was found in ‘Koroneiki’ cultivar of Napasar. Maximum lipid content was found in ‘Arbequina’ cultivar of Napasar. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the cultivar and the site significantly affect the quantity of primary metabolites.

Effect of Biochar and Bio-inoculants on Yield, Nutrient Content and Uptake of Mungbean

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of biochar and bio-inoculants on yield attributes and yield of mungbean, and to assess the impact of biochar and bio-inoculants on nutrient content and uptake by mungbean during Kharif 2024, at the Instructional Farm, SKNAU. Variety RMG-492 was used for the experiment at seed rate of 15 Kg ha⁻1. The experiment consisted of treatments having 4 levels of biochar (control, 2, 4 and 6-ton ha⁻¹ biochar) and four treatments of bio-inoculants (Control, Rhizobium, PSB and Rhizobium + PSB) total of 16 treatment combinations were laid out in factorial randomized block design and replicated thrice. Mungbean variety RMG-492 was taken as a test crop. The experimental results indicated that the application of 6-ton ha⁻¹ biochar significantly increased test weight (36.97 g), seed yield (1266 Kg ha⁻¹), stover yield (2652 Kg ha⁻¹) and biological yield (3918 Kg ha⁻¹) of mungbean over the control. The content of N, P and K in seed and stover and their uptake by mungbean were observed to be significantly increased with the application of 6-ton ha⁻¹ biochar over that under control. Results further indicated that dual inoculation of Rhizobium+ PSB significantly increased the seed yield (1247Kg ha⁻¹), stover yield (2570 Kg ha⁻¹), biological yield (3795 Kg ha⁻¹) and test weight (35.63 g) over control. Maximum N, P and K content and their uptake in seed and stover of mungbean were recorded under the co-inoculation of Rhizobium+PSB. The interactive effect of different levels of biochar and bioinoculants on seed and stover yield of mungbean was statistically significant. A consistent increase in yield was observed with the combined application of biochar and bioinoculants. The interactive effects of biochar and bioinoculants on nutrient content and uptake in mungbean seed and stover were also statistically significant.

Optimizing Cattle Manure Incubation Method with Trichoderma sp. Starter for Contamination Control

Gustin Meynindra Sasa Dilla, Agus Purwanto, Antonius Budiawan

The successful production of Trichoderma sp. starter cultures requires an appropriate medium and controlled environmental conditions to support mycelial growth and prevent contamination. This study evaluated the effect of sterilized sugar solution volume and lid type on the success rate of Trichoderma sp. starter incubation in a cattle manure medium. Our experimental design included two treatments: Starter A used 50 mL of sugar solution with an open container (no lid), while Starter B utilized 10 mL of sugar solution with a two-layer sterile gauze as a porous lid. Visual observations were conducted over 21 days, monitoring mycelial growth, medium color changes, and contamination. Results showed that Starter B exhibited mycelial colonization from day one, achieving green sporulation by day 14 without any signs of contamination. Conversely, Starter A showed indicators of anaerobic fermentation, including a pungent odor and larval infestation by day 5, which significantly inhibited Trichoderma sp. growth. These findings suggest that an incubation method with a lower sugar solution volume and a porous lid effectively maintains optimal moisture, aeration, and medium sterility.

Effect of tank silt and wood ash on physical and physico-chemical properties of coastal sandy soil under groundnut cultivation

V P Shahana, Dr. M. Latha, Dr. P. Mohan Rao, Dr. G. Ramesh

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023 on sandy loam soil to study the effect of tank silt and wood ash on soil properties, including physical and physico-chemical properties under groundnut cultivation. The experiment consisted of ten treatments with tank silt, wood ash and K2SO4 foliar application with different levels of RDK tested in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Results indicated that the soil's physical properties were not significantly influenced by the imposed treatments. Among the physico-chemical properties of soil, soil reaction (pH) did not show significant influence from the treatments, whereas, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity and organic carbon content were found to be improved due to the application of tank silt and wood ash.