Volume 3 Number 5 (September 2018)

Molecular characterization and DNA fingerprinting of some local eggplant genotypes and its wild relatives

M. E. Hoque, Kashpia Tasrin

Collection and characterization of local genotypes and landraces are prerequisite for any crop improvement program. Molecular diversity and DNA profiling shown exact genetic blue print of any crop. Hence, the experiment was design to establish the molecular diversity and polymorphism among some local eggplant genotypes and its wild relatives for future breeding program. The experiment was carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, with twenty-five local and two wild relatives (Solanum sisymbriifolium and S. villosum) of eggplant to study molecular diversity and DNA fingerprinting at those genotypes. Five well-known SSR primers (EPSSR82, smSSR01, EM114, EM120 and smSSR04) were used for the molecular characterization of the genotypes. Quality DNA was isolated with 27 genotypes and PCR amplification was carried out with these primer. The amplified DNA fragment was visualized by 2% agarose gel and data were analyzed by POWERMAKER (version 3.25) and NTSYS-PC (version 2.2). Some total at 10 different alleles were generated with a range of 1 to 3 alleles per locus and an average of 2.0 alleles. The highest number (2) of polymorphic bands was observed in the primers EPSSR82 and smSSR01. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) of SSR markers ranged from 0.37 to 0.67 with an average value of PIC = 0.54. Gene diversity ranges from 0.49 (smSSR01) to 0.72 (EPSSR82), with an average value of 0.61. UPGMA method separated the of 27 genotypes into two major clusters (I and II). From the clusters, wild species Solanum villosum belonged to the sub-cluster (IIb), that revealed its distinct variation from the others. On the other hand, wild species Solanum sisymbriifolium showed a close relatedness by forming the same cluster together with thirteen local eggplant genotypes. Molecular diversity and DNA profiling was identified among 25 local eggplant germplasm and its wild relatives. The finding of the experiment could be used for selection of diverse parent for eggplant improvement.

Evaluation of structure and natural regeneration status of woody plant species in sudanian domain : Case of eastern part of National Park of Sena Oura, Chad

Gilbert Todou, Salomon Dedangsou, Adamou Ibrahima

Many scientific studies confirmed that plants have an important ecological role maintaining the productivity of the environment and regulating the global climate. In order to valorize the wild phytogenetic resources for the efficient in situconservation and sustainable use in sudano-zambezian region, a study was carried out in sudanian domainprovidingquantitative informations on the community structure and natural regeneration status of woody plant species.The study site is the eastern part of National Park of Sena Oura in Chad. Adults plants (trees and shrubs) were systématically collected in 10 linear transects (20 m x 1000 m). Juvenile plants (saplings and seedlings) weresystematically collected within 40 plots (20 m × 20 m). These plots were randomly stablished in the transects, at a rate of four plots per transect.In total, 84 adults plants species grouped in 58 genera and 29 families and 66 juvenile plants species grouped in 45 genera and 27 families were inventoried. Bell andreverse J-shaped patterns of selected woody species were identified.The stand regeneration status wasgood.The stand regeneration rate were SRR = 52.29% and Hymenocardia acida (SIR = 17.95%), Combretum collinum (SIR = 14.12%), Annona senegalensis (SIR = 6.67%) and Isoberlinia doka (SIR = 6.22%) had the most important specific index of regeneration. The specific structures showed that the structure of the total stand is the result of the dynamics of all species and their interactions.The global stand regeneration status was good.The obtained results provided quantitative informations on the community structure and natural regeneration status of woody plant species for the efficient conservation and sustainable use.

Prevalence of Microbial Loads on Betel Leaf with Special emphasis on Multidrug Resistance Salmonella spp and its Public Health Implications

Najmun Nahar, Sapan Das, Abu Sufian, Md. Khairul Islam, Humaira Akter

Presence of pathogen especially Salmonella spp in the Betel leaves suspended export of Betel leaf in Europe. Bangladesh has a subtropical monsoon so the present study was undertaken to determine Microbial loads of Betel leaf on the basis of seasonal variation (rainy and winter season). A total of 50 Betel leaf samples were collected from five sources (betel field, transport, whole seller, local shop, betel leaf washing water used in local shop Highest TVC (total viable count) were counted from local shop sample (5.3X 105CFU/ml) and the lowest TVC was found from field sample (2.5X 103 CFU/ml). This study results showed that during rainy season (July-October) TVC count was higher than winter season (November-February). From this study 10 genera of bacteria, were isolated from betel leaf such as E.coli, Vibrio spp, Bacillus spp ,Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus spp, Enterococcus spp and Proteus spp) and 5 genera of fungus (e.g. Aspergillus spp , Fusarium spp, Rhizopus spp, Zygosaccharomyces spp and Rhizoctonia spp )were isolated. Out of 184 isolates we found the following percentage of isolated microorganisms: 17.9% in betel leaf field, 19.5% in Transport, 19.5% in wholesaler, 28.8% in local shop and 14.3% in betel leaf washing water from local shop. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all of the isolates were resistant to Bacitracin, Penicillin, Vancomycin, Erythromycin and against other 5 antibiotics (Azithromycin, Gentamycin, Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol) isolates showed Resistant, Moderate and Sensitive Results.Data of this study suggest that Betel leaves from different source could harbor multidrug resistant bacteria specially Salmonella spp which underscore the need of implementation of hygienic practices during production, harvesting, transportation, storage, selling and preparation of Betel leaves to safeguard public health.

Status and Management of Cashew Disease in Tanzania

Dadili Japhet Majune, Peter Albert Masawe, Ernest Rashid Mbega

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)is one of the most important export cropsand the main source of cash income in the southern part of Tanzania. However it is challenged by a number of factors such as drought, declining soil fertility, un-improved low yielding cashew genotypes, insect pests and diseases. Of these factors, diseases have been cited to result in high production costs, poor nut quality and low market price. The most devastating diseases that attack cashew are powdery mildew, cashew leaf and nut blight, dieback and fusarium wilt.Other minor diseasesinclude anthracnose, damping off and leaf spots.Despite the negative role that these diseases possess to cashew growers, there is limited or no critical updated information on their current infection status and management in Tanzania. Thus, this review articlediscusses the status of the most important cashew diseases and their management options in the country. Such informationwill be vital to cashewfarmers and other stakeholdersin making appropriate improvements in cashew production in Tanzania.

Yields gap evaluation of wheat grown in Piedmont plain and Floodplain soils of Bangladesh through compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) norm

Mohammed Zia Uddin Kamal, Md. Dhin Islam, Md. Yunus Miah, Mohammad Saiful Alam

Mineralnutrient stress is one of the major yield gap factors, especially in floodplain and piedmont plain soil. The compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) provides a plant nutrient imbalance index in statistical distribution patterns, which is important for adjusting the soil-plant systems specific fertilization for maintaining sustainable soil fertility. This study calculated the CND norms of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and identified optimum wheat yield target of high-yielding subpopulation in farmers’ fields. It also categorized the most yield limiting nutrient(s) for wheat grown. Popular high-yielding wheat was grown in 62 farmers’ fields, maintaining farmers’ nutrient management plan (FP) and improved nutrient management plan (INM). Nutrient composition analysis was done from 62 young foliar composite samples, collected at 7th leaves stage (vegetative stage).The CND generic model gave 3.47 Mg ha–1 as minimum cutoff yield of the high-yield subpopulation. Nitrogen was identified as the core yield limiting nutrient for wheat in piedmont and floodplain soils. However, the yield limiting nutrients for wheat grown in the studied are were established the following series: N > S > K, Mg >P, Ca and Mn >Fe >B >Zn respectively. The CND generic model, allowed us to suggest thatN, P, K, Mn, B were the factors discriminating high- from low–yielding subpopulation in piedmont plain and floodplain soils of Bangladesh.

Local Knowledge and the Adoption of Science Knowledge in Cocoa Cultivation Community in East Kolaka Regency

Ine Fausayana, Ihlas Landu, La Nalefo, Anas Nikoyan

This study aims to analyze the existence of local farming knowledge by cacao farmers community and their integration with science knowledge from outside.The results showed that local knowledge in cacao cultivation is based on customs and traditions as well as the insistence of family life which has been the custom of farmers and then processes through repetitions which then form a farming experience. Science knowledge in cacao cultivation is formed based on the response to the decline in productions and user preferences and the inovation in farming technology which is introduced to users through technology transfer by researchers, extension agents and plantation assistants. The acceleration of technological innovation by the government was not followed by the speed and utilization of science knowledge by cacao farmers, and the weaknesses are in the delivery subsystem and the recipient subsystem. It takes a continuous bridge between research institutions as suppliers of science technology/ knowledge with their users, so that the resulting science knowledge is guaranteed to be followed by users on an ongoing basis.

Kinetic Modelling of Vitamin C Degradation in Selected Fruits under Market Storage Conditions

Nkwocha A.C., Ekeke I.C., Kamalu C.I.O., Oghome P.I., Osoka E.C., Nkuzinna O.C.

The degradation kinetics of vitamin C in three fruits namely; orange, banana and apple under different market storage conditions prevalent in Nigeria were investigated. Orange and banana samples were stored in sacks and open air at ambient conditions, while open air and refrigerator were used for apple samples. Storage was for 6 days duration. .Iodometric titration was used to determine vitamin C content of the fruits on a daily basis. Regression analysis was employed to fit the variations in vitamin C concentration in the different samples with time, to three kinetic models, to determine which model best describes the degradation trend. Results showed that vitamin C concentration in all the fruit samples reduced over time following zero order kinetics. Kinetic studies obtained the following degradation rate constants: orange 0.44g.L-1.s-1 and 0.29 g.L-1.s-1, for sack and open air storage respectively, banana 0.316 g.L-1.s-1 and 0.264 g.L-1.s-1, for sack and open air, and apple 0.122 g.L-1.s-1 and 0.188 g.L-1.s-1, for refrigerated and open air respectively. The study indicated that with respect to vitamin C retention, open air storage is preferable to sack for oranges and bananas while apples are preferably stored in refrigerator.

Coping Behaviours of Frontline Extension Workers in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria

O.O Ekumankama

The study determined the coping behaviours exhibited by Akwa Ibom State Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) extension workers in the bid to ease their job-related tension. The study also highlighted the relationship between selected personal characteristic and coping behaviours of the extension personnel. Data for the study were obtained from 88 respondents who were randomly selected. Mean score, and correlation statistic were the statistical tools employed in analyzing the data. The findings show that the extension agents (BESs) in Akwa Ibom State ADP dealt rarely with the job-related tension by using many of the coping behavioural variables such as talking with friends, spouse and relatives, involvement in religious activities, seeking professional help among others respectively. Level of formal education, household size, and extension experience of EAs were strong predicators of coping behaviours. Age and extension experience of BEAs and BESs were significantly associated with coping behaviours. It was concluded that the socio-economic characteristics of the extension agents influenced their coping behavior. Necessary recommendations such as improving extension agents’ education and working experience as well as constant training for capacity enhancement were made among others.

Cocoa Pod Husk Biochar Reduce Watering Frequency and Increase Cocoa Seedlings Growth

Biochar amount applied in the growing soil medium may decrease water use of cocoa seedling during dry season and hence may increase water use efficiency, thus a polybag experiment was carried out in the Glasshouse Agricultural Faculty, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia in 2016to evaluate the effect of cocoa pod husk (CPH) biochar and watering frequencies on growth of cocoa seedlings.The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with seven cacao pod husk (CPH) biochar levels (without CPH biochar, 3 g CPH biochar kg-1 soil, 6 g CPH biochar kg-1 soil, 9 g CPH biochar kg-1 soil, 12 g CPH biochar kg-1 soil, 15 g CPH biochar kg-1 soil dan 18 g CPH biochar kg-1 soil) and three watering frequencies ( every two days, every four days and every six days) in three replications. Results showed that CPH biochar and watering frequency significantly influenced soil moisture. The rate of CPH biochar amendment determined watering frequency and cocoa seedling growth rate. CPH biochar improved cocoa seedling growth and reduced watering frequency. Cocoa seedlings treated with 9 g CPH biochar kg-1 soil and 60 g CPH biochar kg-1 soil with every six days of WF increased WUE by 208.8% and 262.22%, respectively, compared to no biochar application.

Crude glycerol in the diets of the juveniles ofAmazon catfish(female Pseudoplatystoma punctifer x male Leiarius marmoratus)

This research aimed to determine the best inclusion level of crude glycerol in the diet of the Amazon catfish (Pintado), through zootechnical performance, body composition, metabolic profile and histopathology. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Morphophysiology and Biochemistry of Neotropical Fishes of the Federal University of Tocantins. There was used 150 juvenilles of pintado, these with initial weight of 6,83 ± 1,11 (g) and 10,06 ± 0,57 (cm) lenght in a completely randomised design, with 3 replications (10 animals in each one). They were fed with five diets containing increasing levels of glycerol (0 g kg-1, 50 g kg-1, 75 g kg-1, 100 g kg-1, and 125 g kg-1) during 90 days (30 days of adaption and 60 experimental days). The indexes were evaluated and they did not present statistical difference between each other, except for the specific growth rate, which showed a moderate linear behavior and muscular glycogen that at the level of 125 g kg-1 presented a lower concentration compared with the control diet (0 g kg-1). Regarding histology, the crude glycerin did not cause significant hepatic and renal changes in the referred specie, since the alterations found in the two tissues were considered lesions that did not compromise the functioning of the organ or that are reversible. Finally, it was indicated that the juveniles of Amazon Pintado are able to metabolize the crude glycerin up to 100 g kg-1level.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Peronosclerospora sorghi isolates of Sorghum in Uganda

Sorghum is the third most important staple cereal crop in Uganda after maize and millet. Downy mildew disease is one of the most devastating fungal diseases which limits the production and productivity of the crop. The disease is caused by an obligate fungus, Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston & Uppal) with varying symptoms. Information on the genetic diversity and population structure of P.sorghi in sorghum is imperative for the screening and selection for resistant genotypes and further monitoring possible mutant(s) of the pathogen. Isolates of P. sorghi infecting sorghum are difficult to discriminate when morphological descriptors are used. The use of molecular markers is efficient, and reliably precised for characterizing P. sorghi isolates. This study was undertaken to assess the level of genetic diversity and population structure that exist in P. sorghi isolates in Uganda. A total of 195 P. sorghi isolates, sampled from 13 different geographic populations from 10 different regions (agro-ecological zones) was used. Eleven (11) molecular markers, comprising of four Random amplified microsatellite (RAM) and seven (7) Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers were used in this study. The analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) based on 11 microsatellite markers showed significant (P < 0.001) intra-population (88.9 %, PhiPT = 0.111) and inter-population (8.4 %, PhiPR = 0.083) genetic variation, while the genetic variation among regions (2.7 %, PhiRT = 0.022) was not significant. The highest genetic similarity value (0.987 = 98.7 %) was recorded between Pader and Lira populations and the lowest genetic similarity (0.913 = 91.3 %) was observed between Namutumba and Arua populations. The mean Nei’s genetic diversity index (H) and Shannon Information Index (I) were 0.308 and 0.471 respectively. Seven distinct cluster groups were formed from the 195 P. sorghi isolates based on their genetic similarity. Mantel test revealed no association between genetic differentiation and geographical distance (R2 = 0.0026, p = 0.02) within the 13 geographic populations.

Causes and Measures for Controlling Loan Default among Agricultural Cooperatives in Bune State, Nigeria

Agada S.G., Iheanacho A.C., Ogbanje E.C

The studies analyzed the causes and measures for controlling loan default among agricultural co-operatives in Benue State of Nigeria. Data were collected from 130 respondents using structured questionnaire, and was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result shows that factors responsible for loan default were classified into Institutional, Client-related, Geo-economical, and Market related factors. Late disbursement of (92.31%), lack of loan monitoring (76.92%), inadequate loan appraisals (69.23%), and lack of clear cut policy on lending (69.23) were the institutional factors responsible for loan default. Lack of integrity (80.77%), poor business practice (78.46%), and loan diversion (50.0%) were client-related factors. Death of client (70.77%), economic downturn (55.38%), and natural calamity (52.31%) were geo-economic factors, while, lack of market information (81.54%), market location (49.23%) and wrong economic decision (40.77) were market related factors. The result also showed that obtaining information on borrowers’ integrity (92.23%), and training of borrowers on the terms and conditions (82.54%) were main measures to control loan default in the study area. Information on client integrity, and training of borrowers on terms and condition of loan before loan are granted were found to be best measures to control loan default. It was recommended that sound and flexible lending policies measures which must be reviewed frequently by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Co-operatives (BAAC) be put in place in order to curtail bureaucracies involved in the management approvals and disbursement of agricultural loan should be formulated. This will ensure early disbursement of funds to co-operative members.

Climate change and dynamic of lands occupation at the hippopotamus pond biosphere reserve in Burkina Faso

Nabaloum M., Belem M., DA D.E.C

In Africa, forest cover and timber resources experienced a sharp decline, especially in the last thirty years. Burkina Faso has experienced major droughts, especially from1965-1966to 1991-1992 and 1994 – 1995 with serious impact on agriculture, water resources and natural vegetation as well as the indirect consequences on health, economy and institutions. The forests are located in areas dominated by subsistence production agricultural and many herds of cattle. The growing needs for firewood leads to anarchic cuts causing the deterioration of forest genetic resources. The Biosphere Reserve of “Mare aux hippopotames (RBMH)” although its International statute knows these phenomena. The study aims generally to contribute to an assessment of the impacts of climate change on the lands occupation of the Biosphere reserve. The specific objectives are: i) understand the perception of the people on climate change and its effects; (ii) study the dynamics of lands occupation in the RBMH and iii) Identify the causes of decline of ecosystems. The approach consisted in a diachronic analysis to assess the dynamics of lands occupation and semi structured interviews to collect the effects and manifestations of climate change with60 men and 40 women from 10 villages of the RBMH.A list of 29 climate resiliencehas beencited by all the villages. The incidence of disease is the largest followed by the lack of drinking water and drought; floods, overload work and drought are the most severe. Our results could contribute to take actions coping with climate change and variability.

Tnyafar: Women, Livelihoods Strategy in Selaru Island, West Southeast Maluku District

Junianita Fridianova Sopamena, August Ernst Pattiselanno

Tnyafar as local wisdom is closely related to women as a regulator of family income strategy. Through tnyafar women express alternatives to meet the needs of families in a variety of conditions, both social, economic, and physical environment. One of the strategies undertaken in tnyafar concept is to do farming activities with a variety of food crops, plantation crops, even developed a special food crops currently facing food emergencies also utilization of coastal areas for seaweed commodities. Thus, women have demonstrated the role of implementing farming activities had even surpassed conception of agroforestry is known so far. Therefore, at this time the role of women not only dominant in the domestic area, but be extended to cover public areas.

Pesticidal Effects of Extracts from Hyptis suaveolens and Hyptis spicigera on Cowpea Weevils

Sekyere Paul Appiah, Mbatchou Valentine Chi, Dickson Adom, Felix Ayisi Asiedu

This experimental research was conducted with the view of determining the effectiveness of Hyptis suaveolens and Hyptis spicigera extracts on cowpea seeds in deterring the feeding habit and life span of cowpea weevils. Masses of 400 and 500 grammes of pulverized samples of the two plants, Hyptis suaveolens and Hyptis spicigera were separately extracted by percolation with 2200 millilitres of 95% ethanol respectively. The percolates were evaporated to dryness at room temperature to give crude extracts of both plants which were each subjected to a partition process. Soluble solvent extracts of the two plants were applied on cowpea seeds and subjected to cowpea weevils by two-choice feeding deterrent method. The chloroform soluble extracts were found to be most active extracts of both plants with the least percentage consumption indices and higher percentage mortalities. This was a clear indication that these chloroform soluble extracts contained most of the toxic component(s) of the plants which can be used to protect cowpea seeds to some period of time. The study tasks the Ministry of Food and Agriculture to consider providing funding and further research into the use of the pesticides from these plant extracts to maintain the buoyancy of biodiversity as well as the environment in Ghana.

Assessment of Productive Potential of Peanut Varieties (Arachis hypogaea L.) from the Bulgarian Breeding Program and Opportunities for Genetical Improvement

Bogdan Bonchev, Nikolaya Velcheva, Stanislav Stamatov

The study was conducted in the experimental field of IPGR Sadovo in the period 2016-2017. Three peanut varieties type Valencia from the Bulgarian breeding program: Kalina, Kremena and Tsvetelina, are morphologically assessed. The aim of the study is to establish the possibility of genetic control over indicators directly related to productivity. The influence of the variety, the impact of the climate and the growing conditions, as well as the effect of the two factors on gynophores number, the fruit number and their weight were investigated. The relations between the studied signs are clarified. The components of the variation, phenotypic and genotypic variance are evaluated. The genetic progress and the genetic progress as a percentage of the mean are defined. The results show that the conditions of the environment are the strongest sources of variation for the studied signs. The gynophores number and the fruit number per plant are in direct positive relation to the fruit weight per plant as an element of the yield. In the studied components of the yield there is no possibility for genetic control. Their manifestation depends on applied agro-technology and the meteorological conditions. The future breeding work for obtaining high-yield peanut varieties requires finding out signs indirectly related to increasing the fruit weight per plant and possessing genetic control.

Pesticide evaluation in water, sediment and in oyster shells (Crassostrea rhizophorae) in the Manzanillo- Niquero coastal area, Cuba

Occasionally pesticides have been used excessively for the pest control in agriculture, and many of these compounds become toxic for living organisms, including man. Adjacent lands to Guacanayabo gulf, Cuba, show an important use in agriculture, mainly in rice due to the contribution of fluvial waters from several hydrographical basins. The coastal area from Manzanillo to Niquero, Granma province, is the habitat of commercial shrimps, oysters and fish. The objective of the study was to determine in that region the presence of chemical residues from pesticides in the waters, sediments and shells of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding (1828), as indicators of contamination. Samplings were carried out in maximum rainfall months. Besides samples for pesticide determination by gas chromatography, hydrology was studied, and there were carried out surveys (85 farmers) to know about pesticide types, dose and application frequency per crop, for conceptual analysis of the study objective. Results indicate a non-affectation by chemical residues of pesticides in any of the evaluated matrixes; and satisfactory quality of the waters for fishing use according to the used hydrological indicators. Ignorance exists on the farmer part on the application and dose of these chemical products, and recommendations are offered on pesticide use to prevent future impacts on the ecosystems.

Assessing dynamics and productivity of tropical natural forest using permanent plots: case study of mounts kouffÃ¨ and warimaro forests reserve.

Salifou E., HouÃ¨tchÃ©gnon T., Gbemavo C., Akin Y., Ouinsavi C., Sokpon N.

The dynamic and productivity of natural reserves in Benin were assessed in the Mounts Kouffè and Wari Maro forest reserves on the basis of sixty circular permanents plots of 1000 m2 size each installed in 2006. The factorial correspondences analysis of the based on a matrix of 60 records and 81species. Four different plants community were discriminated: - dry woodland of Diospyros mespiliformis and Anogeïssus leïocarpa - woodland of Pterocarpus erinaceus and Isoberlinia doka - Wooded savanna of Vitellaria paradoxa and Burkea africana - Shrub savanna of Vitellaria paradoxa ans Isoberlinia doka The specific richness of individualized plant communities varies between 42 and 75 species. The Shannon index values calculated (dbh≥10cm) ranged between 1.25 and 4.66 bits; those of Pielou evenness ranged between 0.24 and 0.87. The diameter size classes distribution is best adjusted to Weibul three parameter function and showed a left skewed distribution. Trees basal area decreased by 0.80 m²/ha/year for the dry woodland and 0.25 m²/ha/year for the woodland while the one of wooded and shrub savanna increased by 0.50 m²/ha/year. The density of trees decreased by 120 trees/ha for dry woodland and by 108 trees/ha for woodland over the last five years. The diameter of individuals of average basal area has increased by 2.1 cm for dry woodland. 3.95cm for woodland. 2.8cm for Wooded savanna and 3.09cm for shrub savanna. The minimum exploitable diameter (MED) of 45cm allowed for 50% of Anogeïssus leïocarpa and Isoberlinia doka basal area reconstitution while this MED allowed for 75% of Diospyros mespiliformis reconstitution.

Forage Introduction to Support Development of Cattle in Sangkub District

Farmers in SangkubDistrict develop cattle as a source of income, so the government seeks to give serious attention to its development.The problem is there are constrains in its development, one of them related to feed.This research has been conducted with the aim to know how far the availability of feed for cattle.The research method used is survey method, with the respondents amounted to 15 farmers determined by purposive sampling ie farmers belonging to the group, the development of science and technology for the region.Data analysis used is descriptive analysis.The results showed the ownership of cattle by each farmer ranged from 2-6 tail with a total of 43 tails.The results showed ownership by each farmers ranged from 2-6 cattle to a total of 43 cattle.Cattle have the potential to be developed in terms of available resources. However, the food consumed is the grass that grows wild and corn waste.This is due to high quality forage, not yet available continuously.Knowledge of farmers about quality feed is still low, so the introduction of feed has been done by the team. Based on results of the research can be concluded that the introduction of cattle feed has been done and responded well by farmers. Suggestions submitted, need to socialize about the development of forage with business orientation and environmentally friendly.

Future Turtle Management: Opportunities for Habitat Restoration Governance in East Java, Indonesia

Rudianto, Gatut Bintoro

Turtles are species that lived on earth since millions of years ago, and are capable of annual migration, within thousands of kilometres between feeding areas and laying places. The current condition of turtles in Indonesia is threatened with extinction due to the uncontrollable exploitation of turtles and eggs. It is caused by greedy human behaviour. Turtles are protected by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia number 31 of 2004, although sea turtle conservation programme have been encouraged by the recent discovery of important new nestling beaches. The method used for future turtle management opportunities for habitat restoration governance is to use descriptive analysis. The current turtle management analysis was conducted with a literature review of various field and laboratory studies at the representative sites assessed for Indonesia. The results showed that turtle populations experienced a decline caused by turtle slaughter and harvesting of turtle eggs that led to turtle extinction. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the habitat of turtle habitat restoration which not only covers the technical aspect of captive breeding, but also covers the aspect of perfection of laws and regulations, economic and institutional aspects and community participation.

Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), excellent source of phytochemicals

Borah R, Biswas S. P.

Ocimum sanctum also known as Tulsi or Holybasil is an aromatic plant and it belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It is widely used as medicine to cure various ailments. The objective of the study was to analyse different phytochemical components of tulsi leaf. The dried powder of Tulsi (50g) was placed in the thimble of Soxhlet apparatus and the experiment was done separately for methanol, ethanol and distilled water. The percentage yield was 8%w/w,7%w/w, and 5%w/w respectively. The study reveals that various secondary metabolites such as carbohydrate, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, glycoside, terpenoid, fatty acids and phenol are present in tulsi leaf extract. From the quantitative analysis it was found that high amount of phenols are present in Tulsi leaf ranging from 1.6 to 7.6 percentages. Consequently the amount of alkaloid and flavonoids ranged from 0.91 to 1.28 and 1.56 to 2.24 percentages respectively. From the GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract three compounds were identified as major constituents viz., Eugenol , Benzene, 1, 2-dimethoxy- 4- (2- propenyl), α - Farnesene and Cyclohexane, 1, 2, 4- triethenyl. Thesephyto-chemicals are known to possess antiseptic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antistress, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, hypotensive and antioxidant properties. Hence it is more beneficial to use tulsi asan herbal medicine as compare to chemically synthesized drug.

Agricultural and biomedical application of Silver Nanoparticles synthesized by Halimeda gracilis Harvey ex J. Agardh

Suparna Roy, P. Anantharaman

The present work is focused on the biosynthesis of the Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of the green seaweed Halimeda gracilis. The visible colour change indicated the biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and the specific peak produced within the UV-Vis spectrum confirmed the biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. The possible functional groups were identified with Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy. The morphological characterization of biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles was done by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Dynamic light scattering measurements and Zeta potential. The average size distribution of Ag-Nanoparticles were 295.9 (d.nm) and fairly stable with a zeta potential value of -28.6 mV. The size of biosynthesized Ag-Nanoparticles was also measured with X-ray diffraction assay. Due to agglomeration, the size difference of biosynthesized Ag-Nanoparticles in case of SEM and EDX occurred. The biosynthesized Ag-Nanoparticles were assayed for their antibacterial activity against some human pathogens and for their potential on seed germination of Abelmoschus esculentus and Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus. The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized Ag Nanoparticles was the highest against Proteus mirabilis (2.33±0.2 cm), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, (1±0.0 cm). The effect of biosynthesized Ag-Nanoparticles on the seed germination of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus was excellent as the germination rate was 100 percent for Ag-Nanoparticles treated seeds, which was better than normal seaweed extract and seaweed liquid fertilizer treated seeds. The seed germination was also good for Abelmoschus esculentus with the treatment of seaweed mediated Ag-Nanoparticles as germination rate was 60 percent. This work proved that seaweed synthesized Ag-Nanoparticles are Phyto-friendly in nature and in future nano-bio fertilizer may be used as the growth promoter and eco-friendly Nano-bio-fertilizer.

Effect of some biocontrol agents against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race2)

Gitanjali Devi, L.C.Bora

Culture filtrate of four rhizospheric fungi and four biocontrol agents were studied in vitro for their efficacy against Meloidogyne incognita race 2. The per cent mortality and egg hatching inhibition was proportional to the concentration of culture filtrate and the duration of exposure period. Culture filtrates of Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. significantly induced inhibition of egg hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita race 2.The highest percentage of inhibition of egg hatching and juvenile mortality was recorded in Trichoderma harzianum followed by Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma sp.

Influence of Various Concentration of Aral Sea Salt on Germination of Seeds and Morphometric Characteristics of Agricultural Groups

This article presents the results of studies of the chemical composition of the salt of the Small Aral Sea and their phytotoxicity for agricultural crops. The high toxicity of salts with a high content of chloride ions is established. They cause changes in the morphometric parameters of plants. The tested plant species differ in their response to the action of high concentrations of salts.

The Effect of Methanotrophic Bacteria Application on Paddy Growth and Methane Emission in Rainfed Rice of Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Rizki Adiputra Taopan, Iman Rusmana, Dwi Andreas Santosa

Rice productivity in province of East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) is low due to the soil condition. One of the rice-producing regency in ENT is Kupang Regency with rainfed rice type. Paddy fields have also become a major source of methane emissions (CH4) as one of important greenhouse gases. This research aims to know the effect of methanotrophic bacteria application on paddy growth and methane emission at rainfed rice. Bacteria that used is Methylocystisrosea BGM 1, Methylobacter sp. SKM 14, Methylocystispalvus BGM 3 and Methylococcuscapsulatus BGM 9. This research used completely random design with threatment: (1) NPK 100% (P1), (2) NPK 50% (P2), (3) without fertilizer (P3), (4) NPK 100% + methanotrophic (P4), NPK 50% + methanotrophic (P5), and methanotrophic bacteria (P6). Gas sampling using closed chamber method.The application of methanotrophic bacteria increased the rice production. Treatment NPK 50% + methanotrophic (P5) from that rice field produced 7.0 t ha-1dry grain weight and methanotrophic bacteria treatment without NPK (P6) with improved 6.6 t ha-1dry grain weight, higher than controls of 4.9 ha-1 dry grain weight without any addition of synthetic fertilizer.The inoculation of methanotrophic bacteria increase rice production of 1.7 t ha-1.Result of methane flux measurement showed that application of methanotrophic bacteria may decrease methane emission in treatment of 100% NPK + methanotrophic (P4) (30 DAP) and treatment of 50% NPK + methanotrophic (P5) (60 DAP), -6.27 mg/m2/d and -23.87 mg/m2/d, respectively.

Effects of micronutrient and spacing on growth and chlorophyll content of rice

Md. Dhin Islam, Md.Yunus Miah, Mohammed Zia Uddin Kamal, Nishat Farhana

An experiment was carried out at the research field of the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU).There were four nutrient treatments i.e., E1= NPKS recommended dose; E2= NPKS + Zn 5 Kg ha-1; E3= NPKS + Zn (5 Kg ha-1) + B (3 Kg ha-1) E4= NPKS + Zn (5 Kg ha-1) + B (3 Kg ha-1) + Mo (2 Kg ha-1) and three spacing S1= 20 x 10 cm2; S2 = 20 x 15 cm2 and S3 = 20 x 20 cm2.Micronutrient and spacing combined had a distinct positive response in crop growth attributes and chlorophyll content of rice. The tallest plant height (147.0 cm) and root length (13.50 cm) highest panicle length (22.56 cm) was attained in the treatment E2S3 but the maximum tillers per hill (14.95) and effective panicle per hill (14.17) were recorded in treatment E2S2. Physiological parameter i.e., LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, total chlorophyll content of rice also responded significantly and the appropriate combination was E4S2treatment. Based on vegetative growth, physiological parameters and yield attributes the treatment combination E4S2 showed the best performance.

Rearing of all Male Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fingerlings with Chicken Manure and Mixture of Chicken Manure and Commercial Diet in Fibre Glass Tank

A. F. Yakubu, T.E. Adams

Mono-sex population of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were collected from Nigerian Institute for oceanography and Marine Research Sapele station Hatchery and acclimatized for a week and randomly stocked at density of 300 fish/tank in nine fibre glass tank. The fingerling were fed daily 800h and 1600h with three different types of feed (Dry chicken manure, mixture of chicken manure and commercial diet, and commercial (coppens) only. Each treatment was replicated three times. The water quality parameters are within tolerant limit. The growth response in all the treatment wee generally satisfactory. Though treatment T3 Tanks fed with commercial diet only (coppens) had better growth performance compared with treatment T2 and T1, chicken manure and mixture of chicken manure and commercial diet respectively. The results demonstrate the feasibility of rearing all male tilapia (O. niloticus) fingerlings in fiber glass tanks.

Extending Shelf-life of Different Cut-flowers under Cold Room Conditions

Dr. Parag Babaji Jadhav

Uniform and healthy Rose cv. ‘Dutch’; Gerbera cv. ‘Lexington’; Gladiolus cv. ‘Top Secrate’; Tuberose cv. ‘Bizet’ and Carnation cv. ‘Liberty’ were used for the study in September 2016. Cut flowers were harvested at 7.00 am at proper stage, transported within 1.30 hours by AC car to the Agricultural Research Laboratory of Ecofrost Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Pune and then immediately prepared for post-harvest treatment and storage. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of different storage conditions, i.e. room and cold storage conditions (10°C + 93 % RH) on the longevity of the cut flowers. The two treatments viz., holding flowers at room temperature (RT) (T1) and at cold room conditions (T2), were replicated twice. The result showed that keeping cut-flowers at cold storage in a holding-solution of tap water recorded the maximum storage-life (days) compared to room conditions.

Study on different potato continuous cropping ways on rhizosphere soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Zhou Shaomeng, Zheng Shunlin, Long Wenjing, Wang Peipei, Zhang Qin, Yuan Jichao

To address the problem of food security, China produced potatoes as a staple food in 2015.However, there are increasing problems with continuous cropping production methods, potato continuous cropping has been inevitable.So it is necessary to research under the different potato continuous cropping ways, potato rhizosphere soil nutrients and enzyme activities which can direct potato fertilizer and ease potato continuous cropping obstacle. A two-growing season investigation was carried out during the spring and autumn of 2014 and 2015 to determine the different ways of potato continuous cropping on the overall growth of potatoes, soil nutrients, and enzyme activities. During continuous cropping nitrogen (N) content of rhizosphere soil was reduced; available potassium (Kav) was significantly reduced(p≤5%), especially in spring and autumn continuous cropping; and total phosphorus (Ptot) was reduced during the growth stage. However, the total potassium (Ktot), available phosphorus(Pav), and organic carbon (Ctot) increased before they decreased. For rhizosphere soil enzyme activities, urease initially increased and then decreased, and was lower in continuous cropping than multiple continuous cropping; in spring of 2015, invertase was the highest with continuous cropping. Catalase and polyphenol oxidase decreased initially before increasing. Continuous cropping in spring and autumn consumed more nutrients, especially potassium (K) than in spring. Therefore, potatoes planted in both spring and autumn enhanced the problems of continuous cropping. However, multiple continuous cropping that eased rhizosphere soil nutrient absorption and effectively improves soil nutrients and enzyme activities could provide an effective method for managing the negative impacts associated with continuous cropping.

Effect of peak performance nutrients on soil chemical properties and nutrient uptake by rice (oryza sativa L.)

The effects of peak performance nutrient (PPN) in combination with different fertilizer doses on soil properties and nutrient uptake by rice were investigated in a field experiment from seedling to maturity during the period of July to November 2014 in T. aman season. The experiment comprised of twelve treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were: T1: Control (no fertilizer and no PPN), T2: 100 % recommended dose of NPK, T3: 100 % NPK + PPN, T4:0 % RD +PPN only, T5: 75 % N + 100 % PK+PPN, T6: 50 % N + 100 % PK+PPN, T7: 75 % P+100 % NK + PPN, T8: 50 %P + 100 % NK + PPN, T9: 75 % K+ 100 % NP + PPN, T10: 50 % K + 100 % NP + PPN, T11:75 % NPK+ PPN, T12: 50% NPK+PPN. Experimental results reveal that the highest nutrient uptake (N and K) uptake by rice grain and straw was recorded in the treatment T7. However, P uptake by rice grain and straw were higher in treatment T3 that was statistically similar with treatment T7. Initial and postharvest soil sample analysis indicated that most of the studied soil properties including soil pH and organic matter contents were increased in T7. Therefore, the treatment combination PPN along with 75 % P+100 % NK (T7) was found to be more suitable compared to other treatment combinations for improving soil quality as well as enhancing nutrient uptake by rice. Thus peak performance nutrient (PPN) showed a positive response both on improvement of soil health as well as nutrient uptake by the crop.

Comparative Quality Evaluation of Oven-Roasted and Honey-Coated Cashew (Anarcadium occidentale, L.) Nut produced using Locally Fabricated Cashew Nut Processing Machine in Nigeria

Olalekan-Adeniran M. A., Ogunwolu S. O.

— Raw cashew nuts were processed to obtain cashew kernels. Part of the kernels was roasted using mud oven while another part was honey coated and dried. The two samples were subjected to chemical, microbial and sensory analysis to compare their quality attributes. Differences were observed in some chemical compositions of the two samples; moisture content value of the oven roasted kernel was significantly (p

Inventorization of Abandoned Mines and quarry Pits in Taraba State, Nigeria

Ahmed Y.M., Oruonye E.D.

Although there have been so many studies on mining activities and their environmental impacts over the years, it is only recently that the issues of mine closure and rehabilitation have been included in mining discourse as contained in the Minerals and Mining Act 2007. Abandoned mine pits and their associated mine features constitute significant risk and environmental hazards to local communities and the natural ecosystem. This study undertook inventorization of abandoned mine sites in the state and classify the extent to which they negatively impact on the environment. This will facilitate screening of the abandoned mine sites in the state for reclamation and rehabilitation. Field identification of sites and assessment of mine features was carried out. Field assessment include measurement of mine pits dimension, quantity, volume, surface area, distance using GPS and description of the types of materials or products removed from the site. Physical hazard assessment approach was adopted. A hazard ranking system, or prioritization index (PI), was used to prioritize the mine site for reclamation and rehabilitation. The study listed 189 abandoned mine and quarry sites and visited 105 sites for detailed study. The study identified 8 abandoned mine sites that falls within the high risk hazard that were ranked for prioritization and reclamation. Most of the mining and quarry sites were abandoned as a result of communal conflicts, lack of modern equipment, inability to acquire licence and too much water in mine pond. The study recommends the need to enforce mining regulations and initiate the process of reclamation of the abandoned mine sites to reduce the dangers posed to host communities.

Influence of Different Energy-Proteins on Performance and Blood Hematological on Three Types of Local Chicken

Indonesia is rich in germplasm, including local chickens. Three types of superior local chickens are Sentul-Warso Chicken, Chicken Kampung-Unggul, and Chicken Local-Jimy. Chickens are relatively diverse growth and nutrient needs are also variations, especially energy and protein content. The research has been conducted at Test Farm cage, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Padjadjaran, Sumedang, and West Java-Indonesia. The objective of the study was to determine the energy-protein requirements of the ration, which resulted in the highest production performance and optimal hematologic blood values in three types of local chickens (Sentul-Warso Chicken, Chicken Kampung-Unggul, and Chicken Local-Jimy). Research using experimental method in laboratory. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design, consisting of five treatment rations with different energy and protein levels and each repeated four times. The treatment consisted of: R1 = EM 2750 kcal / kg and PK 15%; R2 = EM 2750 kcal / kg and PK 17%; R3 = EM 2750 kcal / kg and PK 19%; R4 = EM 2950 kcal / kg and PK 15%; and R5 = EM 2950 kcal / kg and PK 17%. The data were analyzed by means of variation and the differences between treatments were tested with Duncan Multiple Range Test. The result showed that ration with metabolic energy content 2,750 kcal / kg and 17% crude protein resulted in optimal production and hematological blood value in local chicken. The performance of Chicken-Jimy's production is higher than Sentul-Warso chicken and the lowest Kampung-Unggul chicken. The hematological value of chicken blood is in the normal range.

Prebiotics(BAS) (Bacillus sp., Aspergillus n., and Sacharomyces c.) as Feed Supplement on Nutrients and its Effects on Digestibility Value of Fish Feed

Kiki HAETAMI, Abun, Yuniar MULYANI

Feed quality shown from level of digestibility can affect fish growth.Some of omnivorous fish have complete digestive organs as a place to live abiotic and biotic ecosystems in the form of living microflora. Growth performance can be improved through the addition of exogenous microflora as feed supplements to help produce simpler components of food substances (amino acids, fatty acids, simple sugars, organic vitamins and minerals). The microflora tested consisted of bacteria Bacillus sp. and fungi (Aspergillus niger and Saccharomycescereviseae) with optimization of its prebiotic bioprocess conditions (bioprocess temperature, inoculum dose, and bioprocess time). Furthermore, to see the quality and value of benefits of feed supplement products, measurements were taken of their digestibility.The experiment was carried out experimentally in a laboratory in two stages. The first stage, using a nested design (3×3) which was repeated three times. The second stage used a completely randomized design, consisting of six ration treatments and repeated four times. The variables observed in the first stage: nutrient content (crude protein, crude fibre, extract ether, calcium and phosphorus) of prebioticsBAS; second stage: digestibility of dry matter and crude protein.The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the differences between treatments were tested by Duncan's multiple range test.Conclussion: The following results were obtained the best bioprocess conditions for making PrebioticsBAS from Bacillus sp. was a dose of 2% with temperature of 45oC, and fermentation time 2 days, while Aspergillus niger 2% at a temperature of 35oCalong 2 days, and Saccharomyces cereviseae 2% with a temperature of 35oC, and fermentation time 2 days. The use of a mixture of three types of microbial each a much 1.5% in the ration, resulting in the best digestibility value in fish. The dry matter and crude protein digestibility valueof PrebioticsBAS were respectively 76.07%, and 75.28%.

Use of bioremediation for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from the soil: an overview

Large amount of organic and inorganic compounds are released constantly in the environment as a consequence of human activity and technological and industrial advancement. Environmental pollution by petroleum and petrochemicals, such as petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), is considered one of the most serious hazards today due to its worldwide distribution. Contamination by these pollutants causes degradation of global environment and a substantial reduction in biodiversity. In addition, a deep removal of the pollutants is often required to prevent their migration into the water, air and therefore threaten human health. In this way, the search for ecologically sustainable approaches to repair contaminated environments have been of great concern in society. Bioremediation is a technique, based on the metabolic activity of living organisms, which aims to reduce, degrade and/or remove contaminants from the marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It is a more economical and more efficient process to minimize waste, compared to the usual physical-chemical treatment methods. Historically, bioremediation has been used to restore environments polluted by PHCs, where microbial communities play a key role during this course, either by the direct degradation of pollutants or by interaction with other microorganisms. Finally, this review discusses about the soil contamination by PHCs, the role of living organisms in this mechanism and their recent application in bioremediation process.

Perceived Role of Agricultural Extension Services in Promoting Cooperative Entrepreneurship among Farmers in Ahiazu Mbaise Local Government Area, IMO State

Cooperative entrepreneurship avails participating entrepreneurs the opportunity to combine different skills and competencies to set up an enterprise. This study assessed the perceived roles of agricultural extension services in promoting cooperative entrepreneurship among farmers in Ahiazu Mbaise Local Government Area, Imo State. Data was collected from 120 respondents with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. Results revealed that farmers in the study area were engaged in different entrepreneurial activities. They perceived the roles of agricultural extension services as effective in promoting cooperative entrepreneurship with the provision of vocational/skill training; sanitation activities; provision of storage/processing facilities; procurement of agricultural input and information on credit sources. The perceived constraints militating against extension service delivery to the respondents were inadequate finding; lack of technical support and poor infrastructure in communities. It was recommended that government and non-governmental organizations should provide adequate funding and technical support to extension personnel to enable them deliver agricultural extension services geared at promoting cooperative entrepreneurship to farmers.

Effects of Household Waste Generation, Disposal and Management on Farmersâ€™ Health in Owerri Metropolis of IMO State, Nigeria

The study investigated the effects of household waste generation, disposal and management on farmers’ health in Owerri metropolis. It specifically ascertained the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, identified the types and sources of waste in the study area, examined the waste disposal and management methods in the study area examined the effects of inappropriate waste disposal and ascertained the appropriate waste disposal methods used in the study area. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select one hundred and eight farmers from the three Local Government Area in Owerri metropolis. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics tool such as mean, frequency, percentage, and mean scores. Results show that waste is majorly generated from markets and residential homes. Waste disposal methods were mainly burning, landfills and open dumping. Its effects includes destroys the beauty of the environment, blocks gutters and drainage system, pollutes the environment among others. Subsequently, appropriate waste disposal methods in the study area includes burning of waste (29.17%), placing of bins at appropriate places (16.07%). The study recommends amongst others that waste management environmental agency should make waste dumps or receptacles accessible to residents, public campaigns should be embarked upon to educate the citizens on ills of dirty environment.

Starch films for agronomic applications: comparative study of urea and glycerol as plasticizers

Florencia Versino, MarÃa Alejandra GarcÃa

This work aims to study the effects of urea, glycerol and their mixture as plasticizers for cassava starch films, regarding their impact on the material structure, water susceptibility, barrier and mechanical properties. All plasticizers were compatible with starch-based matrices, without detecting migration at the plasticizers level tested. In general water related properties were not affected. Plasticizer-polymer interactions as well as those involving water molecules were evidenced by ATR-FTIR spectra. Urea resulted the most efficient plasticizer, since it lowers glass transition temperature values and enhances mechanical properties. The co-plasticization of the starch films with glycerol and urea mixture resulted in poorer mechanical performance, though with higher light absorption which is relevant considering the potential film applications as mulching functionalized cover material.

Characterization, classification and suitability ratings of soils for rainfed rice production in Rukubi, Doma, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Kyat M. M, S. Idoga

Rice is an important annual crop in Nigeria. It is one of the major staples, which can provide a nation’s population with the nationally required food. The objectives of this study were to characterize, classify and determine the suitability ratings of some soils of Rukubi for rainfed rice production. All the soil units were deep (150 – 199 cm), unit III soils were well drained, while units I and II soils were somewhat poorly drained. The soils had textures ranging between sandy clay loam and clay loam. The soils were well structured (strong coarse sub-angular blocky). Soil reactions were slightly acid (pH 5.12 – 7.15 in H2O). The organic carbon content of the soils were moderately low to high (1.03 – 1.62 %) in the surfaces, while low in the sub-surface horizons (0.50 – 1.60 %). The total nitrogen was low at the surface horizons and ranged between 0.01 and 0.16 %. The soils were dominated by Ca and Mg with values varying from 1.10 – 4.021 cmol/kg and 0.05 – 3.89 cmol/kg respectively. The available phosphorus was relatively high in the surfaces (4.10 – 11.8 mg/kg), but, much lower in the sub-surfaces (14.15 – 9.85 mg/kg). The percentage base saturation of the soil ranged from 47 % to 98 %. Based on the physical and chemical characteristics, the soils of unit I 1were classified as TypicEndoaquepts/ AndicFluvisols; unit II was classified as EutricEndoaquepts/ AndicCambisols and unit III as ArenicEndoaquepts/ EutricFluvisols. The characteristics of the soil units were compared with the land requirements for rice production. On suitability rating, all of the soil units highly suitable for rainfed rice production.

Productivity of dwarf elephant grass (Penisetum purpureum cv. Mott) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) in Coconut-Beef Cattle Integrated Farming System (Coco-Beef IFS) in South Minahasa, Indonesia

Richard E.M.F. Osak, Selvie D. Anis, Agnitje Rumambi

This study as a phase I research was carried out on farm (in situ) in the farmer's coconut (Cocos nucifera) land with different designs every year. In this study, the treatments are dwarf elephant grass (Penisetum purpureum cv. Mott) planting and the use of organic fertilizer processed from cattle manure and coconut waste. The variables that become the parameters of technical productivity were measured in first year of three years of research, namely the amount of fresh forage production of dwarf elephant grass, the amount of nuts per coconut bunch, and the stocking rate of forage forages in coconut fields in the Coconut and Beef Cattle Integrated Farming System (Coco-Beef IFS). The results of the study as follows: (1) Productivity of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott in coconut field that has been fertilized with cattle manure based compost, produces the yield of fresh forage per year can reach 661,947.64 kg per hectare per year, then the stocking rate of grass Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott per hectare of land under coconut trees can be given to around 45.34 heads of adult cattle a year; and (2) Production of coconut (Cocos nucifera) around 7.88±2.44 nuts or in average about 8 nuts per bunch in land planted with Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott and fertilized with cattle manure-based compost. Coconut productivity is seen in two parameters (around the bunches and number of coconuts) in the first year of study is still low. The results of the influence of cattle manure-based compost fertilizer on several parameters of coconut productivity are expected to increase in the second or third year of research to be conducted later.

Dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) community structure across a forest- agriculture habitat ecotonein South Western Ghats

Thomas Latha, Thomas K. Sabu

Ecotones are zones of transition between biomes or ecosystems.Ecotones, natural or anthropogenic, can greatly affect insect community structure across habitats.Scarabaeinae dung beetles are ideal biological indicators that are used to study effects of habitat modification, fragmentation and edge effects on biodiversity. Dung beetle community structure across a forest-agriculture habitat ecotone in South Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspotin India was studied.Dung baited pitfall traps were used to collect dung beetles from forest, ecotone and agriculture habitat. Community attributes such as species richness, abundance, diversity,indicator and detector species were recorded in the study sites. Species composition varied between the three habitats. Greater similarity in species composition was observed between forest and ecotone. This isattributed to the presence of heliophilic species in the region, adapted to survive in forest and the open edge. Though forest recorded higher abundance,ecotone and agriculture habitat recorded higher species richness and diversity. Low diversity in forest resulted from decreased equitability in the overall forest assemblage resulting from increased dominance of few species such as Onthophagusfurcillifer and O. pacificus. Higher species richness in ecotone and agriculture habitat was associated with heliophilicspecies that respond positively to disturbance, whereas stenotopic species adapted to closed canopy were negatively affected in the region.Onthophagusfurcillifer, the indicator species in the forest and ecotone was also the detector species in agriculture habitat. Presence of such species in the region that are adapted to survive in widely different habitat types is a result of decades of forest degradation and fragmentation in the Western Ghats which led to the establishment of heliophiles andsynanthropic species in the region.Such increase in species richness in disturbed habitat is not considered a positive attribute, as original species composition is altered to favor disturbance adapted species in the region.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Aqueous Extact of Neem Fruits on Insect Pest of Rice in Rice Agroecosystem of Maga in the Far North Region of Cameroon

The chemical fight against insects pest causes many problems on the biodiversity of ecosystems, destabilizes the trophic level of the ecosystem and has harmful effects on the on health human. Mean while the biological fight using plants extractions can equally play the same role of killing pest, reason why the present study which was carried out in the irrigated perimeters of Maga in the Far North region of Cameroon, have as principal objective to evaluate the aqueous extraction of neem fruit on the insects pest of rice. The specific objectives were to know the biological diversity of insect pest in the irrigated perimeters of Maga, and their repartitioning in the phenological stages, again, to see the effects of the aqueous extractions of the neem fruits on the insects pest per variety and in function of the phenological stages, also to evaluate the damages cause by insects pest during the talling stage in function of the varieties, finally, to evaluate loss cause by the insects pest. The study was made on two rice varieties which were IR46 and NERICA3 in a split plot disposition. The capturing of the insects was done with the help of a sweep net and the identification of the species was done with the help of an entomological buttle, the identification key of insects by Heinrich (1993), Hill (1983), Heinrichs and Barrion (2004) and the families recognition keys by Delvare and Aberlenc (1989).The method of Breniere permited the estimation of loss of output at the talling and harvesting stages of rice caused by the insect pest. The analysis of variance of the result was done using SPSS 20. In the class of insects, twenty two species of insects fall in twenty families divided in seven orders were collected. Among the captured insects, we investigated fourteen insects which were pest. The biological fight have shown an effectiveness in the nursery, talling, and a positive and non negligible effects on the reduction insects pest in the heading and maturation stages and thus has permitted the reduction of damages from insects on the rice plants.

Development of RAPD, DAMD and ISSR markers for authentication of medicinal plant Cassia auriculata and its adulterant Cassia surattensis

Panapitiya P. D. D. M., Welikala N.

Cassia auriculata is an important traditional medicinal plant commonly used in many Ayurvedic formulations, meant for diabetes, rheumatism, conjunctivitis, infertility and etc. But due to similar morphological characters and misidentifications, adulteration from Cassia surattensis has been observed. Since safety and efficacy of herbal products has become a major concern due to adulterations, DNA profiling which is an effective and cheap method can be used to solve this problem by discriminating the genuine material. However, no reports about the genetic identification for these species are available to our knowledge. Therefore, the present study was devoted to developing Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Direct Amplification of Minisatellite-region DNA (DAMD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) DNA profiles to authenticate C. auriculata and C. surattensis. As the first step, fresh leaf samples from both plant species were randomly collected from Gampaha district, Sri Lanka and genomic DNA were extracted using modified Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) protocols. Four short arbitrary primers, two core primers and two SSR primers were used respectively with three different Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) based molecular markers which were RAPD, DAMD and ISSR to develop DNA profiles. Out of eight primers, three arbitrary primers, OP-F03, OP-U10 and OP-U20 and one core primer, HBV(5) yielded clear and reproducible amplification products. These results clearly discriminated the medicinal plant C. auriculata and the adulterant C. surattensis providing a complementary tool for quality control of plant derived herbal medicinal products. However, both SSR primers couldn’t authenticate two plants and further work is needed to develop ISSR DNA profiles for the authentication.

Effect of zaÃ¯ and micro dose on root biomass and the grain and straw yield of sorghum at Tangaye in the North region in Burkina Faso

Faced with rainfall variation and the poor performance of farming practices, the North region of Burkina Faso often observed cereal deficits. Sorghum, the main staple food crop in this region, provides relatively low yields (1000 kgha-1). Furthermore, in the area, the density of the population is one of the highest in the country. In order to increase sorghum yields, a study has been carried out in the village of Tangaye by combining the water management practice through mechanized and manual zaï techniques with fertilization by microdose of NPK fertilizer. The experimental design of the study was a split-plot with three replications and four treatments set on a crusty bear soil “Zipellé”.The mechanized zaï and the manual zaï have been compared with and without applying mineral NPK fertilizer by a micro dose. The effects of these techniques have been evaluated on the soil and the root system by the method of taking monoliths. The grain and straw yields of sorghum have been evaluated for each treatment. The results showed that the greatest roots system development was obtained on the mechanized zaï plot with the application of micro dose of NPK fertilizer. This treatment also has the highest grain yield (2910 kgha-1) compared to manual Zaï (1620 kgha-1)

Factors Affecting Youth Generation Interest on Agricultural Fields (Case Study in Deli Serdang District)

Nurliana Haharap, Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar

Indonesian agriculture has a serious problem with the decline in interest of the younger generation towards businesses in agriculture, especially food crops. This is shown in a period of 10 years there has been a decline of nearly 15% of farmer households engaged in agriculture (BPS Data 2013), but on the other hand the need for food continues to increase along with the increase in the population of Indonesia. Indonesian agriculture also faces the problem of decreasing the quality of agroecosystems, foreign product competition, productivity and land conversion. Paddy rice cultivation is becoming increasingly less attractive to the younger generation, especially for several years, due to a decline in income levels. The purpose of this study was to understand the factors that influence the interest of young people in rice farming. This research was conducted in Deli Serdang District. Determination of the research location is based on the potential area of rice cultivation. Research methods using linear regression survey and analysis methods. The results of this study indicate that internal and external factors (age, gender, education, marital status, expectations, wide land ownership, socialization and technology) have a significant influence on the interest of the younger generation.

The impact of invasive alien species on the forage and pasture genetic resource diversity in the pastoral area of Afar National Regional State, Northeastern of Ethiopia.

Delessa Angassa

Prosopisjuliflora is one of the most invasive species in arid areas of Afar region and protected area of Awash national park. The invasion of P. julifloraincreased at alarming rate devastating forage and pasture abundance and diversity that makes livestock rearing difficult; which ultimately affects the Afar pastoral livelihoods. The study focused on the impact assessment of impact of P. julifloraon the forage and pasture diversity in the pastoral area of the region. Even though, the plant has several uses, it becomes out of control,deteriorates and reduced the diversity of forage and pasture species of the Region especially Amibara, Gewane and BuriMudaituWeredas by reducing their abundance, distribution and by changing grazing land ecosystem to prosopis thickets. This resulted in decrease in number of livestock per head of the pastoralists due to shortage of feed, decreased productivity of the livestock in terms of milk, meat and other products, migration of the pastoralists and their livestock to another place in search of feed source. Several control measures such as mechanical control, producing charcoal and collection of pods for feeding of the cattle has been implemented in the areas but lacks proper prevention and management methods of the plant. Thus, proper management and control of the invasive species and conservation of forage and pasture species are urgent issues for sustaining the livelihoods of the pastoral communities of the area.

Evaluation of Earthworm Species and Bedding Material Collected from Tea Plantations for Vermicomposting in Sri Lanka

Earthworms has the ability to convert organic waste into compost and this process is known as vermicomposting. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of three common earthworm species and four waste material collected from tea plantations as bedding material for earthworms in producing vermicompost. Three experiments were conducted and the experimental design was a Complete Randomized Design with three replicates. In the first experiment, four bedding materials that is leaves of Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and Mana (Cymbopogon confertiflorus), tea prunings and refuse tea were composted using earthworm species Eudrilus euginea. Each waste material was mixed with cow dung and poultry manure, separately before using them as bedding material. The results showed that these material can be used for producing high quality vermicompost. In the second experiment three earthworm species Eisenia foetida, Periyonix excavator and Eudrilus euginea which were commonly recorded from Sri Lankan soils were evaluated for vermicomposting. Vermicomposting has increased the quality of organic material but the mean differences in nutrient levels in relation to earthworm species were non-significant (P=0.05). This indicates the suitability of all three species for vermicomposting. In the third experiment three soil amendments, vermicompost produced using Eudrilus euginea, garden compost and inorganic fertilizer were compared using tomato as an indicator crop. Vermicompost applied treatment showed significantly higher (P

Market Structure of Yam in Selected Market in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Osalusi C.S., Oloba O.G.

This study carried out Market Structure of Yam in selected markets in Ibadan. Oyo State, It specifically determined profitability of Yam marketing and examined the market structure for yam in the study area. Five markets centres were covered and simple random sampling techniques wereused to select a total of 120 yam sellers in the study area. Gross margin and gini-coefficient techniques were used to analyse the data collected. The profitability analysis showed that yammarketing in Bodija is more profitable as the seller on the average realizes a net profit of N111,075. The result of the Gini coefficient for yam sellers obtained in the study area was 0.572 which implies that yam market in the study area is imperfectly competitive with the market structure inclining towards monopoly.

Processing and Development of Dragon Fruit Wine

Fe N. Dimero, Teddy F. Tepora

The research project was conducted to establish protocols in the production of dragon fruit wine from unmarketable and surplus harvest of dragon fruits. The products were characterized in terms of physico-chemical and sensory properties. Acceptable semi-sweet dragon fruit wine was produced from fermenting must with 250g sugar and 2t yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) per kg of dragon fruit. Dragon fruit wine produced has moderately clear, moderately brilliant yellow color, moderately complex detectable aroma, fair texture, good balance of a number of detectable flavors and smooth and rich taste that lingers in the mouth after swallowing. The dragon fruit wine was given unanimous acceptable ratings without any negative acceptable rating based on the results of evaluation using 100 consumer-type judges.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of quercetin against clinical isolates of Staphyloccocus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus with resistance profile

The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of quercetin against clinical isolates of Staphyloccocus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus with resistance profile. The antibacterial activity of quercetin was performed by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) through the microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The percentage of inhibition of Staphylococcus spp. biofilm, after treatment with sub-inhibitory concentrations of quercetin (MIC/2 and MIC/4), was evaluated by the violet crystal assay. Quercetin showed an antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (MIC = 250 µg/ml), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (MIC = 500 µg/ml), vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) (MIC = 125 and 150 µg/ml), S. saprophyticus resistant to oxacillin (MIC = 62.5 to 125 µg/ml), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) and S. saprophyticus resistant to oxacillin and vancomycin (MIC = 500 to 1000 µg/ml). At MIC/2 and MIC/4 the quercetin inhibit 46.5 ± 2.7% and 39.4 ± 4.3% of the S. aureus biofilm, respectively, and 51.7 ± 5.5% and 46.9 ± 5.5% of the S. saprophyticus biofilm, respectively. According to the results of this study, it was noticed that the quercetin presented an antibacterial activity against strains of Staphylococcus spp. with resistance profile and also inhibited the bacterial biofilm production even in sub-inhibitory concentrations.