http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us February Micronutrients are essentially as important as macronutrients to improve growth, yield and quality in plants. Present experiment was conducted as on-farm testing at farmers’ field during Rabi season of 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023-24 to assess the impact of essential micronutrients like zinc, magnesium, copper, manganese, iron, molybdenum and boron spray on growth, bulb yield and economics of onion crop. Two treatments i.e. T1- Farmers’ practice (without spray) and T2- foliar spray of ready-mix containing (Zn, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo and Bo 0.25%) @ 2.5 ml/ litre at 30 and 45 days after transplanting of onion seedlings replicated at ten farmers field of Fatehabad district. The use of micronutrients as foliar spray was found effective in treatment T2 with the significantly highest bulb weight (54.48, 55.60 & 57.20g), bulb yield (198, 265 & 300 q/ha) during 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023-24, respectively. Maximum net return (₹ 104400, 323000 & 98000/ ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.93, 4.19 & 2.89) were recorded in the treatment T2 whereas, in treatment T1 (farmers’ practices) net return were (₹ 91000, 292000 & 86500/ ha) and BC ratio (2.71, 3.92 & 2.69), respectively during 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023-24. Therefore, the use of micronutrient application to be increases the production and recommended for onion cultivation. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-spraying-with-some-micronutrients-on-onion-allium-cepa-l-yield-and-economics-of-onion/ Om Parkash, Annu Verma, S.K Singh, Amit Kumar, Vinita Rajput, Sushil Kumar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-11220254-Impact.pdf Market gardening is a key source of income and food security for households in Korhogo. With urban expansion, pressure on soils has increased, leading to declining fertility and threatening production sustainability. This study aimed to assess current fertilization practices and explore the potential of mango residue compost as a local alternative. A survey of 72 producers across six urban and peri-urban sites—mostly women—focused on crops, fertilizer types, application methods, and constraints. Results show that 93% use chemical fertilizers, mainly NPK (88%), while only 28% use organic inputs and less than 10% use compost. Microdose application is common, helping reduce leaching. Major constraints include poor soils, irregular rainfall, and pests. Despite limited adoption, producers expressed strong interest in mango compost due to its local availability. Barriers include lack of information, technical skills, and equipment. These findings highlight the need for simple, adapted solutions. Developing a local composting system based on mango residues could improve soil health and reduce reliance on chemical inputs. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-soil-fertilization-practices-by-market-gardeners-and-their-perception-of-the-use-of-compost-based-on-mango-residues-in-the-commune-of-korhogo-northern-ivory-coast/ Adama Ballo, Konan Kouame, Lacina Fanlégué Coulibaly, Brahima Camara http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-10120264-Analysis.pdf A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2023–24 and 2024–25 at the Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, to evaluate the comparative effects of long-term organic and inorganic fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC) under a maize–wheat cropping sequence. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 12 nutrient management treatments, comprising sole chemical fertilizers, organic manures and their integrated combinations. The results revealed that SOC content was significantly enhanced under organic and integrated nutrient management practices compared to sole chemical fertilization and unfertilized control. Application of FYM @ 20 t ha⁻¹ (T₈) recorded the highest SOC values (0.985–0.987%), showing nearly an 86% increase over control (0.530%), followed by NPK + FYM 10 t ha⁻¹ (T₇: 0.942%) and FYM 10 t + 100% NPK (T₆: 0.921%). Balanced fertilization with micronutrients and biofertilizers resulted in moderate improvements in SOC, whereas imbalanced fertilization treatments such as 100% N and 100% NP showed limited effectiveness. Pooled analysis across years confirmed that continuous application of FYM, either alone or in combination with NPK, was most effective in sustaining and building soil organic carbon. The study highlights the critical role of organic and integrated nutrient management in enhancing soil carbon stocks, thereby improving soil health and sustainability of wheat-based cropping systems in the sub-humid southern plain and Aravalli hills of Rajasthan. http://ijeab.com/detail/comparative-effects-of-organic-and-inorganic-fertilizers-on-soil-organic-carbon-under-sub-humid-southern-plain-and-aravalli-hills-of-rajasthan/ Kartik Salvi, S.C. Meena, Pramod Kumar, Arun Pratap Singh, D.P. Singh, Surykant Sharma, Sonal Sharma, Hansa Kumawat, Kriti Sharma http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-112202597-Comparative.pdf A long-term field experiment was coducted during 2023–24 and 2024–25 at the Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic nutrient management practices on soil microbial populations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with twelve treatments comprising sole chemical fertilizers, organic manure, biofertilizers, and their integrated combinations. Soil microbial populations, including bacteria (cfu × 10⁶), fungi (cfu × 10⁴), and actinomycetes (cfu × 10⁵), were analyzed and pooled data were used for interpretation. The results indicated that microbial populations were significantly influenced by different nutrient management treatments. Among all treatments, application of FYM @ 20 t ha⁻¹ (T₈) recorded the highest pooled bacterial population (34.30 cfu × 10⁶), fungal population (18.57 cfu × 10⁴), and actinomycetes population (19.91 cfu × 10⁵), followed by NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha⁻¹ (T₇), which recorded pooled values of 31.71, 16.82, and 17.70, respectively. Integrated application of FYM 10 t ha⁻¹ + 100% NPK (T₆) also resulted in higher microbial populations with pooled bacterial, fungal, and actinomycetes counts of 28.96, 16.35, and 17.38, respectively. In contrast, imbalanced fertilizer treatments such as 100% N (T₁₁) and control (T₁₂) recorded the lowest microbial populations, with pooled bacterial counts of 7.88 and 7.24, fungal counts of 7.43 and 5.52, and actinomycetes counts of 6.91 and 6.16, respectively. Pooled analysis confirmed that continuous application of FYM, either alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers, was most effective in enhancing soil microbial populations. The study highlights the importance of organic and integrated nutrient management practices in improving soil biological health and sustaining soil fertility. http://ijeab.com/detail/influence-of-long-term-application-of-organic-and-inorganic-fertilizers-on-soil-microbial-properties/ Kartik Salvi, S.C. Meena, Pramod Kumar, D.P. Singh, Arun Pratap Singh, Surykant Sharma, Sonal Sharma, Neha Khardia, Kriti Sharma, Sarita Choudhary http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-112202599-Influence.pdf India, one of the fastest-growing economies, remains highly dependent on agriculture for livelihood and food security. However, extreme weather events in 2025 severely disrupted this sector, particularly due to floods in Uttarakashi and Punjab. In Uttarakashi, intense cloudbursts triggered flash floods and landslides, causing significant loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and destruction of agricultural land in the fragile Himalayan region. Rescue operations indicated large-scale displacement and severe geomorphological changes in affected valleys. In contrast, Punjab experienced widespread riverine flooding due to prolonged monsoon rainfall, submerging nearly 2 lakh hectares of cropland and affecting thousands of farming households. Major crops such as paddy, maize, and sugarcane suffered heavy losses, resulting in an estimated decline of nearly 15% in agricultural output and substantial economic damage. The contrasting flood characteristics highlight the differing vulnerabilities of mountainous and plain regions where flash floods in Uttarakhand caused localized but intense destruction, while prolonged inundation in Punjab led to large-scale agricultural and economic losses. The study underscores the urgent need for region-specific flood mitigation strategies, climate-resilient agricultural planning, and improved early warning systems to reduce future risks and enhance sustainability in India’s agrarian economy. http://ijeab.com/detail/flood-disaster-management-in-india-lessons-from-uttarakashi-and-punjab/ Anuradha Panwar, Ankit Aswal, Manish Kumar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-10120266-Flood.pdf An attempt has been made in this paper to examine the status in terms of area, production and productivity of wheat in India, Himachal and Kangra district by using time-series data of the recent past two decades (2001-02 to 2022-23). Over recent years, India has shown a positive trend in wheat production and productivity, largely due to high-yielding varieties and supportive government policies. In contrast, Himachal Pradesh and Kangra district exhibit more varied trends, with some areas showing a decline in cultivation area due to a shift towards commercial crops like fruits and vegetables, while productivity in certain regions has increased due to improved farming practices. The total area under wheat cultivation in India has shown an overall decreasing trend, growing from approximately 44,904 thousand hectares in2001-02 to 41,401 thousand hectares in 2022-23. Production has increased significantly, reaching a record 113,500 thousand tonnes in 2022-23 in India. The national average productivity has marginally improved, reaching approximately 2.74 MT/ha. Major wheat-growing states like Punjab and Haryana generally have higher productivity than the national average. In Himachal Pradesh, the area under wheat cultivation has experienced a fluctuating trend. While wheat remains the principal food grain crop covering a significant portion of the total cultivated area, there is a general trend of shifting cultivated land towards non-food grain or commercial crops in some areas. Production has also fluctuated in Himachal, reaching a high of 687.45 thousand tonnes in 2004-05 but decreasing in subsequent years before rising to 609.31 thousand tonnes in 2022-23. The state’s average yield was reported at 1.91 MT/ha in 2023-23. Kangra has historically been a leading wheat-growing district in the state. However, similar to the broader state trend, some studies indicated a decline in the proportionate area under wheat, with farmers shifting to more remunerative options like vegetables and fruits. The district Kangra consistently ranks in the high-productivity zone within Himachal Pradesh, benefiting from favorable climatic conditions and effective water management. Declining farm sizes due to fragmentation, urbanization, and a shift in some areas to high-value commercial crops pose a challenge to sustained wheat area and production. http://ijeab.com/detail/trends-in-area-production-and-productivity-of-wheat-a-time-series-analysis/ Kshitij Mandial, Girish Mahajan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-10120263-Trends.pdf Agri-entrepreneurship is a critical driver for innovation and sustainable development in India’s agrarian economy. Supporting institutions such as government bodies, financial organizations, research institutions, and agricultural extension services play a pivotal role in fostering agri-entrepreneurship by providing technical know-how, funding, market access, and policy support. The study was done to assess the role of institutions in promoting agripreneurs This paper explores the multifaceted role of these institutions in empowering farmers and agripreneurs to adopt innovative practices, diversify their enterprises, and access value chains more effectively. Through case studies and policy analysis, the paper examines the impact of institutional support for entrepreneurship in enhancing productivity, addressing challenges such as market volatility, and promoting agribusiness models that contribute to rural employment and economic growth. The research underscores the importance of strengthening these institutions for incubation and capacity building; enhanced financial access; promote market linkages and value-chains; digital and climate-smart agriculture; regulatory ease and compliance support to create an enabling environment for agricultural entrepreneurship, ultimately leading to more resilient and competitive agricultural sectors in India. http://ijeab.com/detail/role-of-major-institutions-in-promoting-agri-entrepreneurs-in-india/ Aneeja Guttikonda, N Sivaramane, R Sivaprasad, Kasturi S.V. Sekhar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10120268-Roleof.pdf This paper explores the phenomenon of clipping, a dynamic word-formation process in modern English, using a corpus-based approach. A corpus of 150 clipped patterns was collected systematically in the context of three types of communication: informal communication, electronic communication, and professional communication. This phenomenon is categorized using four structural patterns: back-clipping, fore-clipping, mid-clipping, and complex clipping. The data indicate that back-clipping is the most dominant form, which accounts for 68%, showing significant variation in productivity depending on the type of communication. Phonological analysis shows that 87% of the back-clipped words preserve the major stress pattern of the source word, which is in line with the principles of prosodic optimization. There is a unique pattern of clipping in electronic communication, where a few instances, such as app, pic, blog, have gained cross-register acceptability and institutional acceptance. This paper proposes that the productivity of clipping is determined by the interaction of the phonological structure, usage, semantic transparency, and sociolinguistic factors. http://ijeab.com/detail/clipping-as-a-productive-word-formation-process-in-contemporary-english/ Liu Fangyu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-101202617-Clipping.pdf Weeds are one of the major constraints limiting agricultural productivity due to their rapid growth and competition with crops for nutrients, sunlight, water, and space. Effective weed control is therefore essential for improving crop yield, reducing production losses, and ensuring sustainable farm management. This review summarizes the different categories of weeders-manual, manually drawn, mechanical, inter-row, and intra-row and highlights their working principles, advantages, and limitations. Traditional hand tools such as the hoe, sickle, hand fork, and grubber weeder continue to play a crucial role in small-scale farming, while manual drawn weeders like wheel hoes and cono weeders offer improved efficiency and reduced drudgery. Mechanized solutions, including rotary weeders, power weeders, rotavators, and tractor-mounted cultivators, enable faster and more uniform weed removal across larger areas. Recent advancements focus on ergonomics, precision navigation, and automation through machine vision, robotics, and solar-powered systems. Together, these technologies contribute to sustainable weed management by reducing labor demand, minimizing herbicide dependence, and enhancing overall field efficiency. The review places special emphasis on manual intra-row weeders used in field crops due to their importance in small-scale and sustainable farming systems. http://ijeab.com/detail/development-and-performance-evaluations-of-bluetooth-operated-grain-inversion-model-for-effective-drying/ Vinayak M., Venkata Mrudula I., Geetha K., Keerthi N., Varsha Vardhini R. and Upendra G. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-101202613-Development.pdf The present study was conducted at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Lab, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, and at the Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, during the period from February 2024 to April 2024. The greengram (Vignaradiata (L.) Wilczek) genotype WGG-42 was procured from ICAR–CRIDA, Santosh nagar, Hyderabad. Ethyl Methane sulfonate (EMS), obtained from HiMedia Laboratories Limited, Mumbai, India, was employed as the chemical mutagen for inducing mutations in greengram seeds.The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) among the treatments for all the studied seed germination and seedling traits. This indicates that EMS-induced mutagenesis caused considerable variation in the early growth and seedling performance of greengram.The seedling traits results revealed that the lower EMS concentrations (0.05-0.1%) have not exerted any harmful effects and, in some cases, slightly enhanced seedling growth and vigour. In contrast, moderate to higher EMS doses (≥0.2%) resulted in a gradual decline across all measured traits. An EMS concentration of 0.1% was identified as optimal for inducing genetic variability while minimizing injury. The observed traits showed a clear dose-dependent inhibitory response at higher EMS levels, highlighting the toxic effects of EMS when applied at higher concentrations. The findings indicate that EMS at lower concentrations is effective in generating genetic variability without causing substantial adverse effects on seed germination and seedling growth. In contrast, higher concentrations of EMS exert lethal and sublethal effects, resulting in reduced seedling establishment and diminished vigour. http://ijeab.com/detail/evaluation-of-seedling-trait-responses-to-ems-induced-mutagenesis-in-greengram-vignaradiata-l-wilczek/ V. Rohini, Deepika Dasyam, M. Padma, Sudhakar Poda http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-10220261-Evaluation.pdf The use of Essential Oils (Eos) alone is limited due to their disadvantages such as high volatility, low stability, bioavailability and solubility. Therefore, Essential Oils are generally use in the form of nanoemulsions. The food and pharmaceutical sectors have shown a great deal of interest in essential oil-based nanoemulsions (EO-NEs) because of their improved stability, bioavailability, and functional properties. Nano-based emulsions havereceived considerable attention recently due to their physico-chemical properties and kinetic stability , attractive appearance. Furthermore, their rheological properties make them superior over counter parts. The ability of nanoemulsion to improve the solubility, bioavailability and stability of weakly water-soluble drugs has emerged their roles as promising drug delivery systems, drug administration and vaccine formulation, cosmetics, and food, it also has numerous applications in the field of agriculture. Nevertheless, their benefits, some concerns may represent obstacles that hinder their applications such as formulation complexity, stability issues and industrial production scale-up. To get beyond these hurdles and completely realize the potential of nanoemulsion in commercial and therapeutic applications, more research and innovation are need. This review intends to offer an overview of the formulation, Characterization, Composition, Stability & Preparation, of nanoemul sions specifically, recent literature has been examined in order to define the most common practices adopted (materials and fabrication methods), highlighting their suitability and effectiveness. Finally, relevant to some points such as advantages disadvantages, and applications of nanoemulsions. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-comprehensive-review-on-formulation-characterization-composition-stability-preparation-of-nanoemulsions/ Leila Mahmoud Mokhtar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-101202611-Acomprehensive.pdf The increasing resistance of insect pests to conventional chemical insecticides, coupled with environmental and human health concerns, has necessitated the development of innovative and sustainable pest management strategies. In this context, biotechnological approaches have emerged as powerful tools for precise and eco-friendly insect pest control. This review comprehensively examines recent advances in biotechnological innovations for insect pest management, with a particular focus on RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR-Cas–based genome editing technologies. RNAi has demonstrated significant potential through sequence-specific gene silencing, offering targeted pest suppression with minimal non-target effects, although challenges related to delivery efficiency, stability, and resistance development remain. CRISPR-Cas technology represents a transformative advancement, enabling precise genome modifications for functional genomics, population suppression, gene drive systems, and the development of pest-resistant crop varieties. In addition to RNAi and CRISPR, the review highlights complementary biotechnological tools such as transgenic crops expressing insecticidal proteins, marker-assisted selection, and symbiont-mediated pest control strategies. The regulatory, biosafety, and ethical considerations associated with the deployment of these technologies are also discussed. Finally, the review emphasizes future prospects and research priorities for integrating biotechnological innovations into integrated pest management (IPM) programs to achieve sustainable and resilient agricultural production. Overall, the advancements discussed underscore the critical role of biotechnology in shaping the next generation of insect pest management strategies. http://ijeab.com/detail/biotechnological-innovations-in-insect-pest-management-from-rnai-to-crispr/ Iqra Zainab, Sajad Mohi-ud-din, Insha Ali, Insha Yousuf http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-10220263-Biotechnological.pdf Inland fisheries and aquaculture represent a vital, yet underutilized, nutrition-sensitive food system with significant potential to address dual challenges of malnutrition and rural poverty. This review synthesizes scientific and socio-economic evidence to evaluate this dual role in the resource-rich but malnutrition-affected state of Jharkhand, India. An analysis of published nutritional data reveals that commonly consumed freshwater fish species are rich sources of high-quality protein (10–22%), essential long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), and critical micronutrients including bioavailable iron, calcium, zinc, and vitamins A and D. These attributes position freshwater fish as a potent dietary tool against anemia, stunting, and hidden hunger prevalent in the region. Economically, the sector supports thousands of rural households, yet state-level productivity (~2,570 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) lags behind national benchmarks. Persistent constraints in seed quality, feed availability, and extension services limit sectoral performance. Our integrated analysis underscores that inland fisheries are not merely a production sector but a foundational component of sustainable food systems. We conclude by proposing a nutrition-sensitive fisheries framework for Jharkhand, advocating for policy interventions that concurrently enhance scientific aquaculture management, integrate fish into nutrition programs, and strengthen value chains to improve both health outcomes and economic security for vulnerable communities. http://ijeab.com/detail/beyond-production-inland-fisheries-as-a-nutrition-sensitive-food-system-in-jharkhand-india/ Preeti Kumari http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-101202620-Beyond.pdf To investigate how axillary bud type regulates shoot branching angle and bud stick quality in rubber trees, this study used ‘Reken 628’ budded seedlings (rootstock: GT1). Decapitation was performed during the top leaf whorl sprouting stage at two positions: between the second and top whorls, and 1 cm below the lowest leaf of the second whorl, creating petiole bud and scale bud treatments. Phenological development and morphological indices—plant height, stem diameter, branching angle, leaf dimensions, N content, and surface temperature—were measured through three leaf whorl stages. At the first whorl, scale buds produced significantly wider leaves at the small bronze and color-changing stages, with longer phenological duration, while petiole buds had larger branching angles. By the second whorl, scale bud shoots showed superior plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, and surface temperature, but lower leaf N and larger branching angles. At the third whorl, scale bud branching angle was 88.44% higher than petiole buds, and leaf surface temperature was 1.02% higher. Correlation analysis indicated stronger growth synergy in scale buds, while petiole buds showed tighter links between branching angle and leaf traits. In conclusion, axillary bud type influences branching angle and bud stick quality by modulating growth traits and their correlations, offering a theoretical basis for optimizing rubber tree seedling cultivation and plant architecture. http://ijeab.com/detail/influence-of-axillary-bud-types-on-the-branching-angle-of-new-shoots-and-the-growth-quality-of-bud-sticks-in-rubber-tree-reken-628/ Huizhen Yang, Wenping Li, Xianhong Chen, Jun Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-10220266-Influence.pdf Two laboratory experiments to evaluate the efficacy of eight bio-pesticides (Plant derivatives) and two synthetic pesticides in mitigating post-harvest losses caused by cowpea bruchids (Callosobruchus maculatus) and storage mold were carried out in Illela, Sokoto state, Northwest Nigeria. The research used a completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiments with ten (10) treatments replicated four (4) times. The efficacy of each treatment was evaluated against egg oviposition, seed perforation, weight loss and mold infestation levels across both restricted and unrestricted weevil attack. The result of the experiment showed significant treatments effect across all parameters taken (P≤0.05). Phostoxin significantly demonstrated absolute potency under restricted condition, achieving complete inhibition of egg oviposition (0.00 egg). However, under unrestricted infestation condition, the absolute potency of phostoxin in inhibiting egg oviposition observed under restricted infestation was broken as up to 483.00 eggs were laid, but still maintain absolute potency in inhibiting seed perforation (0.00 holes) as the eggs failed to hatch. A combination of mancozeb 80%WP and Acetamprid 40% proved dual significant control against bruchid and fungal infestation throughout the storage period. Regarding bio-pesticides, turmeric proved significantly superior in reducing egg oviposition by 84.53% (152.45 as against 986.01 in the control and also reducing seed perforation by 76.90% (14.81 as against 64.00 exit holes). Again, grape peel powder also exhibited significant deterrent effect by reducing egg oviposition by 83.77% (160.03 as against 986.01 eggs in the control) and in seed perforation by 73.05%. Regarding storage mold infestation, Alligator pepper recorded significantly higher antifungal potency than other bio-pesticides achieving near total mold suppression (1.00 infested seed). http://ijeab.com/detail/efficacy-evaluation-of-eight-bio-pesticides-and-two-synthetic-pesticides-in-the-control-of-cowpea-weevils-callosobruchus-maculatus-and-mold-in-sokoto-state-northwest-nigeria/ S.U. Awere, D.U. Ubah http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-10220268-Efficacy.pdf