Volume 3 Number 3 (May 2018)

Reproductive phenology of Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Meliaceae) in two forest areas of the Central Amazon

Antenor Barbosa, Antonio MoÃ§ambite, PatrÃcia Morellato, ClÃ¡udia Blair e Matos

This article presents the phenological study of Carapa guianensis Aubl species from 1974 to 2000, in ADFR and TFES forests stations research in Central Amazon, Brazil. The objective was to analyze and compare the phenological pattern (flowering and fructification) and the influence of the climatic factors. The flowering in the TFES started in a higher precipitation season; meanwhile at ADFR it was irregular. The fruiting in both areas occurred more frequently rainiest season, but in the ADFR the mature fruits were more irregular. The frequency of occurrence was annual from “flower bud” to “immature fruit” phenophases in TFES, but was over-annual only in “mature fruits”. But in ADFR, was annual from “flower bud” to “anthesis” and was over-annual in immature fruit” and “mature fruit”, both with irregular pattern and duration from intermediate to prolonged. The duration of the floral bud phenophase and anthesis was similar in the two areas; however, ‘immature fruits” in the TFES, in general, was higher than in the ADFR. But “mature fruits” were higher in ADFR. The phenophases did not occurred at same time in all trees studied, possibly due the influence of the intraspecific genetic variability in interaction with the environment.

Assessing indicators of runoff and erosion by rain simulation in the Ben Ahmed watershed (Central Morocco)

The objective of this study was to investigate the risks of runoff and erosion of soils in the Ben Ahmed watershed, it’s located in the region of casa-settat, 70 km south-east of Casablanca, and characterized by a semi-arid climate. The study consists of measuring on 1 m2 plot, the volumes of runoff and sediments, under the influence of rainfall generation (60mm/30 min). Soil samples were collected from each plot to determine texture, organic matter and humidity. Results obtained show that the detachability varies between 19 and 34 g/l, infiltrability oscillate between 15 and 37 mm.h-. Pearson correlation test shows that infiltration was negatively correlated with runoff and soil detachability (R=-0.99, R=-0.87 respectively). It‘s significantly correlated with the proportions of sand(R=0.69), silt (R= -0.98) an clay (R= 0.92), however, is weakly correlated with organic matter (R=-0.32). Infiltration and detachability were significantly correlated with humidity (R = -0.99, R = -0.63respectively).

Screening of sweet potato ((Ipomea batatas [L.] Lam.)cultivars for drought tolerance

The effect of drought on most agricultural crops results inmany problems for the producers in Nigeria and even other parts of the world. These problems include reduced vegetative parameters and yield loss which consequently lead to reduced income for the growers of the crops. The most direct way of avoiding drought is to discover or create drought tolerant varieties of sweet potato. Sweet potato is a crop which is part of the Nigerian diet due to its perceived nutritive values. A field experiment was carried out in Bowen University, Iwo to evaluate different cultivars of sweet potato for drought tolerance. The experimental design was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates and three treatments including the mild water stress (32 days of drought), severe water stress (from the day of drought till harvest) and nowater stress (control). Results showed that under the control treatment, the highest yield was from the Local variety 1 with 127.63 g while the lowest yield under control was from Local variety 2 with 39.20 g. Under the mild water stress, the highest yield was from Introduced variety 1 with 272.46 g while the lowest yield was from Local variety 2 with 59.66 g. Under the severe water stress, the highest yield was from Local variety 1 with 41.15 g while the lowest yield was from Introduced variety 1 with 0 g. The highest yield among the three treatment methods was under the mild water stress treatment from Introduced variety 1 with 272.46 g.Therefore, variety 3, the local variety, is recommended under severe drought based on the above reason but under moderate drought,the Introduced variety i.e. variety 1 (orange fleshed sweet potato) is preferred because it had the highest yield and is also of high nutrient content compared to the other varieties.

Evaluation of Viability Encapsulation of Probiotic Cuko Pempek

Mukhtarudin Muchsiri, Basuni Hamzah, Agus Wijaya, Dan Rindit Pambayun

The purpose of this research made Cuko Pempek as functional food by supplementing BAL to produce Cuko pempek probiotic. The existence of anti-microbial and anti-bacterial Cuko pempek components became obstacles, therefore it needed strategy to answer two main issues that was first, still allowe the existence of capsaicin and alisin which was caracter impact of Cuko pempek; and second, to protect BAL in order to survive. The strategy was the encapsulation prepared according to Sheu and Marshall, (1993) and the preparation of Cuko pempek modified from ID, (2012). The result showed that the encapsulation of Cuko pempek probiotic with cold storage at temperature of 12oC produced viability with the average number of cells reaching the range of 109, 108, and 107 and the shelf life until the 20th day even some units until the 30th day. The encapsulation of Cuko pempek probiotic with storage at temperature of 27oC produced viability with the average number of cells reaching the range of 109, 108, and 107 and the shelf life until the 10th day even some units reaching the 20th day, but in the 8th day there was contamination in 5 experimental units, on the 10th day increased 5 contaminated units, and on the 12th day increased 3 units and on the 13th day occurred Sacharomyces contaminant on all experimental units.

Evaluating The Effect of Integrated Use of Farm Yard Manure and Urea on the Socio economic Performance of Tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill) at Tselemti Woreda, North western Tigray, Ethiopia

Gebremedhn Gebretsadkan

As compared to the potential productivity & national average yield of the crop, farmers in Tselemti ‘woreda ‘are not getting as much tomato yield /profit as expected, because of the low soil fertility & un proper soil management practices. To mitigate the problem farmers commonly use a blanket recommendation of inorganic fertilizers. But currently most farmers are not applying inorganic fertilizers at recommended rates,because of the high price of inorganic fertilizers. Hence, use of FYM would be un avoidable, particularly for resource poor farmers. However FYM alone may not be enough to meet the nutrient requirements of high yielding tomato varieties.So, integrated use of organic and inorganic plant nutrient sources help to overcome problems with the sole application and have moreeconomic profit. This study was therefore conducted with the objective of evaluating the economic feasibility of combined use of FYM & Urea nutrient sources in tomato production & assessing farmer’s perception on the use & advantage for sustainable &better tomato production, in Tselemtiwereda, May ani site during the 2012/13 off season time. Organic (FYM) and inorganic (Urea) nutrient sources was integrated in different proportions to supply 60Kgha-1 of Nitrogen (N) from both sources at different ratios. The treatment combinations are T1 (control or with no fertilizer), T2 (100%IF), T3 (25% FYM+75%IF), T4 (50%FYM+50IF), T5 (75%FYM+25%IF) & T6 (100%FYM).Three ‘kebeles’ and 72 farmers was surveyed for the perception data.The partial budget analysis revealed that maximum net of return (59902.45) Birr/ha was recorded in treatments that receive 25% N from FYM in conjunction with 75% N from IF sources followed by 50%N from FYM and 50%IF with a net return of 56,386birrha-1and 23,862.45 and 15,896.5 net return over the control. The Perception of the respondent farmers also indicates that 94.4% of the answered farmers use inorganic fertilizers in tomato production, but 48.61% of them were responded use of inorganic fertilizer in tomato production is not economically feasible and 44.4% use an integration of both nutrient sources for better tomato productivity. The overall study revealed that a combined application of FYM with Urea at (25:75 and 50:50 ratios) significantly increased economic profit in tomato production. Therefore, it is recommended for tomato producers of Tselemti wereda for profitable & acceptable tomato production.

Enhancing Productivity and Production of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Through the use of Improved Varieties at North Western Zoze of Tigray, Ethiopia

Field experiment was conducted to study the effect different varieties on yield, yield attributing character and postharvest storability of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Tselemti district, North western Zone of Tigray During 2007-2009off season time. Four improved onion varieties namly:Bombey red, Adama red, Nasik red &Nafis including Shendi (imported from Sudan),were tested in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Accordingly, treatments were assigned randomly to the experimental plot within a block. The results showed that the difference in variety had significant effect on all characters except the non-significant effect of variety on neck thickness and bulb diameter. Nasik red variety gave significantlyhighest in plant height ,leaf number, leaf length bulb length and marketable bulb yield i.e 35588kg/ha that exhibited 18% and 36% advantages on the dominantly produced varieties bombey red and adama red respectively.The overall study revealed that growing Nasik red variety is not only significantly increased the marketable bulb yield , but also better shelf life. Therefore, it is recommended for onion producers of Tselemti wereda for profitable onion yield

Production of Biogas from Organic Waste and its Utilization as an Alternative Energy Source

Sriharti, Moeso Andrianto, Fahriansyah

As a result of increase in human need for energy, the source of a new energy is necessary to replace the role of fossil fuel whose existence is beginning to scarce. The organic waste used for the production of biogas is an alternative energy, allowing reducing environmental pollution. The biogas test has been done by using digester fixed dome type made of fiberglass capacity of 5.5 m3, equipped with an inlet for introduction of biogas raw material and an outlet for the release of residual biogas fermentation and an elbow iron mixing road. A soft PVC gas holder has capacity of 5.6 m3. The digester is filled by organic wastes namely cow dung and grasses. Cow dung and water is added at the ratio of 1:2, then after methane production was stable, filling with grasses mixed with water. The results of the test show that organic waste get to produce biogas in blue flame, to be used as fuel to cook, to operate gas generator and for a infra red drying fuel. The Water Boiling Tests show that thermal efficiency is 57.9%, the fire power, 4.0173 watts, the burning rate 0.0688 gram/minute, the specific fuel consumption, 0.1248 kg/hour.

Effect of Substitution of Artemia salina Protein by Soya Protein in Clarias gariepinus Larvae Compounded Diets: Growth, Feed Efficience and Survival

Artemia salina, the main first-feeding protein source of the catfish Clarias gariepinus larvae is relatively scarce and very expensive in Côte d'Ivoire and it raises the cost of catfish fingerlings production. To reduce the feed cost, feeding trial was completed with five isonitrogenous (35%) diets formulated by substituting artemia protein in control diet by soya protein at 25% (SB25), 50% (SB50), 75% (SB75) and 100% (SB100) level. Clarias gariepinus larvae initial body weight 0.0064 ± 0.001 g were stocked at 1 larvae L-1 and fed with the experimental diets three times daily ad libitum for 49 days. At the end of the growth trial, diets SB25 and SB50 present similar growth with the control diet. The low growth recorded from fish fed SB75 and SB100 highly affected final biomass despite the best survival rate recorded. Best values of feed conversion ratio were recorded from larvae fed control diet followed by SB25, SB50. High levels of soya proteins in diets affect feed palatability and larvae growth, vigour, motility and reactivity. Compounded feeds SB25 and SB50 can be used us low cost Clarias gariepinus larvae diets without adverse effects on growth and survival compared of artemia control diet.

Simulation Impact of REDD Policy: Case Study of Forest Area in Indonesia

Irmadi Nahib, Turmudi, Sri Lestari Munajati, Rizka Windiastuti

Indonesia's forests in different periods have been deforested at different levels. Deforestation caused carbon emissions. The purposes of this study were :1) to measure deforestation and carbon emissions in period of 2005-2010 in Indonesia and 2) to find out the incentive value to be paid by the government. One method for measuring emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is GeOSIRIS model. A modeled GeOSIRIS policy used a carbon payment system to incentivize emission reductions. Data used in this study were maps of forest cover in 2005 and 2010, map of deforestation 2005-2010, carbon and agricultural price and driver variables for deforestation such as slope, elevation, logarithmic distance to the nearest road, logarithmic distance to the nearest provincial capital, the amount of area per pixel included in a national park, a timber plantation. The result of this study showed rate of deforestation was 4.65 million ha/5 years. The REDD policy could decrease deforestation in Indonesia by 0.66 million ha (17.45 %). Assuming that international carbon price was US$ 10/tCO2e, the change of emissions due to REDD was 24.75%, or reduced emissions by 1.09 million tCO2e/5 years. Finally, Gross National Revenue from carbon payments (NPV 5 years) was US$ 10.917 billion, where incentivize emission reductions to sub-national entities (NPV, 5 years) was US$ 9.178 billion and net central government surplus from carbon payments was US$ 1.739 billion (NPV, 5 years).

Effects of Socio-Economic factors of Loan Administrators on Recovery Rate among Agricultural Cooperatives in Benue State, nigeria

Agada S.G., Iheanacho A.C., Dr. A. Ocholi

This study was undertaken to analyze the effect of socio-economic factors of loan administrators on loan recovery rate among agricultural co-operatives in Benue State of Nigeria. A purposive and simple random sampling technique was used to select 130 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The result showed that majority of the respondents were male (58.46%), married (67.69%), educated (63.01%), with mean cooperative experience of 14.39 years (86.92%) and household size between 1 - 5 members. The result also showed that respondents were averagely young (36 years) and were relatively low income earners (N 2,480,000 per annum). The result shows that loan size was the only variable that significantly and positively affected loan recovery rate. The coefficients of salary, age, years in education, household size, cooperative experience, marital status and sex had no effect on recovery rate. It was recommended that administrators should give higher portfolio size loans as these will trigger them to carefully look at business activities in their coverage areas that are capable of repaying loans from precede of sales and cash flow.

Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Varieties of Carrot (Daucus carota) grown in Region of Korhogo, North of CÃ´te dâ€™Ivoire

Very popular for its therapeutic and nutritional virtues, culture of carrot (Daucus carota) has developed in temperate zones of Asia and Europe but also in some tropical regions of Africa including Côte d’Ivoire. Agronomic factors, commercial and food requirements require selection of varieties with good nutritional values. In this study, physicochemical properties and nutritional values of four carrot varieties namely Amazonia, Bahia, Madona and Pamela+ were compared after cultivation and harvest in region of Korhogo. Results showed that, Amazonia, the control carrot variety stands out for its acidity and minerals levels. Bahia is the richest variety with high levels of carbohydrate and protein. Madona is the most basic, wettest and fatest carrot. For a long storage, Pamela is most interesting variety. To our knowledge, it is the first time that physicochemical and nutritional parameters of carrot varieties in region of Korhogo have been studied. Future research on these carrot varieties will be studied of their post-harvest conservation, their sensory analysis and their transformation.

Performance of combined tillage equipment and itâ€™s effect on soil properties

Ayad J. ALkhafaji, Abdulaziz A. Almosawi, Kamal M. Alqazzaz

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of a locally manufactured combined tillage implement (moldboard plow + ripper) in one of the fields of the kufa university faculty of agriculture. The experiment was included two factors , the first factor is combing the ripper to mold board plow in five level these are fixing the combined ripper shanks while the shanks points oriented in two different levels with and opposite to the plowing direction , two levels of different ripper depths the same depth and 5 cm above the depth of mold board plow share and the fifth level is control treatment ( mold board plow alone ) .The second factor was the plowing operation speed at five levels (1.4, 2.0 , 3.6 and 4.7) Km.hr ̵ ¹ . the experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment with RCBD , the LSD test at 5 % was used to compare between means .The results of the research were showed that combining the locally manufactured ripper implement to mold board plow resulted in significant increase in the number of soil clods with the desired diameter (5-10 cm ) very low number of soil block with diameter larger than 10 cm , more even soil roughness and the actual productivity has not decreased to the extent that it affects the efficient performance of the tillage process compared to the use at the mold board plow alone .

Chitosan for Plant Growth Promotion and Disease Suppression against Anthracnose in Chilli

Chitosan is naturally occurring compound potentially used in sustainable agriculture to control plant diseases and enhance growth. An attempt was made to control anthracnose or ripen fruit rot of chilli caused by Colletotrichum capsici in the field under inoculated condition and to increase the growth and yield of chilli by different concentrations of chitosan as seed treatment and foliar application methods. C. capsici isolate “So” was found to be the most virulent against chilli at the time of pathogenicity test. Chitosan at 1% concentration was found to be most effective against the radial growth of C. capsici. Subsequently, seed treatment or foliar spray was done with C. capsici spore suspension (5×106 ml-1) and different concentrations of chitosan as per requirement of the treatments. Anthracnose or ripen fruit rot of chilli and post-harvest disease incidence (DI) and percent disease index (PDI) were significantly lowest in the treatment T8, where seeds were treated with 1% chitosan combination with foliar spray of chitosan (0.5%) in pathogen inoculated condition. On the contrary, anthracnose or ripen fruit rot of chilli and post-harvest DI and PDI were significantly highest in the treatment T1, where seeds were treated with C. capsici. Germination percentage, growth promoting components, yield and thousand seed weight (TSW) were also highest in treatment T8 compared to all other treatments. As a result, the combined use of chitosan as seed treatment (1%) and foliar spray (0.5%) appeared to be most effective in controlling anthracnose of chilli and increased yield and yield contributing characters.

Effects of Spacing, Cutting Height and Cutting Interval on Fodder Yield and Nutritional Value of Cajanus Cajan

Omotoso Oluwatosin Bode, Fajemisin Adebowale Noah and Ogunshola Olawale Jacob

Forage production is one of the ways of sustaining ruminant animal production in Nigeria as these animals depend largely on plant-based feed. Hence, Cajanus cajan pasture was established to evaluate the effects of planting space, cutting height and interval at harvest on fodder yield and nutritional value of C. cajan. Pre-planting operations (bush clearing, ploughing, harrowing and ridging) were carried out on a hectare of land, sectionalized into fifteen equal portions. 2 - 3 seeds of C. cajan were planted using five different planting spaces (40x60 cm, 60x60 cm, 80x30 cm, 100x30 cm and 120x30 cm) of three replicates per treatment. Post-planting operations (thinning, supplying and weeding) were done to ensure uniform plant stands, nursed to maturity and harvested at different cutting heights (50, 100 and 150 cm) with cutting intervals from 2, 3 and 4 weeks respectively for five consecutive times to calculate the initial, total and average yield per plot. Air-dried samples of harvested forages were analysed for proximate composition; and data generated were subjected to statistical analysis. Results showed that; C. cajan sown using 40x60 cm planting space, cutting height of 50 cm and cutting interval of 4 weeks had the best fodder yield both at the initial (8.95 kg) and cumulative (3.60 kg) compared to other treatments. Crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract contents were significantly (p>0.05) influenced; and could adequately support the growth of ruminant animals. Thus, it can be concluded that C. cajan could be established using 40x60 cm planting space, harvested at 4 weeks interval and cutting at 50 cm height for maximum fodder yield with the aim of feeding ruminant animals.

Effects of Chemical, Biological and Botanical for the Management of Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease of Radish for Healthy Seed Production

Subash Gautam, Manisha Mahat, Samjhana Khanal, Hira Kaji Manandhar

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different treatments viz. SAAF (mancozeb +carbendazim) (2g l-1), Acorous calamus root extract (50 %), Trichoderma harzianum (106 conidia ml-1) aqueous suspension and two radish varieties (Mino Early and Pyuthaney Rato) against Alternaria leaf spot disease (Alternaria brassicae) of radish in research plot of Department of Plant Pathology AFU, Chitwan, Nepal during winter season of 2015. Foliar applications of the treatments were used for six times from 40 DAS to 90 DAS at 10 days interval. All treatments were found significant during all observations for per cent disease index (PDI) and yield. Lowest PDI was recorded in application of SAAF (carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63%) (52.33 % and 34.33 %), which was statiscally at par and followed by foliar application of T.harzianum (56.17 % and 39.5 %) in both vegetative growth stage (60 DAS) and reproductive stage (90 DAS) of radish. There was significant difference in PDI between the varieties, Mino Early (43.58 %) followed by Pyuthaney Rato (49.92 %) in 90 DAS. Similarly in case of seed yield, highest yield was recorded from SAAF (0.6 t ha1) followed by Trichoderma harzianum (0.49 t ha -1). Also in case of variety significant difference in yield was recorded, highest yield was recorded from Mino Early (0.57 t ha-1) followed by Pyuthaney Rato (0.30 t ha-1).

Will Growth of Technology Lift up the Economic Status of Farmers?

T. Amose, Dr. KR. Jeyakumar

As a very hot news that spread through out the state Tamilnadu, India that the formers who produced tomatos are dumped aside of road without bringing to market for domestic cooking consumption. Usually, the agricultural zaid commodities are not brings expected profit to the producers due to perishable character and gets low price at the markets in any situation. Tomato is zaid crop but it availing in all seasons and price of it will be also differing Moreover, crop in the zaid season gets very less price in the market but the level of production is high. Due to stable demand and substitute commodities are the cause for emerging low price in the market. As a remedy for this problem, recent research found that the rotten tomatos is good source to generate electricity. Hence, This empirical report brought out the real situation of zaid crop tomato in the market and plights of formers due to decreased price. Moreover, report suggests to the government that have to follow a procurement price for zaid crops also, to empower the economic status of formers followed by the execution of technology for alternative purposes.

How Heavy Metal contamination is contributing pollution in Delhi

Shalini Arora, Dr. Rama Lokhande

Inexpensive and environmentally supportable corrective choices are compulsory to reinstate polluted lands so as to decrease the connected risks, make the land resource available for agricultural production, enhance food security, and scale down land tenure problems. In evolving countries with great population density and scarce funds available for environmental restoration. Comparative study of all the important metals according to Region, Population, Public places in Delhi’s Soil.

Consumersâ€™ Food Value Attributes on Ghanaâ€™s Local Market; Case Study of Berekum Municipality

Adwoa Oforiwa Antwi, Kenichi Matsui

This paper investigates consumers’ price perceptions at Ghana’s local markets. By analyzing the questionnaire survey results, it identifies the relative importance local customers placed on weights and measures in comparison to other food attributes in purchasing agricultural products. In determining customers’ decision-making behaviors, we applied Kahneman’s (2012) prospect theory and developed picture-based scenarios for the customers to express their value perceptions at the market. We also asked questions to see what food attributes are important for them. We wanted to find out if such attributes as weights and measures are important for local Ghanaian customers other than more well-recognized ones such as food quality and price. The results indicate that our respondents decide to buy agricultural products like vegetables, eggs, and rice, on the basis of four attributes: (1) weights and measures, (2) health values, (3) safety, and (4) affordability. As previous studies on Western consumers tend to show high importance on food quality, our results suggest that customers’ choices may differ more likely by socio-cultural backgrounds. This conclusion can be buttressed by another part of our survey that shows that our respondents are mostly middle-class, educated nuclear families in this region. About 80percent of them agreed that traditionally prescribed weights and measures were important to understand the value of agricultural products at the market.

Effects of Organic Turmeric on Liver Integrity and Oxidative Stress of the Brain in Rabbits Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation

This project investigated the effects of organic turmeric on the liver and oxidative stress of the brain in rabbit acutely exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Thirty five weaned rabbits between 8-10 weeks of age, randomly allocated to control (A) and five (5) treatments: B, C, D, E and F were used for this experiment. Treatment A: fed organic feed without turmeric inclusion and not radiated, Treatment B: fed diet supplemented with 2% turmeric as its constituents but not radiated, Treatment C: fed organic feed without turmeric inclusion before but after radiation, Treatment D: fed organic feed without turmeric inclusion before and after radiation. Treatment E: fed diet supplemented with 2% turmeric before but not after radiation. Treatment F: fed diet supplemented with 2% turmeric before and after radiation. There were significant (p

Ex Vitro Propagation of Rubber Tree (Hevea Brasiliensis) using Stem Cuttings

Anthony Antwi-Wiredu, Samuel Amiteye, Rhoda Gyinae Diawuoh, George Y. P. Klu

Stem cutting propagation preserves the genetic traits and leads to transfer of superior and genetically similar traits of parent plants to progenies. This method is also used to propagate recalcitrant, nonviable and difficult to germinateseeds. Stem cutting in tree species is used to address phenological and intraclonal problems. The use of rubber cuttings as planting material is a feasible option, worthy of investigation. There has been little or no research studies into the usage of Hevea brasiliensis stem cuttings as an alternative vegetative propagation method for an in vivo propagation of rubber tree in Ghana. Propagation of H. brasiliensis by stem cutting techniques was used to study alternative procedures for mass production of rubber planting materials. Brown and green rubber stem cuttings of Clone I and Clone II were soaked for 6 hours in 0.0-22.5g/L Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) followed by propagation in a nursery bag filled with nutrient-rich soil. Only the brown stem cuttings of H. brasiliensis survived. The percent survival, length of shoots, number of roots as well as length of roots of Clone II was significantly (P

Effect of IN-OVO injection with Nano Iron -Particles on Physiological Responses and Performance of Broiler Chickens under Saini Conditions

Dr. Amal Mohammed Hassan

A total of 600 fertile eggs, in a completely randomized design were used to investigate the effects of Iron nano-particles IN-OVO injection on productive performance, immune status and physiological responses in broiler chickens. The eggs were divided into 6 groups that assigned as: T1 (control; without injection), T2 (injected with 0.1 ml saline 9.0%; sham control), T3; (injected with 0.1 ml of 20 ppm Fe-NPs organic, T4 (injected with 0.1 ml of 20 ppm Fe-Nano inorganic), T5 (injected with 0.1 ml of 20 ppm Fe organic) and T6 (injected with 0.1 ml of 20 ppm Fe-inorganic). At 7th day of incubation, the corresponding doses were in- ovo injected in 0.1 ml solution into the air sac. The results showed that: Hatchability was highly significant (P< 0.01) in T1, 0.1 ml of 20 ppm Fe-NPs, 0.1 ml of 20-ppm Fe-NPs-Alimet chelate, 0.1 ml of 20 ppm Fe-Aliment chelate and 0.1 ml of 20-ppm Fe-Aliment chelate. The egg weight was higher (P< 0.01) in T2. There was an increase (P< 0.01) in chick weight in controls, other Fe-NPs organic or Fe-NPs- inorganic and Fe organic in comparison with other treatments. In addition, chick body weight to egg weight ratio in controls, Fe-Nano organic and FeNPs- inorganic was higher (P < 0.01) than in the other groups. T3 has shown the highest (P< 0.01) relative weight compared to the other treatments. Serum Fe content and liver function were (P< 0.01) higher in by using Fe-NPs, Fe-NPs alimet inorganic and Fe-organic than other treatments. The treatments of Fe-NPs- organic and Fe-Aliment chelate, chickens’ blood hemoglobin increased significantly compared with the other treatments. These results suggest that Fe-NPs, Fe-NPs-Alimet chelate and Fe-Alimet chelate improved embryonic growth and development.

Molecular Cloning of Sucrose Isomerase Gene and Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Plants

Hemaid I. A. Soliman

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most common and important food sources on the planet, and they essential as a staple dietary item for much of the world’s population. Potatoes contain carbohydrates, which lead to high blood sugar. Palatinose (isomaltulose, 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose) is a functional isomer of sucrose its non-cariogenicity low calorific value and it is an ideal sugar substitute to use in food production. The sucrose isomerase (palI) gene that is obtained from Erwinia rhapontici is one of the most common genes that can convert sucrose into palatinose. In present study, pQE-30- palI construct was succeffuly transformed and expression into E. coli. Sucrose isomerase (palI) gene was cloned and overexpressed into a plant expression vector pBinAR- palI contains sucrose isomerase gene (palI) fused to proteinase inhibitor II signal sequence under CaMV-35S promoter and Octopine Synthase (OCS) terminator. Expression of the protein was verified by western blot assay. Also, expression of the palI gene within the apoplast of transgenic tubers under control of a tuber-specific patatin class I B33 promoter instigated quantitative conversion of sucrose into palatinose. Tuber extracts from potato cv. Désirée were analyzed for their soluble carbohydrate composition using HPLC.

Geochemical Partitioning of Some Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediment of River Delimi in Jos, Nigeria

Sabo A., Gani A. M., Ibrahim A. Q.

The determination of total metal content is usually insufficient to fully assess the environmental impacts of contaminated sediments. In order to differentiate metals of lithogenic from those of anthropogenic origin and assess their bioavailability and potential toxicity, detail information on their partitioning to various geochemical fractions of the sediment is necessary. In recent times there has been a lot of concern on the rate at which River Delimi ecosystem deteriorate as it passes through Jos city. This study was aimed at determining the geochemical partitioning of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in River Delimi sediment with a view to determining the extent to which they might be remobilized and affect the quality of the river ecosystem. The study was conducted at three sites along River Delimi and one control site at Lamingo Dam all within Jos city. The total metals content in sediment were extracted using aqua-regia. A five-step sequential extraction procedure was used to determine the partitioning of the metals into different geochemical fractions of the sediment. The metals extracted were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The total metals content in sediment were generally higher at the study compared to the control site. The mean values of Cd in sediment (1.330mg/kg, 1.515mg/kg, 1.301mg/kg and 0.900mg/kg) respectively for stations I, II, III and IV were all above the limit of 0.68mg/kg recommended by USEPA. Sediment samples obtained from River Delimi had more metals associated with the non-residual fractions compared to those from Lamingo Dam. The high amount of these metals recovered in non – residual fractions mean that the metals are in potentially available forms and could pose a serious threat to the river ecosystem. Measures should therefore be put in place by the relevant authorities to curtail indiscriminate dumping of domestic and industrials wastes into the river.

Air Quality Changes and Geospatial Dispersion Modeling in the Dry Season in Port Harcourt and its Environs, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Antai Raphael Eduk, Osuji Leo C., Obafemi Andrew A., Onojake Mudiaga C.

This work is a geospatial analysis of air dispersion for the purpose of establishing the concentration trend of air pollutants within the study area. Pollutants of consideration are SO2, NO2, CO, H2S, NH3, VOCs, CH4, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, while area of interest are Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor, Eleme, Oyigbo, Etche and Ikwerre Local Government Areas. This is an approach to identify the hotspots and how they are dispersed to impact on other parts of the region. This is an attempt to predict future pollution trends, but an approach to gain understanding of the general scenarios of air quality status and how they impact on receptor areas some kilometers away from the hotspot. Pollution hotspots are locations where emissions from specific sources such as water or air pollution may expose local populations to elevated health risks and environment degradation. It indicates areas with strong pollution sources and high industrial activities of adverse effect

Prediction and Modeling of Dry Seasons Air pollution changes using multiple linear Regression Model: A Case Study of Port Harcourt and its Environs, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Antai Raphael Eduk, Osuji Leo C., Obafemi Andrew A., Onojake Mudiaga C.

The influence of meteorological parameters on air pollutants over Port Harcourt and its environs in the dry season was modeled using multiple linear regressions model. Results indicated that meteorological parameters significantly influenced pollutant concentrations; results also showed poor linear relationships between meteorological parameters and pollutant concentrations, and that meteorological parameters are poor predictor variables of concentrations of air pollutants in the area. Pollution roses of pollutants dispersion pattern in the study area showed that pollutant concentrations increase with increased wind speed. Result also showed that wind speed exerts positive influence on the concentration levels of pollutants in the study area. The yearly prediction of air pollutants was also carried out using a ten-year data from previous studies conducted in the study area. The prediction was done using regression analysis and year as the predictor variable to develop a model. The relationship between air pollutants and year was therefore established for the annual prediction of the future pollutant concentrations in the dry seasons for period of the next fifteen years.

Development of Vegetable Seeds Incorporated Cookies: Nutrient Composition, Functional Properties, Mineral Analysis and Sensory Evaluation

Ms. Mani Sahai

Jackfruit and Okra are popular fruit crops grown in India. The seeds are the by-product obtained during the processing of these crops. Jackfruit seed possess disposal problem if not handled properly. Scientific data shows that jackfruit and okra seed powder has various health benefits like prevent cancer, lowers the risk of heart disease, improves digestive system, boost immunity in the body, maintains blood glucose levels and helps to increase bone mineral density. The seeds of these crops are particularly a rich source of proteins, starch, minerals and dietary fibres along with phytonutrients. The present study was designed to investigate proximate composition, functional properties and mineral analysis of the best composite flour. Randomization of variables were done along with their nutrient composition. The flour having the highest nutritional value was selected as the best composite flour. Sensory evaluation of the developed food product by incorporating Okra seed flour, Jackfruit seed flour and Wheat flour was also done. After that physical properties of the most acceptable food product were carried out. Results for proximate composition revealed that jackfruit seed flour had an appreciable amount of moisture and protein i.e. 9.08±0.6 and 5.12±0.43 and low amount of fat i.e. 3.6±0.3. While okra seed flour possesses a high amount of moisture and ash i.e. 6.7±0.07 and 6.61±0.4. Estimation of functional properties revealed that water absorption capacity i.e. 1.68±0.051 and oil absorption capacity i.e. 1.81±0.057 of the composite flour was high but the bulk density 0.95±0.02 was very low. Mineral analysis depicted the presence of higher amount of calcium i.e. 3.49±0.02 and iron i.e. 2.71±0.01 but low amount of potassium i.e. 1.46±0.02 in the best composite flour. Sensory evaluation of the product developed (Cookies) was carried out using 9-point hedonic scale with various attributes in four concentrations i.e. 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and were compared with the standard. Sensory evaluation revealed that up to the level of 5% the developed products were more acceptable than standard. The physical properties with 5% level of incorporation were carried out. Results depicted that oil absorption capacity was high i.e. 4.88±0.02 and good amount in dispersibility i.e. 4.01±0.01 water absorption capacity i.e. 3.74±0.01 but low amount of percent solubility i.e. 1.66±0.01. Thus, the results signify that okra and jackfruits seeds are a good source of various nutrients, functional and mineral properties.

D-Amino Acid Oxidase Production from Cassava Glucose Syrup by Trigonopsis variabilis

Zaldy Rusli, Ahmad Wibisana, Herman Suryadi

Three alternative carbon sources (molasses, cassava glucose syrup and sorghum fructose syrup) on the production of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAAO) has been studied.The aim of this study was to screen out the best alternative carbon sources that can be utilized in TvDAAO production, and to study the effect of the additional nitrogen sources. Screening of carbon sources were carried out using glucose, molasses, cassava glucose syrup (CGS) and sorghum fructose syrup (SFS), at the same glucose levels. Analysis of TvDAAO was measured by o-phenylenediamine/horseradish peroxidase coupling assay. The best alternative carbon source was selected for optimization at various concentrations. The enzyme characteristic was done by determining the stability of enzyme to temperature and pH, and the enzyme kinetic parameter was also observed. The screening showed that cassava sugar syrup is the best alternative carbon source. The optimum concentration of cassava glucose syrup is at 10% of glucose levels, which will produce TvDAAO with the activity equal to 166.8861 U/g yeast cell dry weight. The enzyme characteristics stable at 4-10°C and pH 8, with Vmax value was 0.007 μmol/minute and KM was 78 mM. The used of cassava glucose syrup does not require any additional nitrogen source and it is became the advantageous of CGS as an alternative carbon source in terms of efficiency and economical of TvDAAO production.

Parameter: The Area of Microclimate Gradient Diurnal Dynamic for Characterization and Monitoring of Forest Ecosystem and Environment

Christophil S. Medellu, Djeli Tulandi

Microclimate forests are usually described by the parameters: quantity of microclimate differences of interior-exterior, the depth of the effect of edge and gradient. These parameters can characterize ecosystem conditions but their quantities are often inconsistent and thus less valid for monitoring ecosystem and adjacent environmental changes.This paper introduces the concepts, methods, and the results of the application of the parameters: the area of microclimate gradiet diurnal dynamic which the advantage in: (1) characterize ecosystem conditions and their interactions with adjacent environments, (2) categorize transects (in forest ecosystems) based on ecosystem conditions and their interactions with adjacent environments, (3) monitoring the forest ecosystem changes (deforestration, natural damage etc), (4) determine the time of thermal equilibrium between forest and environment.

Analysis of the Marketing Margin of Soyabeans in Benue State, Nigeria

Udeh Monica, Christopher Elaigwu Ogbanje, Olotu Olafemi Ayopo

The study examined the marketing margin of soyabeans marketers in Benue State, Nigeria. A sampling frame of 914 registered soyabeans marketers was obtained from soyabeans marketers association in the study area. Stratified random sampling techniques was employed to obtain 278 market actors (producer-marketers, wholesalers and retailers) for the study. Data were collected with the use of a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result on market conduct, showed that all the respondents (100 %) agreed that they sold their soyabeans immediately after harvest, they rely on family or personal savings for business finance, they do not advertise their soyabeans for sell and they have not attended any training on soyabeans. The result further showed a marketing margin of N88.91, N85.78 and N85.99 respectively. The major problems faced by soyabeans marketers in the study area include inadequate capital, high transportation cost, lack of access to credit facilities, heavy imposition of taxes or levies and poor storage and warehousing facilities. It was recommended that soyabeans marketers in the study area should form cooperative society to have access to loan from both formal and informal sources for better capital base and higher output. In conclusion soyabeans marketing is a profitable and efficient business, with attractive net return on investment in the study area.

Effect of Different Shade Levels on Growth and Yield Performances of Cauliflower

P. G. C Yasoda, L. Pradheeban, K. Nishanthan, S. Sivachandiran

An experiment was conducted during March to July in 2017 (off season) at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jaffna, Ariviyal Nagar, Kilinochchi to study the effects of different shade levels on growth and yield performances of cauliflower. Different shade levels such as 25 % (open field), 50 % (single net house) and 75 % (double net house) were used as treatments. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Parametric (growth & yield) analysis were done by using SAS 9.1 package. The influence of environmental variables such as temperature, relative humidity and light intensity were also studied.The result revealed that growing of cauliflower in different shade levels showed great influence on plant growth and yield attributes. There were significant variations in number of leaves, plant height,curd weight, curd diameter and curd circumference of cauliflower under different light intensities. Light intensity in the shade net house was lower than in the open field. The highest vegetative growth and yield were observed in cauliflower which was grown in 50 % shade levels and the lowest yield was in 25 % shade level (open field). It can be concluded that cauliflower can be cultivated in 50 % shade levels successfully to produce quality curd during off season of the dry zone of Sri Lanka.

Effect of aqueous extracts of neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) on the development of Asian Rust of soybean in the Center Region of Cameroon

A study realized during two consecutive years at Mimetala and Nkometou, permitted to evaluate the antifungal potential of aqueous extract of neem seeds (AENS) on the Asian rust of soybean development. Varieties of soybean used, were a locale, TGX1835-10E and TGX1910-14E. A system of completely randomized blocks was used containing five treatments: T0 (control), T1, T2, T3 (consisting of 25, 50, 100 g/l of extract respectively) and T5 (treated with Plantineb 80wp). The growth and disease parameters, yield were evaluated under the influence of different treatments. During the two campaigns, growth parameters varied significantly and proportionately for different doses of extracts, T4 having the largest values followed by T3at Mimetala. Those parameters were high on locale and TGX1910-14E varieties during the two campaigns. In 2015 as in 2016, TGX1835-10E was the most attacked by the disease in the two sites. Its incidence in the controlwas 100% and 80% in 2015 and 97.5 and 75% in 2016 respectively at Mimetala and Nkometou. TGX 1910-14E was the least attacked with an incidence in the control of 47.5% and 45%, and 5% in T3 and T4respectively in 2015 and 2016. Disease was most severe at Nkometou on local (67%)and least at Mimetala on TGX 1910-14E (22.3%) in the control. The yielding was lightly high in 2016 than 2015 and high values were obtained at Mimetala in T4 and T3. Results suggest that AENSis a biocidal substance with an antifungal activity and should be applied at high doses.

Women in Rural Development: An Appraisal of Yam Chips Processors in Saki Area Oyo State, South West Nigeria

Siyanbola Mojisola Funmilayo

An investigation was carried out to appraise the processing of yam chips in Saki Area of Oyo State, South West, Nigeria. Purposive stratified random samplings of 150 respondents in 8 processing centres using structured questionnaire were adopted. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages) were used to analyse the socio-economic variables while chi-square was used to capture the relationship that exists between socio-economic factors and output, and also between year of experience and output. However, the study revealed that 95% of the processors were females with age ranging between 20-60 years. Majority of the processors (76%) were married, while 43% had junior and secondary school education. Eighty-five percent of the processors were Muslims. Using chi-square, all the tested socio-economic variables had no statistical effects on output and socio – economic characteristics of the processors. The study also revealed factors militating against large scale production of yam chips in this area of study. Recommendations such as provision of loan and credit facilities, provision of modern equipment and social amenities were suggested in order to increase production thus assisting in alleviating poverty in this area.

Study of the behavior of cultivars from a world collection of olive (Olea spp.) in Morocco

El Oualkadi A, Boulouha B, Sikaoui L

In Marrakech (Morocco), a world collection of the genetic resources of the olive-tree was established. This collection currently contains 600 cultivars of various origins. However, work of characterization of these cultivars remains very limited. The objective of this study was to emphasize these genetic resources through their agronomic characterization. We studied certain agronomic characters on some of the most productive cultivars during the 4 years of production 2007-2008-2009 and 2010. Fifteen cultivars originating in various countries that show a cumulated average production higher than 20Kg were then selected for studies of behavior namely: strength, floral biology and the content of oil. The study of vigor of all cultivars showed that Alameno de Marchene, Haouzia, Manzanilla de Sevilla, and Sevillano de Jumilla are most vigorous whereas the cultivars Acebuchera and Blanqueta are the least vigorous and could be used for a system of high density. Analysis of floral phenology of the 15 cultivars revealed overlapping between the majorities of them. This result will contribute to the determination of the adequate pollination for each cultivar. The analysis of the index of compatibility showed that four cultivars (Azeitoneira, Koroneiki, Amargoso and Acebuchera) are self-fertilizing. This study proposes a base of knowledge for the valorization of the Moroccan genetic resources of olive.

Effect of Rates of Single Superphosphate added to Poultry Manure on Popcorn (Zea mays everta) Production in Jos, Plateau State

Ali E.T, F. Ibrahim

Field studies were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Federal College of Land Resources Technology, Kuru-Jos in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons. The effect of rates of single superphosphate fertilizer to be added to poultry manure for Popcorn Zea mays everta Production in Jos was investigated. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates. Five treatments were used: 20 t ha-1 Poultry manure (PM) + O kg P2O5 ha-1 (control), 20 t ha-1 PM + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1, 20 t ha-1 PM + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1, 20 t ha-1 PM + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 + 80 kg P2O5 ha-1. The results revealed that the grain yield of Popcorn were significantly (P

Effect of egg sizes on egg qualities, hatchability and initial weight of the hatched-chicks

Ayeni A.O., Agbede J.O., Igbasan F.A., Onibi G.E., Adegbenro M

The study evaluates the relationship of egg weights with other egg qualities, hatchability and hatchling weights. One thousand eight hundred eggs from marshal broiler chicken were categorized into small (50 – 59 g), medium (60 – 69 g) and large (≥70 g) of 600 eggs per group in a completely randomized design. Hundred eggs from each group were subjected to quality analysis and the remaining incubated for hatchlings production. The egg length of of large group was the highest (4.71 cm) and lowest in small (4.22 cm). The relationship revealed 32.86% yolk in small size, while 33.71 and 30.99% was observed for medium and large respectively. Also, albumen ranged from 50.85% in small to 55.38% in large. Hatchability result revealed 74.50% for small egg and reduced as sizes increased. Hatchling weight was highest in large (49.19 g) and lowest in small (38.79 g). The regression equations showed that albumen weight and egg size were best predictors of chick’s weight through their R2 values (0.68 and 0.57 respectively) compared to yolk weight with R2 of 0.28. It was therefore be inferred that breeder eggs size could affect egg quality parameters and chick’s weight.

Impact of Exchange Rate Deregulation on Manufacturing Sector Performance in Nigeria

The study examined the impact of exchange rate deregulation on manufacturing output performance in Nigeria over the period 1980 to 2016. The normalized co-integration technique was used to test for long-run relationship between exchange rate and manufacturing output while the granger causality test was used to ascertain the direction of causality between them. Also, the error correction mechanism (ECM) was used to calculate the speed of adjustment of the model to short-run disequilibrium condition. The empirical findings revealed that exchange rate has non-significant positive long-run effect on manufacturing industry output. However, unidirectional causal impact of exchange rate on manufacturing output was established using the pairwise granger causality test. Based on the above result, it is recommended that in discharging the mandate of exchange rate management, the monetary authorities should aim at stabilizing exchange rate through the use of appropriate monetary policy tools as well as support export diversification programmes in order to enhance foreign exchange inflow.

Effect of Abattoir Activities on the Ground Waters around Bodija and Akinyele Abattoirs in Oyo State

Ajanaku A. O., Olusola O.O., Oyelami B. A.

This study was carried out to examine the effect of abattoir activities on ground waters around Bodija and Akinyele abattoirs in Oyo state. The work was premised on the fact that untreated wastes from the abattoir are discharged directly into open drainage which flows into a nearby stream. Sixty structural questionnaires were administered and retrievedin the study areas with thirty used in each of the two abattoirs. The survey shows that 100% of the abattoir operators in both abattoirs disposed wastes manually using spade, 90% sweep and wash the wastes into open drainages as 90% do treat their wastes before disposal at the dumping site. Physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of water samples from the well around the two abattoirs revealed no significant different in the two abattoirs. Turbidity, Total dissolved solid (TDS), and total suspended solid (TSS) were significantly higher in Akinyele abattoir than Bodija abattoir. Total coliform count (TCC) was 6.3x105 in the well around Bodija abattoir and was not significantly lower than that around Akinyele abattoir which was 7.6x105. Although Total aerobic count (2.1x106) was higher in the wells around Bodija than those around Akinyele (1.7x106) the result clearly shows that both total aerobic count and total coliform count are beyond the maximum permissible limits from bodies in charge of Health and Environment. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in Bodija (5.06) was also significantly higher than that of Akinyele (2.95). This result shows that more pollutants are present in the wells around Bodija abattoir. The high microbial load and its health implications confirm the need to enforce treatment of abattoir wastes before dumping into the environment and provision of portable water for the abattoir operators and the dwellers around the abattoirs.

Integration of Biodiversity in Reducing Pollution in Water

One of the main causes of pollution of the different bodies of water is the amount of nutrients and organic matter (OM) which are discharged as a result of various human activities; excessive enrichment of water, primarily nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), generates a deterioration of water resources and aquatic ecosystems generally due to the involvement of the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of water. In this research the results of the evaluation of two species of emergent plants native Scirpus californicus and Typha angustifolia of the study area used for the removal of organic matter in artificial wetlands systems is presented.

Characterization and Suitability Evaluation of Soils of a Toposequence at University of Agriculture Makurdi Teaching and Research Farm for the Production of Rice (Oryza sativa) in Makurdi, Benue State.

Abagyeh S. O. I., Idoga S., Ibrahim F.

A toposequence at University of Agriculture Makurdi Teaching and Research Farm, Benue state was detail surveyed to characterize, classify and assess the suitability of the soils for sustainable rice production. Critical land and soil requirements for rice production were related with data obtained from both field and laboratory studies. The results showed that the soils had sandy loam to clay textures; weak fine crumb to strong coarse subangular blocky structure and friable to very firm consistency. All pedons except 1 had redoximorphic properties. Soil reaction ranged from slightly (6.0) to moderately acid (5.0), organic carbon (0.18-.55%). Total nitrogen and phosphorus were inadequate with low exchangeable cations and micro-nutrients. Pedon 1 was classified as Lithic Ustropept (Plinthic Cambisol (Eutric, Rhodic)) while 11 and 111 were keyed into Typic Plinthudalfs (Eutric, Plinthosols (Clayic, Greyic)). Land characteristics (mean annual rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, topography, coarse fragments and base saturation) were not major limitations for rice production however, there was no highly (S1) or moderately suitable (S2) land for rice cultivation. Productivity index (IPc) ranged between 3.10 and 10.08, and were thus currently not suitable for both upland and lowland rice cultivation by assessments of the two models. Linear model of IPp (17.55-21.06) for upland rice and (11.36) in pedon 1 for lowland rice, showed the soils were currently not suitable for rice cultivation but pedons 11 (29.25) and 111 (37.05) were marginally suitable for lowland rice cultivation. The square root model index of productivity had IPp of 21.77 in pedon 1, 26.12 in 11 and 28.37 in pedon 111. Thus, pedon 1 was currently not suitable; pedons 11 and 111 were marginally suitable for upland rice. Pedon 1 IPp (11.91) was currently not suitable whereas pedons 11 (36.79) and pedon 111 IPp (31.820) were marginally suitable for lowland rice cultivation. The soils’ major limitations were the low levels of macro and micronutrients. Management techniques including continuous organic matter incorporation and mineral fertilizers application to the land will adjust the soils structure and boast their fertility level.

Application of Mutagenic Radiation and Research the Optimal doses of Induction of bud break and Vegetative Growth in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera (L.)

EL Oualkadi A, Sbaghi M., Mouhib M.

The demand of grape in Morocco is fulfilled through import from foreign countries. The fruits of local cultivars of grapes offer a low yield. Development of seedless grape varieties having increased sweetness, higher yield with better nutritional quality is necessary to reduce the import dependency. The present research activities are the part of a grape improvement project. A pot experiment was conducted at the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Center Tangier (Morocco), during February to November 2017 to determine the suitable gamma irradiation doses on growth, leaf area and content of chlorophyll of grape seedling. One hundred vegetative bud cutting and three doses of gamma irradiation 20, 30, and 40 Gy were used as treatment. Different irradiation doses and vegetative cutting showed significant variations in respect of plant growth characters, leaf area and Chlorophyll Content. Higher doses of gamma irradiation had showed detrimental effect on grape saplings. Generally, increased in irradiation doses showed decreased and detrimental effects on most of the parameters under study. Maximum numbers of growing bud, leaf area and content of chlorophyll were found at 20 Gy irradiation dose. All parameters showed best results in 20 Gy with bud cutting initiation.

Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes- A Review

Gitanjali Devi

Utilization of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) is an ecofriendly method of crop protection. EPNs can be easily mass produced. Production approaches are either in vivo or in vitro methods (solid and liquid). Most nematodes intended for commercial application are produced in solid or liquid fermentation technology. However, for laboratory research and small greenhouse or field trials, in vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes is the common method of propagation. Mass production of EPNs is influenced by the amount of progeny required, time, resources, the costs of production, as well as the level of expertise available. The differences in nematode life cycle and bacterial symbiosis play major role in final nematode yields. This review describes the general biology of EPNs and gives an overview of studies to date on EPNs mass production.

Rooting development of Sansevieria trifasciata (Mother-In-Law Tongue) as influenced by different propagation substrates

Okunlola A. I., Arije D.N., Nnodim O. C.

Substrates are materials, other than soils in situ, in which plants are grown, and it is often used synonymously with rooting medium. An experiment was conducted at the Crop Type Museum of the Department of Crop, Soil, and Pest Management, the Federal University of Technology, Akure, to determine the rooting development of Sansevieria trifasciata as influenced by different propagation substrates. Results showed that the performance of the Sansevieria trifasciata planted using sand as substrate enhanced growth and root development of Sansevieria trifasciata compare to other substrates used (topsoil, sawdust, and rice hull). The treatment combination of all the substrates Topsoil + Sawdust + Rice hull + Sand performed better than other treatment combinations and sole. This study provided the empirical evidence that substrate combination influenced root development of Sanseveria spp.

Bioavailability of Some Heavy Metals in Selected Dumpsites in Ozoro, South-South, Nigeria

C. K Ojebah, A. Uwague

This study investigated the concentrations and distribution patterns of some heavy metals in soil around some waste dumpsites in Ozoro, South-South, Nigeria. Two different dumpsites located at Kwale road and Owhelogbo roads in Ozoro were used for this study. Soil samples were collected at 0 – 15cm depth. A total of two composite samples were collected for this study. The soil samples were air dried, sieved and digested. Sequential extraction was used to separate metals into their various geochemical fractions. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Bulk 200 model) was used to determine the metal concentrations in the various geochemical fractions. Physicochemical characteristics like pH and electrical conductivity were determined. pH result ranged from 9.6 – 10.3. The pH values were basic in both sampling sites. The conductivity result for both sites was 81.0 µS/cm. The metal concentrations ranged from 0.29 – 0.53 mg/kg for Iron; 0.22 – 0.47 mg/kg for Copper; 0.16 – 0.21 mg/kg for Cadmium; 0.28 – 0.29 mg/kg for Zinc and 0.24 – 0.27 mg/kg for Manganese. The concentration of metals in both sites is in the order Fe>Cu>Pb>Zn>Mn>Cd for Kwale road and Pb>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Cd for Owhelogbo road. Bioavailability results showed zinc, copper, cadmium, manganese, and lead more associated with the exchangeable fraction for Kwale road while zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and iron were associated more to the carbonate bound fraction for Owhelogbo road. However, lead and zinc associated more with both the carbonate bound and the exchangeable fractions for both sampling sites. There were significant variations in metal concentration from both sites. The mobility factors of metals in the soil profile follows in the order: Cd>Mn>Cu>Pb>Zn>Fe.

Efficacy of Biological and Chemical Treatments for the Management of Damping Off (Pythium Spp.) of Bitter Gourd in the Nursery

Manisha Mahat, Subash Gautam

A field experiment on “Efficacy of Biological and Chemical Treatments for the management of Damping Off (Pythium Spp.) of Bitter Gourd in the nursery” was conducted during March 1st 2017 to April 18th 2017. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments included biocontrol agent as Trichodermaharzianum(1× 106 CFU/ml),Vitavex (0.1%), Bavistin (2 g/kg of seed) and Mancozeb 75 % WP (2 g/kg of seed) as chemical treatments and integration of bio control agent and chemicals were used. The germination percentage, pre and post emergence damping off of bitter gourd seedlings were recorded. The significant; increment in germination percentage (120 %),reduction in pre and post disease incidence (92 % and 89 %) was found in seed treatment of Vitavex(0.1%) + soil treatment with Trichoderma (1× 106 CFU/ml) and it was followed by seed treatment with Bavistin (2 g/kg of seed). It was may be due to the inhibitory effect of fungicide Vitavex on development of seed borne pathogen reducing seedling mortality at an early stage followed by vigorous root and shoot development as affected by the antagonistic and hormonal effect of the Trichodermaharzianum.

Effect of Biochar and Water Level on Increasing Availability and Water Use Efficiency for Maize in Vertisol from Jeneponto South Sulawesi

Masria, Christianto Lopulisa, Hazairin Zubair, Dan Burhanuddin Rasyid

This study aims to determine the effect of biochar and water level on improving water retention and water use efficiency of corn crops in vertisol. The soil sample was taken from Jeneponto south Sulawesi. This research used split-plot design. The main plot treatment is a soil amendment consisting of two factors ie without biochar and Biochar,sub plot treatment is a water used level consisting of 4 levels ie 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70% field capacity. Observated parameters include field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water, the crops water consumption, crop matter use efficiency, and water use efficiency. The results showed that biochar was able to increase water retention and water use efficiency at low water used level conditions.

Role of Phytogenic Feed Additives in Swine Production- A Review

M V A N Suryanarayana, S. Durga

Continuous research is being carried out to attain higher productivity with the available resources since several decades. Feed additives comprising of probiotics, prebiotics, acidifiers, immune modulators, buffering agents, ionophores etc. though are in vogue,in addition to antibiotic growth promoters(AGP), advancement is being aspired through the way of herbs and their products which are called as Phytogenic feed Additives (PFA) or simply Phytobiotics. PFA are said to be having positive effects in improving the performance of poultry and swine. Many reports say that PFA increase the dry matter intake probably due to an increased palatability of the feed.PFA is said to have anti microbial and anti oxidant properties. In addition, PFA have shown to improve the endogenous enzyme secretion, stimulation of appetite, improving the digestibility and absorption of nutrients and also promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus spp. A ban on the use of AGP leads to explore the use of herbs and their products like extracts and residues. Herbal residues are the left over’s remained after the active principle is extracted. Reports say that extraction efficiency (%) ranges from 88-97 for different methods. Some of the residues showed considerable anti bacterial property at 2% levels during the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration tests. The use of PFA is restricted to commercial preparations and results are available only for these works, there needs a systemic approach to explain about the function of these PFA in terms of type and dose of each additive. However long term studies will be of added advantage proving the efficacy of these PFA,their safety for animal health and their availability widely in nature. The aim of this review is to explore and explain the multifaceted properties of PFA in terms of elimination of gut pathogens improving the digestibility and palatability and thus enhancing the overall production of the animal.

Determination of Physiochemical Properties and Lactic Acid Bacteria Presence in Ackee (Blighia sapida) Fruit

Lawal R.T., Oyeleke G.O., Ishola A.D, Akinsuroju M.O.

This study covers proximate analysis and Antimicrobial activities of cell free extract of lactic acid bacterial from Blighia sapida fruit (Ackee). The proximate analysis of Blighia sapida were determined using standard methods which varied in contents. The proximate analysis of the sample were ash content (6.10±0.03%), moisture content (5.43±0.12%), fat content (14.60±0.02%), crude fibre content (25.12±0.02%), protein content (14.19±0.09%) and carbohydrate content (34.19±0.23%). Probiotic of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Blighia sapida (Ackee) were identified as Lactobacillus leshmanni, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, with Streptomycin sulphate as control. Antimicrobial activities of the lactic acid isolated were determined by the agar well diffusion methods against pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthomonas sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis. The zone of inhibition ranged from 3mm to 25mm and control ranged from 23mm to 30mm. Lactobacillus acidophilus displayed high antimicrobial activity compared with Lactobacillus leshmanni showing its probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria use for food supplement.

Performance of Medium term Agro-Forest treespecieson hard Laterite Soils

S.C. Somasiri, M. K. F. Nadheesha, S. Ediriweera

A long term research was initiated in 1999 using medium term agro-forest trees in a shallow Andigama series soils having a hard laterite gravel layer. The present paper focuses on the growth and survival of the medium term forest tree species planted in 1999 and theirperformance by the year 2016. Acacia species had the fastest (P

Soil Fertility Characterization in Mvumi and Mbogo - Komtonga Irrigation Schemes in Kilosa and Mvomero Districts, Morogoro Region, Tanzania.

Joachim HJR Makoi, Halima Mmbaga

Soil samples from three (3) mapping units in Mvumi and four (4) mapping units in Mbogo Komtonga representing two irrigation schemes in Kilosa and Mvomero Districts in eastern Tanzania were collected and analyzed for different mineral elements. Using zigzag sampling techniques, 9 composite samples with three replicates were collected at depth 0 – 30 cm from the delineated pedogeomorphic units at a radius of 20 m around the soil pits. Soil samples from each soil type were bulked, thoroughly mixed, sub sampled to obtain a representative composite sample, packed and sent to Mlingano National Soil Service laboratory (NSS), Tanga, Tanzania for the determination of physical chemical fertility indicators. The data showed overall significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in fertility status in the selected irrigation schemes. The pH of top soils in Mvumi and Mbogo - Komtonga irrigation schemes ranged from 4.4 to 6.3. These were rated as extremely and/or strongly acid to slightly acid. Of the total area studied in Mvumi and Mbogo Komtonga irrigation schemes, 25.5 % is slightly acid, 40.2 % is medium acid, 31.0 % is extremely acid and 3.3 % extremely acid. Similarly, results of organic carbon (OC) determination from the top soil (0 - 30 cm) samples ranged from 26.6 g kg-1 to 51.8 g kg-1. This corresponds to 45.7 g kg-1 to 89.0 g kg-1 SOM in both irrigation schemes. The data showed that % OC in all irrigation schemes was very high in 92.2 % and high in 7.8 % of the surveyed areas. The results show that the top soils of all the surveyed areas in Mvumi and Mbogo - Komtonga irrigation schemes had N in the range of 1.2 to 3.8 mg kg-1, 48.7 % had N below the critical limits whereas 51.3 % were above the same. Available P in both schemes range from 0.68 – 6.53 mg kg-1. Based on the generally accepted threshold P level, all the observed P values in Mvumi and Mbogo - Komtonga respectively were considered to be below the critical range. Cation exchange capacity values in most topsoil in Mvumi and Mbogo - Komtonga irrigation schemes were rated as medium or high to very high. These values range between 27.0 – 54.6 cmol (+) kg-1 and were rated as medium in 25.5 %, high in 35.3 % and very high in 39.2 % of the total surveyed areas. Exchangeable Ca in the topsoil of Mvumi and Mbogo - Komtonga irrigation schemes ranged from 3.99 – 31.3 cmol (+) kg-1. These were rated as medium in 0.96 %, high in 34.3 % and very high in 70.2 %. Based on the critical limits, MV – Pa3 in Mvumi is likely to be deficient of Ca2+ for most crops as it lies below the proposed critical limits. Exchangeable Mg2+ in the irrigation schemes range from 0.28 – 5.07 cmol (+) kg-1, rated as high to very high. These data suggests that all the MUs except for MV – Pa3 in Mvumi and Mbogo - Komtonga have sufficient Mg2+ supplies for crop growth. Potassium in Mvumi and Mbogo – Komtonga irrigation schemes, range from 0.61 - 2.97 cmol (+) kg-1. These were rated as medium in 64.3 % to very high in 35.7 % of the total area. The data shows that in Mvumi K is unlikely to respond similar to Mbogo – Komtonga. The results of Naexch indicates that the levels of Na+ in the top soils corresponds to 0.15 – 0.47 cmol (+) kg-1 soil in both irrigation schemes. These values were rated as low in 16.4 % and medium in 83.6 % and the corresponding ESP range from 0.5 – 2.2 % in Mvumi considered non-sodic. These results suggest that the surveyed areas have no threat to sodicity problems and the major soil fertility constraints were soil reaction (pH), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and poor Soil Organic Matter (SOM).

Insect pests of amaranthus and their management

Atanu Seni

Amaranthus (Amaranthus spp.) is one of the most popular leafy vegetables in India. They are grown widely as a source of grain and leafy vegetables. It is rich source of many essential micronutrients like carotene, vitamin A, B, C and D, iron, calcium, amino acid like lysine and minerals especially iron, phosphorous and magnesium. But its production hampers due to the infestation of various insect pests namely Amaranth stem weevils: Hypolixus truncatulus (F.), H. nubilosus (B.), Beetworm Moth: Spoladea recurvalis (F.), Leafminer: Liriomyza huidobrensis (B.), Aphid: Myzus persicae S., Plant Bugs: Cletus sp., which ultimately affect the true potential of the crop. Here, the present article provides recent information regarding different insect pests of amaranthus, their identification, life-history, nature of damage and their management in an eco-friendly way.

Variation of Drinking Water Quality in Rural Areas of Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka

KAKA Samarasinghe, MB Samarakoon

Due to the human activities, the natural water system gets contaminated with various chemical substances which can be harmful for the human health. In this research, it was attempted to find out the variation of drinkingwater quality in rural areas of Kurunegala district, Sri Lanka. Five GramaNiladari (GN) divisions in Ibbagamuwa Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division, were selected as the study area for this research. Seven water quality parameters were investigated in laboratory scale, which were basically divided in to physical and chemical parameters. Altogether 150 samples were collectedand all the parameters were investigated in the laboratory scaleunder the standard specifications given in SLS 614:2013 part 1. In this research, it was identified that Ibbagamuwa DS Divisionwas badly contaminated with water hardness (exceeded the standard limit of 200 mg/l). Further, several areas were identified as not suitable for drinking purposes. Most of the time, these unsuitable areas were reported around the Kibulwanaoya reservoir, one of the main irrigation reservoirs located inIbbagamuwa DS Division. This area was highly contaminated with chloride and fluoride iron. There were several places that were appropriately identified as safe for drinking purposes because all the water quality parameters in that area were within the standard limit. The areas with suitable water resources have been identified around the rocky areas. It was also identified that the ground water around the highly cultivated areas and irrigation reservoir were not in good condition. The design of separate maps for each water quality parameters were very important for people in this area. By referring these maps, they will be able to identify what are the suitable and unsuitable areas to take water for the purpose of drinking.

Oodev Injection Frequency and Time Period in Advancing Gonad Rematuration of Snakehead (channastriata Blkr) in Hapa System

Kaspul Anwar, Untung Bijaksana, Herliwati, Ahmadi

This study provides meaningfully scientific information on the attempt to accelerate the gonad rematuration of snakehead (Channa striata) to support the quality seed production for both commercial and restocking purposes in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. A total of 48 snakehead fish broods (296-312 mm total length and 234-298 g weight) were subjected to different treatment levels using oodev dose of 0.5 ml kg-1 fish weight to determine the best frequency and time period for gonad rematuration after spawning. Treatment-A: 3 times/9 days, B: 2 times/6 days, C: 1 time/3 days, and D: no oodev injection (control). The 12 hapas were used comprising 4 individuals per hapa (0.4x0.4x1 m) under the controlled condition. After all, ten snakehead brood samples were dissected to find out the gonad maturity level of fish. The treatment-A showed the best performance in term of mean fecundity (19600±450.00 granules/individuals), egg diameter (1.10±0.15 mm), and gonad somatic index/GSI (3.41±0.90 %) among other treatments. Dealing with hepatosomatic index (HSI), the treatment-C was significantly higher than treatment-A and D, but not differ from treatment-B. The mean HSI was varied from 0.89±0.03 % to 1.53±0.23 %. Temperature, pH and DO during sampling period are considered comfortable for snakehead fish broods.

The Challenge of Change: A Case of Introduction of Genetically Modified Cotton in the Kingdom of Eswatini

Daniel Khumalo, Happyson Bimha

In Eswatini cotton contributes merely 2.1 % of the country’s Gross Domestic Product owing to viability challenges.Farmers grow hybrid cottonwhich is now in the decline stage of its life cycle, no longer profitable andcausing persistent challenges to farmers.Other cotton growing countries like United States of America, Canada, Australia and South Africahave replacedhybrid cotton with the more profitable genetically modified cotton. This strategy can be a viable alternative for the Eswatini cotton industry too. The study identified perceptions that Eswatini cotton industry stakeholders have towards genetically modified cotton. In-depth interviews were held with 8 informants selected based on their experience and knowledge about the cotton industry.The study revealed that 2/3 of cotton farmers suspended growing cotton owing to viability problems.Although genetically modified cotton has higher input costs these were easily offset by higher yields and less use of pesticides and labour. The study indicated that farmers required additional capacity to be able to grow genetically modified cotton. The study recommended that industry stakeholders must adapt to change and embrace genetically modified cotton which was successfully implemented in other countries. Liberalisation of the cotton industry was also recommended to pave way for the farmers to try the new product. Training of farmers was recommended as a strategy of capacitating the farmers on how to manage genetically modified cotton and challenges associated with the new technology. Further research is recommended about the modalities of optimising the benefits of genetically modified cotton and how cotton farmers can be supported.

Cattle Farm Development by Forages Cultivation on Coconut Land Based on Carrying Capacity in West Bolangitang, Indonesia

A.H.S. Salendu, F.H. Elly, R.E.M.F. Osak, I.D.R. Lumenta

West Bolangitang became one of the central areas of livestock development in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Livestock are usually only kept and grazed under coconut trees, and consumes waste from food crops and even grass that grows wild under coconut trees. The research analyzed the potential of cattle development based on carrying capacity index of forages on coconut land. This research has been conducted using survey method, and data source is primary data. The sample villages were determined by purposive sampling, with 32 respondents. The research material is coconut land and cattle. Analysis of data used is the analysis of the carrying capacity index (IDD). The results showed that the District of West Bolangitang has a coconut land, 3,668 Ha, with a real population of 2,044 AU. PMSL value of 4,744.24, meaning that based on land resources in this district can still accommodate the population of cattle for the value of PMSL. Total feed requirement amounted to 2,330.16 tons with a value of the carrying capacity of 2.04. Based on result of the research, it can be concluded that population of cattle in West Bolangitang District can still be improved by utilizing the land under coconut tree. Suggestion is need introduction of superior forage in supporting the development of cattle farms.

The Business Prospect of Climbing Perch Fish Farming with Biofloc Technology at Deâ€™ Papuyu Farm Banjarbaru

Herlina Izmaniar, Idiannor Mahyudin, Erma Agusliani, Ahmadi

This research aimed at investigating the business prospect of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) fish farming with biofloc system at De’ Papuyu Farm, Banjarbaru of Indonesia, as well as providing the business development strategy by mean of SWOT analysis. Total cost required for this business was IDR 165,218,200 per year and the income gained was IDR 7,880,700 per month with the Payback Period (PBP) value was 2.67. On the basis of 7 % and 9 % of interest rates, the Net Present Value (NPV) value was greater than 0, and the Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net BCR) was greater than 1. While the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) value obtained was 57.04 %. The business provides the profit more than three times higher than the province minimum wage; thus it is considered feasible and profitable for the future strategic choices. The business has the favorable prospect and the biofloc system for the culture of climbing perch is applicable for other fish farmers.

Antidepressant drugs as novel spectrophotometric reagents for the determination of nano amounts of bromate in water and bread samples

Syeda Ayesha

Bromate has been determined by visible spectrophotometric method in nano level by using a class of antidepressant drugs namely imipramine hydrochloride (IPH), desipramine hydrochloride (DPH), clomipramine hydrochloride (CPH) and trimipramine hydrochloride (TPM) in presence 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride hydrate (MBTH) as electrophilic coupling reagent. The method involves the reduction of bromate by MBTH which then couples with the antidepressant drugs. The reaction was carried out at room temperature (27 0C) in acidic medium. The reaction produced a blue colour which gave maximum absorbance at 630 nm for MBTH-IPH/DPH/CPH/TPM method. The method obeys Beer’s law in the range of 200-1400, 300-1200,100-1200, 450-1500 ng mL-1 for IPH, DPH, CPH and TPM, respectively. The intensity of the blue colour developed was stable for 24 hours The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity gave different values with different reagents and the method was found to be very sensitive and reproducible. To determine the selectivity of the proposed method the salts of 11 cations and 8 anions were added to a recommended concentration of bromate solution and the results obtained were very satisfactory. The method was successfully applied for the determination of bromate in water samples collected from different sources and wheat/bread samples obtained from commercial factories.