http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us October Coconut Whitefly (Aleurodicus rugiopercularus) infestation possess a growing threat to various coconut growing regions in Sri Lanka since 2019. The National Plant Protection Service in collaborated with Horticultural Crops Research and Development Institute conducted a series of studies to investigate the potential use of locally isolated parasitoid, Encarsia guadelopae for the control of coconut whitefly. The parasitoid E. guadeloupae identified as a promising biocontrol agent of coconut whitefly due to its efficacy in damaging the nymphal stages of whitefly. The study initiated with a comprehensive field survey across seven districts to assess the severity of whitefly damage followed by a laboratory analysis of whitefly parasitoids for identification and rearing. Mass production of A. rugioperculatus and E. guadeloupae was carried out using various host-plant species under the laboratory conditions. Field release of parasitoids were conducted in selected locations, using two distinct methods. Results indicated successful taxonomic identification of A. rugioperculatus and E. guadeloupae, with coconut identified as the preferred host for whitefly rearing. The field release of parasitoids indicates a significant increase in parasitism level and a corresponding decrease in whitefly populations in coconut plantations. In conclusion, the study establishes the feasibility of mass rearing and field release of E. guadeloupae as an environmentally friendly and effective strategy for biological control of coconut whitefly infestations. http://ijeab.com/detail/utilizing-locally-isolated-parasitoid-encarsia-guadeloupae-hymenoptera-aphelinidae-for-biological-control-of-coconut-whitefly-aleurodicus-rugioperculatus-in-sri-lanka/ K.M.D.W.P. Nishantha, M.H.N.Y. Malwenna, W.M.C. Weerakoon, A.R. Attanayake, S.W.G.A.N. Kumari, D.M.I.C.B Dissanayake, M.A.G.C.N. Premarathne http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-108202512-Utilizing.pdf The present investigation was undertaken in order to estimate the heterosis for grain yield and its attributing traits in Macaroni wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). The crosses were attempted by using line × tester mating design among eight lines and four testers during rabi 2023-24. The resultant 32 hybrids together with 12 parents and 1 standard check (GW 1339) were tested using randomized block design with three replications at Wheat Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during Rabi 2024-25. A total of six and five hybrids exhibited significant desirable heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis, respectively for grain yield per plant. The heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant ranged from -43.43 % to 83.99 %, while standard heterosis ranged from -58.69 % to 42.36 %. The highest heterosis over better parent in desirable direction was recorded by cross MACS 3949 × GDW 1255 (83.99%), UAS 475 × GDW 1255 (69.02%) and HD 4758 × HI 8737 (61.26%). The highest significant heterosis towards positive direction over standard check were recorded by five crosses viz., MACS 3949 × GDW 1255 (42.36%), HD 4758 × WHD 965 (28.66%), HD 4758 × HI 8737 (27.40%), UAS 475 × GDW 1255 (19.36%) and MACS 3949 × WHD 965 (9.45%). Hybrids with desirable traits for yield components showed increased grain yield, which is likely due to the combined effect of those improved traits. http://ijeab.com/detail/estimation-of-economic-heterosis-for-grain-yield-and-it-s-attributing-traits-in-macaroni-wheat-triticum-durum-desf/ Bhalodiya Jeel, M. H. Sapovadiya, Katharotiya Yash, Gadhiya Hepi, S Sri Manasa http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-10920252-Estimation.pdf The goal of the current study to estimate the combining ability and gene effects for grain yield and its attributing traits in Macaroni wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). During Rabi 2023-24, eight lines and four testers were used in an attempt to make crossovers utilizing a line × tester mating scheme. In Rabi 2024–2025, the 32 hybrids that were produced, along with 12 parents and one standard check (GW 1339), were examined at the Wheat Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, using a randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that the mean square due to lines and testers were significant for all the characters except mean square due to testers for plant height and 100-grain weight. Likewise, mean squares due to line × tester interaction was also found significant for all characters under investigation except plant height. For every individual in the study, the influence of specific gene combinations (SCA) on their traits was more significant than the general influence of their parents (GCA). This was further supported by the ratio of σ2gca/σ2sca was less than unity for all characters confirmed the preponderance of non-additive gene action for all the traits. The estimates of gca effect indicated that among the lines, MACS 3949, GW 1348, MPO 1357 and HD 4758 were found to be good general combiners for grain yield per plant, while GDW 1255 and NIDW 1158 identified as good general combiner for this trait among testers. Parent UAS 475 was found to be good general combiners for early maturity due to negative and significant gca effects for days to anthesis and days to maturity. For grain yield per plant out of 32 crosses 11 were evaluated for their sca effects exhibited significant and favourable sca effects. Among them, the highest sca effects was manifested by the cross GW 1348 × GDW 1255 followed by HD 4758 × WHD 965 and HI 8841 × HI 8737. http://ijeab.com/detail/estimation-combining-ability-for-grain-yield-and-it-s-attributing-traits-in-macaroni-wheat-triticum-durum-desf/ Bhalodiya Jeel, M. H. Sapovadiya, Gadhiya Hepi, Lalita Kumari, Vaghasiya Mansi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-10920254-Estimation.pdf Trifolium alexandrinum, commonly known as Berseem is the main legume fodder cultivated in the south-east Asia because of its more vegetative growth, multi-cut nature, better forage output after harvesting, prolonged time of forage provision, and prominent fodder yield with outstanding delicious and excessive beneficial values of 20-21% crude protein and 62% total edible food. The livestock is contributing up to 40 % of total annual income of small and marginal farmers of district. However, there was significant scarcity of green fodder during lean period. To increase the green fodder availability with increase in net farm income present study was undertaken to evaluate the berseem in relay cropping with mustard crop at farmers field in NICRA project at KVK Morena. The results revealed that the crop of berseem grown as relay cropping with mustard is shown higher net return and B:C ratio compared as sole crop of mustard or berseem. As per our findings, the mustard crop establishment and relay cropping with legume crop berseem with mustard have overall beneficial and wide scope for its adoption in similar agro-ecological circumstances under present changing climate condition. http://ijeab.com/detail/evaluation-of-berseem-in-relay-cropping-with-mustard-as-a-viable-climate-resilience-technology-for-income-enhancement-in-semi-arid-tropics-areas/ Dr. B.S. Kasana, Dr. Swati Singh Tomar, Smt. Reena Sharma, Dr. J. C. Gupta http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-107202524-Evaluation.pdf Assam lemon is a unique citrus variety of Assam valued for its aroma, thin peel, juiciness, and near-seedless character. Despite its economic potential, productivity has not reached the desired level due to partial or incomplete adoption of scientific recommendations. The present study was conducted in Tinsukia district of Assam with a sample of 120 Assam Lemon growers. Data were collected and analysis was carried out using frequency and percentage. The results indicated that farmers exhibited high awareness of basic practices such as soil suitability, planting season, recommended varieties, irrigation, and orchard maintenance. However, considerable gaps existed in technical areas including scientific propagation techniques, pit preparation, plant spacing, canopy training, balanced fertilizer application, and use of micronutrients. Pest and disease management was largely confined to traditional methods, with limited adoption of chemical and preventive measures. In contrast, knowledge of harvesting practices was relatively better, as it is more experience-based and directly linked to market quality. The findings highlight that while indigenous knowledge has helped sustain Assam lemon cultivation, inadequate adoption of recommended package of practices remains a major constraint. http://ijeab.com/detail/knowledge-level-of-farmers-on-recommended-package-of-practices-of-assam-lemon-citrus-limon-l-burm-cultivation/ Kamalika Swargiary, Pallabi Bora, Hrishikesh Bhuyan, Pritishmita Swargiary, Saurabhjyoti Nath, Nikumoni Rajkhowa, Anannya Aishworiya Das, Anshuman Raj Saikia http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-108202514-Knowledge.pdf Amongst the hum of machinery and the ceaseless production of a dietary staple, the occupational health hazards confronting flour mill workers demand attention. This research undertook a comprehensive examination, shedding light on the intricate interplay between the working conditions and the problems faced by the workers within the confines of flour mills. In the heart of grain processing facilities, the health and safety of flour mill workers emerged as critical concerns. This research elucidates the complicated terrain of occupational health risks, highlighting the day-to-day struggles experienced by employees in this vital but frequently disregarded sector. This study was conducted on a sample of 100 respondents randomly selected from 20 flour mills of Ludhiana city. Ergonomic scales like OWAS and WERA were used to assess the work related postural discomfort experienced by the respondents. Results of postural analysis showed that for postures like full forward bending, half forward bending and standing with raised hands corrective measures need to be recommended in the near future and for postures like side bending and lifting immediate change is required. Factors contributing to worker’s declined health were working in filthy conditions without using any personal protective equipment leading to respiratory issues whereas injuries like dislocations, slips, cuts, falls were also reported due to carrying heavy load on slippery floor and due to unguarded machines. Remedial measures like head cum face mask and information dissemination in the form of booklet were suggested for better workplace environment, reducing the musculoskeletal problems and injuries among the workers of the flour mills. http://ijeab.com/detail/strategic-dissemination-for-flour-mill-worker-s-safety-mitigating-health-hazards-through-informed-practices/ Ms. Kirtika Sati, Dr. Sharanbir Kaur Bal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-108202513-Strategic.pdf Endophytic fungi represent promising biocontrol agents due to their ecological compatibility and production of diverse bioactive metabolites. In this study, two endophytic Nigrospora species N. sphaerica and N. osmanthi were isolated from healthy leaves of Pluchea dioscoridis and evaluated for their antagonistic activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi, including foliar pathogens (Alternaria sp., Stemphylium sp. and Myrothecium verrucaria) and soilborne pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotium rolfsii). Dual culture assays revealed that N. sphaerica exhibited superior inhibitory effects, achieving up to 60% inhibition against Alternaria sp. and 53% against M. verrucaria, alongside moderate suppression of soilborne pathogens. Correspondingly, filtrate assays showed significant biomass reduction, particularly in foliar fungi, suggesting the presence of potent diffusible antifungal metabolites. GC–MS profiling of Nigrospora sphaerica and N. osmanthi culture extracts revealed the predominance of phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-, along with several key antifungal metabolites. N. sphaerica, in particular, exhibited a broader chemical spectrum, producing α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, 2-butenedioic acid, glycerol, and aromatic hydrocarbons compounds with well-documented antifungal properties. This highlights the value of isolating safe endophytic fungi capable of naturally synthesizing potent bioactive metabolites for sustainable fungal disease management. These findings highlight N. sphaerica as a strong candidate for further development in sustainable plant disease management. However, additional in vivo and field-based investigations are essential to validate the practical application of endophytic Nigrospora spp. as biological control agents against fungal phytopathogens. http://ijeab.com/detail/antifungal-activity-of-endophytic-nigrospora-species-isolated-from-pluchea-plants-against-some-fungal-phytopathogens/ Ahmed I. S. Ahmed, Hanan M. Zakaria http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10920251-Antifungal.pdf Climate change significantly impacts crop production and productivity, particularly in leguminous crops like black gram, which are primarily cultivated under rainfed conditions. The present study evaluated the response of four black gram genotypes (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) to elevated CO2 (eCO2) and elevated temperature (eT) using the Carbon dioxide and Temperature Gradient Chamber (CTGC) facility at ICAR-CRIDA. The experimental conditions included ambient temperature (aT), eCO2 (550 ± 50 ppm), and three gradients of elevated temperature (eT1 = aT+1.5°C, eT2 = aT+3.0°C, eT3 = aT+4.5°C) individually and in combination with eCO2. Results revealed that eCO2 significantly improved biomass accumulation, photosynthetic rate, and yield traits of all the black gram genotypes, while temperature at higher gradients negatively impacted plant growth and yield. The combined treatment of eCO2 + eT had a mitigating effect, particularly at eT1+eCO2, where plants exhibited improved photosynthetic rate, water-use efficiency, and biomass accumulation. However, this amelioration effect declined at eT2+eCO2 and became negligible at eT3+eCO2. The negative effects of elevated temperature counteracted the advantage of elevated CO2. However, at eT3, the negative effects of temperature stress outweighed the benefits of eCO2, leading to reduced yield. Among the genotypes, PLU-826 exhibited the highest photosynthetic rate (Anet) under eCO2, while PSRJ-95016 showed improved performance under eT1+eCO2. Yield parameters such as pod number and seed weight significantly declined under eT3, highlighting the importance of selecting climate-resilient genotypes to sustain black gram productivity under changing environmental conditions. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-elevated-co2-and-temperature-on-growth-physiology-and-yield-of-black-gram-vigna-mungo-l-hepper-genotypes/ Shobharani Pasham, Vanaja Maddi, Sathish Poldasari, Mohan Chiluveru http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-10920256-Impactof.pdf The genetic potential of seeds does not inherently ensure uniform establishment and optimal stand quality in commercial crop fields. This challenge has led to the development of various agricultural inputs, often applied directly to seeds, including L-tryptophan. The present study was conducted using a completely randomized factorial experimental design with two factors and four replications. The first factor comprised two levels: the presence (CT) and absence (ACT) of a cold test. The second factor included four concentrations of L-tryptophan: 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 g kg-1 of seeds. Soybean seeds were sown on Germitest® paper substrate and maintained in a germination chamber. Evaluations included germination rate (normal and abnormal seedlings, as well as hard or dead seeds), primary root length, shoot length and dry matter. The application of L-tryptophan exhibited a protective effect on soybean seeds subjected to cold stress, indicating its potential as an effective seed treatment for crops expected to encounter low temperatures and high soil moisture during germination. http://ijeab.com/detail/l-tryptophan-improves-germination-and-early-growth-of-glycine-max-seedlings-subjected-to-cold-test/ Samuel Mariano-da-Silva, Rafael Dal Bosco Ducatti, André Luiz Radünz, Siumar Pedro Tironi, Vanderlei Smaniotto http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-10920258-L-Tryptophan.pdf The study entitled “Social and Personal Characteristics of Tribal Farm Women Involved in Sericulture” was undertaken to examine the demographic and socio-economic profile of women engaged in sericulture. Dhemaji district of Assam was purposively selected for the study owing to its rich tradition of eri and muga silk rearing among tribal households. A total of 120 respondents were chosen using a multistage random sampling procedure across ten villages. Data were collected through personal interviews with the help of a structured schedule and analysed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents (70.00%) belonged to the middle-aged group of 36–60 years, with most having educational attainment up to high school (33.34%). Nuclear families were predominant (78.34%) with medium family size (3–8 members, 86.66%), and most families combined sericulture with agriculture or allied activities (54.16%). A large proportion were marginal farmers (65.84%), with an average operational holding of 5.67 bighas under sericulture and a mean experience of 22.19 years. Annual income from sericulture averaged ₹2.56 lakhs, with Eri silk emerging as the dominant product marketed (96.66%), followed by growing interest in value-added products (70.00%). While extension contacts were moderate (77.50%), only 40.84% of respondents had received formal training, reflecting reliance on traditional knowledge. Marketing was mainly through local markets and fairs (71.60%), supplemented by direct sales to boutiques and designers (34.10%). The study concludes that sericulture is a vital livelihood activity for tribal women, contributing significantly to household income and cultural continuity. However, challenges persist in terms of small landholdings, low training exposure, and limited access to structured markets. Strengthening institutional support, capacity-building, and market linkages could enhance the sustainability and profitability of women-led sericulture in Assam. http://ijeab.com/detail/social-and-personal-characteristics-of-tribal-farm-women-involved-in-sericulture/ Hrishikesh Bhuyan, Dr. Pallabi Bora, Kamalika Swargiary, Sourabhjyoti Nath, Raktim Bharadwaj, Anshuman Raj Saikia, Madhujya Pathak, Ayan Hazarika http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-10920259-Social.pdf In Commune 6 of the Bamako district, groundwater is exposed to domestic pollution, particularly in the Dianéguela neighborhood. The objective of this study is to analyze the groundwater in Dianéguela and identify the negative impacts of domestic liquid waste on the population. The methodology was based on documentary research, field data collection, and laboratory water quality analysis. In situ parameters (pH, conductivity) were measured. GPS was used to georeference water points. Ion chromatography was used to analyze nitrates and nitrites. An automatic sampler was used to analyze bicarbonate.The main results show that bicarbonate levels vary from 7 mg/L to 1230 mg/L, nitrate levels range from 0.001 mg/L to 416.21 mg/L, and nitrite levels range from 0.001 mg/L to 33.490 mg/L. Human consumption of this water without treatment has a negative impact on consumers' health. Excess bicarbonate at levels above 200 mg/L gives the water a bitter taste. Excess nitrate at levels above 50 mg/L or nitrite at levels above 3 mg/L can cause methemoglobinemia in infants and gastric cancer in adults. Reverse osmosis can be used to correct these non-compliances. Local and national authorities will need to raise awareness among the populations of Dianéguéla and, above all, carry out periodic monitoring of groundwater quality. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-domestic-waste-on-groundwater-quality-in-dianeguela-commune-6-bamako/ Abdoulkadri Oumarou Toure, Mamadou Mariam Traore, Mostafia Boughalem http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-109202510-Impactof.pdf This study aims to reveal the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of soil erosion and carbon sequestration in Zhanjiang City and their underlying causes, providing a scientific basis for ecosystem monitoring in the region. Based on the RUSLE-InVEST model and geographic detectors, data from four years (2013, 2017, 2020, and 2023) were selected to analyze the main driving factors and mechanisms of soil erosion, as well as the spatiotemporal variations in carbon sequestration in the study area. The results indicate that soil erosion in Zhanjiang City exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, with an overall increasing trend in erosion severity. In single-factor analysis, precipitation and land use type factors showed higher explanatory power for soil erosion. In interaction factor analysis, all factor interactions demonstrated either two-factor enhancement or nonlinear enhancement. Overall, the intensity of soil erosion in Zhanjiang City fluctuated over time, and carbon sequestration showed a significant correlation with changes in soil erosion intensity. High-risk erosion areas require prioritized management, and region-specific differentiated governance strategies are recommended based on local conditions. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-study-on-soil-erosion-and-carbon-sequestration-in-zhanjiang-city-using-rusle-invest-model/ Jinli Zhou, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-11020252-TheStudyon.pdf This research investigates the socio-demographic and institutional factors affecting students' perceptions toward sustainable livelihood. Within the framework of the Sustainable Livelihood Approach, education becomes vital for developing the human capital needed in agriculture. Purposive sampling was carried out with 202 B.Sc. and M.Sc. agriculture students from a university in Lucknow District, using a quantitative, descriptive survey design. The researcher himself developed the instrument for collecting responses through the "Perception Scale of Agriculture Students Towards Sustainable Livelihood" (PSASSL). To conduct the statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney U-test was used. Perception differences were significant with respect to gender, locale, parental occupation, and type of institutions, with no perception differences on the basis of socioeconomic status. The perceptions of the students on sustainable livelihood were influenced highly through their own exposure, agricultural tradition, and the standard of the institution's infrastructure. The results provide greater emphasis on the need for a more equitable curriculum process as well as an entry into experiential learning, most especially in government institutions. In this regard, the results are consistent with the thrust of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 objectives and promoting integrated skill-based as well as sustainability-oriented education. This research strengthens the argument regarding sustainability in agricultural education, showing how different cohorts of students conceptualize sustainability, thus making a case for recommendations that should be made for educators, agencies, and policymakers wishing to promote sustainable development and livelihood preparation among prospective agricultural professionals. http://ijeab.com/detail/exploring-agriculture-students-insights-towards-sustainable-livelihood/ Ashok Kumar, Dr. Sangeeta Chauhan, Michael Tarance Suraj, Sonu Bara http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-11020255-Exploring.pdf Ten sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes were crossed in a half diallel mating fashion to produce 45 hybrids. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that mean sum of squares due to GCA and SCA were found highly significant for all the traits. The lower estimates of potence ratio indicated that non-additive gene action was predominant for the inheritance of all the traits except oil contain.The estimates of general combining ability effects revealed that the parents, Keriya 10, U-6-3 and ST-12-25 were good general combiners for seed yield per plant. The genotype Keriya 10 was also good general combiner for plant height (cm), number of braches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, biological yield per plant (g) and 1000-seed weight (g). The cross combinations viz., Keriya 10 × BS-6-1, U-6-3 × Khadkala-1 and U-6-3 × EI-233 were found to be good specific cross combination for seed yield per plant and its attributes. Crosses with high sca effect in seed yield per plant were in combinations of good × poor general combiners. http://ijeab.com/detail/half-diallel-analysis-through-griffing-s-approach-in-sesame-sesamum-indicum-l/ M. P. Mungala, M. H. Sapovadiya, Divijkumar R. Vaghasiya, H. B. Gohil, B. D. Bhatiya http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-109202511-Half.pdf The small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) is a significant invasive pest affecting Apis mellifera colonies worldwide, leading to severe consequences for beekeeping and agricultural pollination. This review examines A. tumida biology, its economic impact, and current control measures. While chemical pesticides such as Coumaphos and Permethrin have been widely used, concerns over toxicity, environmental contamination, and resistance development highlight the need for sustainable alternatives. Emerging strategies provide eco-friendly solutions, including biological control agents (Beauveria bassiana, Steinernema spp.), botanical pesticides (Jatropha curcas, neem oil), and mechanical trapping. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines multiple approaches, is increasingly seen as an effective strategy for long-term A. tumida management. However, research gaps persist in optimizing field applicability, standardizing botanical pesticide formulations, and assessing economic feasibility. This review underscores the need for regulatory frameworks, beekeeper adoption of sustainable practices, and large-scale studies to validate these emerging approaches. It also explores prospects, including biotechnological innovations, genetic engineering, artificial intelligence-driven monitoring, and regulatory improvements, to ensure sustainable beekeeping practices. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-impact-of-aethina-tumida-infestation-on-apis-mellifera-colonies-a-review-of-control-measures-and-future-prospects/ J. T. Ngor, A. A. Oyerinde, M. T. Liadi, S. E. Adeboye http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-11020256-TheImpact.pdf Millets are a diverse group of small-seeded cereal crops that have been cultivated for thousands of years. Millets are rich in essential nutrients such as dietary fiber, proteins, vitamins and minerals.With the rising challenges of climate change and food security, millets are being promoted globally as nutri-cereals for their adaptability, nutritional value, and role in sustainable agriculture. Excessive accumulation of soluble salts in the root zone adversely affects plant growth and yield. Crops grown under saline conditions often exhibit reduced germination, stunted growth and poor yield. Millets can also tolerate salinity to some extent but are sensitive to high levels of soil salinity. High salt levels can reduce the grain yield. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD consists of three main treatments (pearl millet, finger millet and foxtail millet) and five sub treatments (2,3,4,5 dS m-1 and control). The salinity of respective pots was developed with addition of salt water prepared by additions of NaCl, NaSO4 and CaSO4 in 2:2:1 ratio. Data on yield attribute (panicle/ear head length) and grain yield were recorded the results revealed that panicle length decreased with increasing salinity. Pearl millet recorded the highest panicle length (21 cm), followed by foxtail millet (18 cm), while finger millet exhibited the lowest mean panicle length (9 cm) . Among the salinity levels, the highest panicle length (19 cm) was observed under control while the lowest panicle length (13 cm) occurred at the highest salinity level 5 dS m-1. A significant reduction in grain yield with increasing salinity. Among the millets, finger millet recorded the highest average grain yield (288 g pot-1) across salinity levels, followed by pearl millet with 213 g pot-1, and foxtail millet with the lowest at 194 g pot-1. Among the salinity levels, the highest yield was observed under control with 257 g pot-1, while the lowest yield occurred at the highest salinity level 5 dS m-1 with of 200 g pot-1 Grain yield decreased progressively with increasing salinity across all three millets, indicating the negative impact of salt stress on reproductive performance. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-soil-salinity-on-growth-and-yield-of-different-millet-crops/ Ratti Reethu, B. Vajantha, G. P. Leelavathy, V. Sumathi, M. V. S. Naidu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-106202548-Impactof.pdf Collagen plays a vital role in maintaining tissue structure and promoting repair, making it a key component of the extracellular matrix. Due to the limitations associated with extracting collagen from animal sources, interest in recombinant human-like collagen (RHC) has grown substantially. This study presents an approach to enhance RHC production in Pichia pastoris GS115 by engineering a novel plasmid (pPIC9K-OSTI/RHC) and refining fermentation parameters. Among the tested conditions, a pH of 6 was found to be optimal, resulting in an RHC high yield of 0.35 g/L. The use of the OSTI α-signal peptide notably improved secretion efficiency, contributing to increased protein output. This work demonstrates a scalable and cost-effective strategy for producing recombinant human-like collagen, laying the groundwork for future applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, and biomedical research. http://ijeab.com/detail/translational-modification-and-ph-optimization-of-expression-media-for-high-yield-recombinant-human-like-collagen-rhc-production-in-pichia-pastoris-gs115/ K M Maruf Hasan, Zijie Li http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-11020258-Translational.pdf Eutrophication remains one of the most pressing challenges for freshwater ecosystems, leading to harmful algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and biodiversity loss. Submerged macrophytes, or submerged aquatic plants, play a central role in counteracting eutrophication by functioning as ecosystem engineers. They regulate nutrient dynamics, suppress algal growth, stabilize sediments, and enhance oxygen conditions, thereby facilitating the transition of lakes from turbid, phytoplankton-dominated states to clear-water conditions. This article reviews the ecological roles of submerged macrophytes in restoring eutrophic lakes, highlighting their contributions to nutrient uptake, algae control, oxygen production, habitat provision, sediment stabilization, and allelopathic interactions. A better understanding of these functions underscores the importance of submerged plants as a natural, sustainable, and cost-effective approach to freshwater restoration. http://ijeab.com/detail/role-of-submerged-macrophytes-in-restoring-eutrophic-lakes/ Wanggan Yang, Xiaoning Liu, Weili Hu, Yongrong Xin, Weimin Hu, Wangxin Yang, Shouqiang Liu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-11020253-Roleof.pdf This study evaluates the combined use of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma atroviride (strains Endo 1 and Endo 2) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) organic amendments for managing plant-parasitic nematodes in three banana cultivars: Boniface, Grand Nain, and Williams. Field experiments were conducted on a commercial banana farm in Costa Rica using a randomized block design. Treatments involved applying fungal spores and cocoa amendments bi-monthly over a six-week interval. Results revealed no statistically significant differences in total nematode populations among treatments; however, the combined application of T. atroviride and organic amendments reduced nematode populations more effectively than control plots. Improvements were also observed in root health and plant growth parameters over time. This suggests a potential, though not conclusive, synergistic effect of these biocontrol agents. Further long-term studies are recommended to better understand their independent and combined effects on nematode management in bananas. http://ijeab.com/detail/biological-control-of-plant-parasitic-nematodes-in-bananas-using-trichoderma-atroviride-and-cocoa-based-organic-amendments/ Joaquim Paulo de Andrade Bernardo Cuvaca, Alex Mukiibi, Cleucilene Moura dos Reis, Alejandra Arroyo, Luis Ernesto Pocasangre Enamorado http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-109202515-Biological.pdf This study analyses long-term trends and seasonal variations in market arrivals and prices of mustard in Haryana, focusing on four major markets - Rewari, Bhiwani, Hisar, and Narnaul, over the period 2001–2020. Secondary tri-master data on arrivals and prices were examined using compound growth rates, trend equations, and seasonal indices to capture temporal and seasonal dynamics. Results indicate that arrivals remained largely stable until 2017, followed by a notable increase after implementation of e-NAM, with Rewari consistently recording the highest volumes. The compound growth rate of arrivals was positive in all markets except Hisar, with Narnaul registering the highest growth (12.9%). Prices showed a steady upward trend across all markets, with a state average growth rate of 7.4 per cent per annum and a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.96). Seasonal analysis revealed a marked concentration of arrivals during March - June, peaking at 168.4 per cent above the annual average in 2019-20, while the lean seasons of July – Octoberand November – Februaryrecorded substantial deficits. Prices exhibited an inverse seasonal relationship, with the lowest index in March – June2012-13 (-1718.3%) and the highest in July – October2012-13 (995.7%). These findings underscore the need for improved storage facilities, staggered marketing, and effective policy interventions; such as rural warehouses, pledge finance schemes, and local processing units – tostabilise prices, reduce post-harvest distress sales, and enhance farmer income. http://ijeab.com/detail/trend-analysis-and-seasonal-variability-of-market-arrivals-and-prices-of-mustard-in-haryana/ Vinay Mehala, Ajay Kumar, Sumit, Monika Devi, Aakshdeep http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-109202513-TrendAnalysis.pdf This research paper analyzes the price spread and marketing efficiency of guava in Haryana through different distribution channels, shedding light on the complexities and nuances of guava supply chains. Four distinct marketing channels were identified, varying in the involvement of intermediaries between producers and consumers. Channel I, involving only producers and consumers, exhibited the highest marketing efficiency due to the absence of intermediaries. Conversely, Channel IV, the most intricate channel with multiple intermediaries, displayed the lowest marketing efficiency. Furthermore, the study delineates significant constraints faced by guava farmers in Haryana, with nematode infestation, inadequate sapling quality, and fruit fly damage emerging as the top challenges. These insights into market dynamics and challenges faced by farmers provide valuable knowledge to enhance guava cultivation and marketing strategies in the region. The study also identifies a need for targeted interventions to address specific constraints and improve the overall guava supply chain in Haryana, ultimately benefiting both producers and consumers. http://ijeab.com/detail/market-dynamics-of-guava-in-haryana-analyzing-price-spread-and-marketing-efficiency/ Vinay Mehala, Sumit, Monika Devi, Ajay Kumar, Aakshdeep http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-109202516-Market.pdf Garlic is an important spice crop in India, valued for its culinary, medicinal and economic contributions. This study examines the growth trends, instability and profitability of garlic cultivation in Haryana over a 22-year period (1999-00 to 2020–21) using time-series data, compound annual growth rates (CAGR) and Cuddy-Della Valle Index (CDVI), the analysis revealed significant increases in area and production, while productivity growth remained moderate. Instability in garlic production decreased indicating greater production stability. Primary survey data from 30 farmers across key districts showed that garlic cultivation is economically viable, with an average gross return of ₹290,000/ha and net returns of ₹120,000/ha. Despite challenges such as market price fluctuations and pest management, government initiatives and improved agronomic practices have positively influenced garlic production and farmer incomes in Haryana. http://ijeab.com/detail/trends-and-profitability-analysis-of-garlic-cultivation-in-haryana/ Rakesh Kumar, Parminder Singh, Dalip Kumar Bishnoi, Suman Gahlawat, Sube Singh, Ram Niwas, Sanjay Kumar, Ajay Kumar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-110202511-Trends.pdf Accurate analysis of land use dynamics is fundamental for sustainable development and refined territorial spatial management in high-density urban areas. Although the GlobeLand30 and CNLUCC datasets have been widely used in land use studies, they fundamentally differ in classification systems, design objectives, and accuracy, and there remains a lack of systematic performance comparison and applicability assessment for highly dynamic urban areas. This study takes Dongguan City (2000–2020) as a case study, employing dynamic degree models, transition matrices, and spatial analysis methods to systematically compare the performance differences between the two datasets across three dimensions: classification system compatibility, spatiotemporal consistency, and application scenario suitability. The findings reveal that CNLUCC, with its management-oriented three-tier classification system, excels in identifying industrial land (accuracy up to 92%) and is suitable for localized fine-scale management scenarios such as territorial spatial planning. In contrast, GlobeLand30, with its globally consistent observation standards, achieves higher overall accuracy (85.72%) and proves particularly valuable for global change studies and cross-border comparisons. Based on the more accurate GlobeLand30 data analysis, Dongguan's land use exhibits a typical urbanization pattern characterized by "spatial polarization—boundary expansion—functional restructuring," with concurrent expansion of construction land and restoration of ecological land. Therefore, CNLUCC is recommended for territorial management, while GlobeLand30 is preferred for cross-border studies, and a hybrid validation strategy can be adopted for critical land category analyses. The comparative framework developed in this study provides a scientific basis for selecting land use data and guiding sustainable planning in similar high-density urban areas worldwide. http://ijeab.com/detail/comparison-analysis-and-application-of-globeland30-and-cnlucc-datasets-in-land-use-dynamic-analysis-in-dongguan-city/ Hao Li, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-110202513-Comparison.pdf For evolution of ecosystem, conservation of advanced organism is important. Orchids are one of the advanced plants. But most of the orchid species are endangered because of lack of endosperm, self -pollination inhibiting nature. Also, insects destroy orchid seeds unconscious for food. And so orchid breeding and conservation is important. Orchids are very much known for medicine, ornamentation along with devotional believes. In this chapter we have discussed about cross breeding, mutation breeding, selection breeding, molecular marker assisted breeding, polyploidy breeding and transgenic breeding. http://ijeab.com/detail/selection-and-breeding-methodology-of-orchids/ Shatabdi Mahato, Ritu Mondal, Koushik Ganguli http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJEAB-10420246-Selection.pdf Industrial wastewater treatment face various challenges like high pollutant load, extreme environmental conditions and the need for cost-effective and eco-friendly solutions. These challenges could be sustainably managed using biocatalysts like enzymes. Although enzymes are sustainable approach towards this, but they often act futile due to the extreme conditions present in the wastewater. Extremozymes are specialized enzymes with the ability to function under extreme conditions and offer a promising approach to address these challenges. The types of extremozymes explored in this study include thermozymes, psychrozymes, halozymes, alkalozymes and acidozymes. Their mechanism of action enables the efficient breakdown of pollutants making them highly suitable for industrial applications. Extremozymes have proven effective in treating effluents from industries such as textiles, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals and food. These enzymes provide high stability and efficiency in harsh wastewater environments. Moreover, these enzymes also offer advantages such as reduced operational costs and minimized environmental footprints. Recent advancements such as AI-driven enzyme design, synthetic biology and nano-immobilization strategies have further enhanced extremozyme performance which leads to the development of intelligent and reusable “bionanoextremozymes” capable of functioning efficiently under fluctuating industrial conditions. By leveraging extremozymes, industries can adopt a more sustainable and efficient approach to wastewater treatment. This review highlights their potential to revolutionize industrial effluent management, paving the way for sustainable, environmentally friendly and economically viable wastewater treatment solutions. http://ijeab.com/detail/smart-extremozymes-the-next-generation-biocatalysts-for-sustainable-industrial-wastewater-management/ Tejas B. Chaudhari, Tushar A. Shinde, Leena P. Shirsath, Sandip P. Patil http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJEAB-11020257-Smart.pdf This study investigates the impact of integrated nutrient management (INM) on the growth and yield attributes of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), a major spice and vegetable crop with significant economic and culinary value in tropical regions. Chilli is nutritionally rich, containing capsaicinoids, vitamins A and C, carotenoids and essential minerals, contributing to its flavor and health benefits. Excessive use of synthetic fertilizers has degraded soil health, necessitating sustainable alternatives. INM, which combines organic (vermicompost, Farm Yard Manure (FYM)) and inorganic fertilizers (NPK), offers a balanced nutrient supply, promoting soil fertility and crop productivity. Among the treatments, T7 (NPK + 50% vermicompost) significantly enhanced growth parameters such as plant height, branch number and fruit attributes, outperforming other treatments. T7 also shortened the time to first fruit harvest, confirming the positive influence of consistent nutrient availability through INM. The study recorded substantial improvements in fruit length, girth, weight and yield per plant in T7, with T8 (NPK + 50% FYM) following closely. Results indicate that combining organic and inorganic sources enhances nutrient use efficiency, promoting root proliferation, canopy growth and enhanced production of growth regulators. These findings align with previous studies on nutrient management in various crops (e.g., tomatoes and fennel) and support INM’s role in sustainable agriculture. Overall, INM demonstrated clear advantages over single organic and inorganic manure applications, confirming its effectiveness in boosting chilli crop yield and quality while maintaining soil health and sustainability. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-integrated-nutrient-management-on-growth-and-yield-of-green-chilli-capsicum-annuum-l/ Har Lal Meena, Hari Singh Meena, Pooja Sharma, Ramesh Kumar Meena, B. D. Yadav http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJEAB-110202590-Effect.pdf