Volume 3 Number 6 (November 2018)

Measuring the Economic Benefits of Forests in Relation to Householdsâ€™ Welfare and Forest Dependence in South-western Nigeria

Azeez FA., Kabir G. B, Onajobi AA, Tewogbade SO

The study assesses the contributions of forest resources income on poverty among rural households in South-western Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling approach was adopted while descriptive analysis and [Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT 1984) poverty index] were used. Poverty index results showed that 68 percent of the rural households were living below the poverty line in the region. Disaggregated to state level, the highest proportion was found in Osun state (77 percent ), followed by Ogun state (70 percent ) and Oyo state with about 50 percent. The minimum cost required to bring those poor households to the poverty line (that is, to eliminate poverty) across states include: N4, 553, N9, 664 and N8918 in Oyo, Osun and Ogun states respectively. This indicates that poverty is more severe in Osun state followed by Oyo state but less severe in Ogun state. Also, forest income has tendency to stem the tide of poverty in the region. Therefore, Government and authority concerned should increase opportunities for entrepreneurship and employment in forestry while avoiding deforestation and forest degradation.

Effect Inundation Period to Summed Dominant Ratio (SDR) and Biomass Rice Weeds of Method SRI (System of Rice Intensification) in Indonesia

Wahyuni Umami, Musliar Kasim, Nalwida Rozen

Research by title the effect inundation period to summed dominant ratio (SDR) and biomass rice weeds of method SRI (system of rice intensification) in Indonesia. Research have been conducted in the Faculty of Agricultural Land Andalas University, Limau Manih, Padang, from February to May 2018. The study aims to identify noxious weed found in SRI method of paddy cultivation in Indonesia. Weeds that have summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) and the highest biomass in this study is a weed Cyperus rotundus, Scirpus juncoides Roxb., Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Cyperus pedunculatus and Richardia brasiliensis Gomez. Highest weed biomass obtained in the treatment of inundation 3 days old and weed biomass lowest is 15 days long inundation.

Effect of Several Ameliorants on the Chemical Properties Improvement of Toba Highlands Peat Soil in North Sumatera- Indonesia

Edy Tumanggor, Sarifuddin, Kemala Sari Lubis, Benny Hidayat*

Peatland is a potential land farming for increasing food abundance. This study aimed to determine the effect of ameliorants (sea water, volcanic ash, zeolite and CaCO3) to improvement of Toba Highlands Peatlands chemical properties. This research used factorial complete randomized design with two factor treatments consist of ameliorant application and washing frequency, with four combination those are (A0) Sea water, (A1) volcanic dust plus sea water, (A2) zeolite plus sea water, (A3) CaCO3+ sea water with 2 replications The results showed that application of ameliorant influenced significantly to increase soil pH, electric conductivity, carbon organic, N total, K-exchangeble and Ca-exchangeble. The frequency of washing increase of soil pH significantly.

Antagonistic Effect of Eight Sri Lankan Isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens on, Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum

The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates collected from eight locations in the Central Province of Sri Lanka against Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Isolates were tested under laboratory conditions to determine the efficacy on egg hatchability and mortality of second stage juveniles. A planthouse experiment was conducted using potted tomato plants to determine the potential of P. fluorescens isolates and effective application technique. All tested isolates have significantly inhibited egg hatchability and increased the juvenile mortality after 72 hours. P. fluorescens isolate from Kangkung field in Pallekelle (PK) and tomato field in Udispattuwa (UT I) recorded 95% and 95.5% inhibition of egg hatchability after 72 hours. P. fluorescens isolates collected from tomato fields in Bopane (BT II) and Udispattuwa (UT II) and from Kangkung field in Pallekelle recorded the higher mortality of second stage juveniles 93%, 87% and 83.3% respectively. The highest reduction in the root knots (96.8%, 96.3%), egg masses (98.5%, 98.2%) and lower root galling index (1 and 1) were recorded in tomato plants treated as soil drench with UT II and PK isolates respectively.The root dipping technique gave higher reduction in the number of root knots (47.4%), egg masses (44.9%) and lower root galling index (3.75) were recorded from BT II, UT II and tomato fields in Nugethenna (NT) isolates respectively. UT II and PK found to be the most effective isolates and most effective application technique determined as soil drenching ten days after transplanting under plant house conditions.

Farmersâ€™ Perception and Adoption of Agroforestry Practices in Faridpur District of Bangladesh

Suman Saha, Arifa Sharmin, Rahul Biswas, Md. Ashaduzzaman

This study mainly focused on exploring perception of farmers’ towards agroforestry practices and identifying the demographic factors influencing agroforestry adoption in Faridpur district. Field survey was conducted during November-December, 2016 using semi-structured questionnaire. Multi-stage random sampling was used to select upazillas, unions and villages. Snowball purposive sampling was applied to select 84 respondents in total for the questionnaire survey. Chi-square was used to test variables at 5% level of significance. Homestead agroforestry was found to be the most common agroforestry practice (39.28%), followed by fruit-based agroforestry (21.42%), woodlot plantation (13.09%) and so on. Agroforestry was perceived to increase farm productivity by 82.14% of the respondents, 73.8% opined that agroforestry increase household income, while 30.95% perceived it as a means to food security. On the contrary, 34.52% opined that agroforestry practices decrease cash crops production, 17.85% of the respondents stated agroforestry as a difficult practice. Chi-square test showed no significant association between the adoption of agroforestry practices and respondent’s age (P > 0.05) or income range (P > 0.05) of the respondents. On the other hand, there is a positive significant association between the adoption of agroforestry practices and educational level (p< 0.05) as well as the farm size (p< 0.05) of the respondents. The study suggests raising awareness regarding the benefits of agroforestry practices as well as providing technical assistance.

Drought Tolerance in Some of Red Rice Line Based on Morphology at Vegetative Stage

Loli Opalofia, Yusniwati, Etti Swasti

Tests are carried out to obtain red rice lines that are tolerant to drought based on morphological characters in the vegetative phase (49 HSS). The lines used were genetic material from red rice lines which were the result of a cross between local red rice cultivars namely karajut and silopuk cultivars with Fatmawati varieties consisting of 10 lines namely KF42-2-3, KF42-4-2, KF42-7-3, KF42-9-3, KF42-10-2, KF42-13-2, SF122-3-16, SF122-3-30, SF5-25-8 and SF-25-25. This experiment was carried out from January to May 2018 in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University. This experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 3 groups and 10 hope lines that were given drought treatment. The level of damage based on winding, and leaf dryness of the vegetative phase of all lines included in the tolerant category except SF122-3-30 with a somewhat tolerant category. Based on the intensity of leaf rolling consisting of 2 groups, the tolerant group consisted of 2 lines and rather tolerant groups consisting of 8 lines. Based on the leaf drought intensity consisting of 2 groups, the tolerant group consisted of 7 lines and rather tolerant groups consisting of 3 lines.

Effect of Endophytic and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria against Foot Rot Disease of Piper nigrum L.

Shobha M.S., Mahadeva Murthy S.

— Crop loss in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) due to pathogenic diseases is mainly induced by soil borne fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses. Foot rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian is a major production constraint in South India and other south East Asian countries. Combination of biocontrol agents that are compatible with each other is one of the emerging strategies to control plant disease and pest. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of compatible endophytic fungal (Trichoderma harzianum Th16 and Th5) and rhizobacterial (Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf1) strains against pepper foot rot disease. Our results showed that T. harzianum (Th16 and Th5) and P. fluorescens (Pf1) were compatible and effectively inhibited the growth of P. capsici. The application of endophytic and rhizobacterial strains, alone and in combination in green house and field conditions were found to be effective in controlling the foot rot of pepper caused by P. capsici by inducing systemic resistance (ISR) as evidenced by enhanced activities of PO, PPO, PAL, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and total phenolics involved in the synthesis of phytoalexins thereby promoting the growth of plants. However, combinations of Th16 + Th5 + Pf1 were more effective than individual treatments. The findings suggest that synergistic interactions of biocontrol agents may be responsible for the management of foot rot of pepper caused by P. capsici.

Analysis of Maize Value Addition among Entrepreneurs in Taraba State, Nigeria

Ater P. I., Aye G.C., Daniel A

This study analyzed maize value addition among maize entrepreneurs in Taraba State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to collect primary data from two hundred and twelve respondents (212), using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Value addition model, ANOVA, multinomial logistic regression, log likelihood test ratio and factor analysis. The result of the study revealed that most (62.3%) respondents were males. 61.3% were within the productive age of 21-40 years. Majority (71.1%) were married with household sizes of 6-10. The total of (32.8%) respondents of them had secondary school education, (46.6%) had processing experience of between 6-10 years in processing as their major occupation. proportionate (49.2%) of total respondents had non-farm income of N150,001 per annum. Results of the value addition analysis showed that maize processed as boiled maize is more profitable with a mean of N130, 900 per annum. The result from the multinomial logistic regression on choice of maize processing enterprises revealed that sex had negative coefficient, which implied that male respondents preferred grain production enterprise rather than processing into akamu, corn flour, massa and boiled maize. Also age had negative coefficient, implying that age increase tends to favour grain production than processing. In relation to processing constraints, the maize processing value chain was hampered by the following: inadequate processing facilities, inadequate credit/funds, high cost of transport and inadequate access to inputs. The study concluded that maize value addition is a profitable enterprise and entrepreneurs should be encouraged to venture into it. Also the Agricultural Development Project Programme should send extension agents to processors to encourage processing diversification especially into poultry feeds.

The Effect of Gamma Cobalt-60 Ray Irradiation on Cultivar Growth in Taro White (Xhanthosoma Sagittifolium L.)

Nurul Fadli, Zulfadly Syarif, Benni Satria, Nasrez Akhir

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cobalt-60 gamma ray irradiation which could expand the genetic security of white taro cultivars (Xhanthosoma sagittifolium (L)). This research has been carried out in June - September 2018 at the Center for Isotope and Radiation Applications, the National Atomic Agency (BATAN) Jakarta, and the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang. Experimental method of gamma cobalt-60 ray irradiation with 0 gray dose; 30; 60; 90; and 120 gray, observations with Single Plant using Student test t test at level 5%. The results showed that the Ld 50 (Lethal dose 50) value, at the level of Gammacell 220 light irradiation (Cobalt-60) occurred in 60 gray, leaf color variation only occurred at irradiation rates of 30 and 90 gray while for plant heights occur at all levels of irradiation.

Comparative Effect of Different Combinations of Animal Manures and Humic acid on selected soil biochemical properties

Abdelbagi Mohamed Elnour, Mehmet Burak TAÅžKIN, Sonay SÃ–ZÃœDOÄžRU OK

The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of animal manures combinations and humic acid on some soil biochemical properties. The laboratory incubation experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replicates. The animal manures included chicken manure (ChM) and cow manure (CoM). The treatments of humic acid (HA), chicken manure (ChM) and cow manure (CoM) were applied on clay soil at a rate of 10 t. ha-1. The treatments used were: Control (T1), HA (T2), HA + ChM (T3) and HA + CoM (T4). The soil samples were incubated for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days at 28 ˚C and was analyzed for soil pH, the electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium content, soil organic carbon percentages (SOC) and soil respiration (CO2). In general, the results showed a significant difference between all treatments and the control. Also, the applications of treatments have lowered the soil pH and significant increase in EC was observed as days of incubation. While, the N, P, K, SOC and soil respiration (CO2) were significant increased and reached its peak at 45 days of incubation and decreased thereafter with time. The results showed that applications of organic matter had significant effect on soil biochemical properties and treatment 4 T4 (HA+ CoM) showed a significant superiority compare with other treatments.

Evaluation of safety of Azdirachta indica seed oil on Albino rat through haematological and some antioxidants by the rotatable central composite design (RCCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM)

Ojimelukwe Phillippa, Udofia Patrick G, Anthony Ukom

Raw Azdirachta indica seed oil is gradually adopted by local farmers as a protector of stored grains and legumes against the common insects, but with some reservations on its safety. The study investigated the safety A. indica on mammalian objects using haematological and antioxidant indixes. A. indica seed was obtained from the trees in the same location in Utu Ikot Ukpong, Essien Udim Local Government Area, Nigeria. The Albino rats were obtained from the Animal House of Biochemistry Department of the University of Calabar, Nigeria. The animals were treated with varied A. indica seed oil at varied concentrations, periods of exposure and age. Haematological analyses revealed that models of packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), white cell count (WCC) and hemoglobin content (Hb) were not significant. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were also not significant (p>0.05). Linearity coefficients of the models however appeared to be significant (R2≤0.8000). The mathematical and pictorial models showed slight influence of the test substance on the parameters. The investigation revealed that A. indica seed oil showed no adverse effect on the haematological and antioxidant profile of the animal models at the level of administration, the slight statistical significance could be attributed to other experimental values. A. indica oil seems to be safe on mammalian subjects. More work is recommended on the topic using higher levels of the plant materials at a longer period of exposure.

Effect of Global Warming Scenarios on Carotenoid Pigments Gracilaria changii

Nur Indah Sari Arbit, Sharifuddin Bin Andy Omar, Ambo Tuwo,Eddy Soekendarsi

The phenomenon of global warming is an increase in the earth's temperature due to the greenhouse effect where 50% of the main contributors to the greenhouse effect are carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide is one of the ingredients needed for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is carried out by plants that have chloroplasts. Plants in the waters are Seaweed. Gracilaria changii is a type of red seaweed (Rhodophyceae). The dominant pigment from Gracilaria changii is carotenoids. Carotenoid serves as a light energy absorbent for photosynthesis and serves to protect chlorophyll from light damage. Seeing the important role of carotenoids in Gracilaria changii so that this study aims to determine the effect of increasing temperature and carbon dioxide on carotenoid pigments. Research on the scenario of global warming in this region was first carried out on a laboratory scale, many previous studies were carried out in the cultivation area. This study was conducted for 40 days, seaweed that has been cleaned is put into an aquarium and given an injection of CO2. We were exposed to present-day control seawater (400 ppm pCO2 ) and seawater treated with CO2 to simulate ocean conditions predicted for the next 50–100 years (700 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 1300 ppm) and temperature treatment (30 oC, 32 oC, 34 oC). The research design applied in this study is a Completely Randomized Design consisting of nine treatments with three replications. Data analysis used is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) continued by Post hoc Test. The results obtained from this study there were significant differences (P

Effect of Irrigation Intervals on forage production and quality of different alfalfa varieties under semi-arid conditions

Nasratullah Ehsas, Muhammad Asif Iqbal, Saleh Muhammad Ahmadi

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) is a well-known and most important forage crop throughout the world-wide, its yield and quality can be enhanced by well-managed irrigation and improved varieties. These two factors have significant changeable role among quantity and quality of the alfalfa crop. During the winter season of 2016-17, an investigation was performed at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to evaluate the effect of irrigation intervals on forage production and quality of different alfalfa varieties under semi-arid conditions. three irrigation intervals (10, 20 and 30 days after sowing) on three varieties of alfalfa (Supersonic, Sultana and Lucerne 2002) were used to study its effect on agronomic parameters (plant density, plant height, fresh and dry weights per plant, leaf area, fresh forage and dry matter yields per hectare) and quality parameters (crude protein, crude fiber and total ash content). The research was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement and having 3 replications. Data of the Crop growth, yield and the quality related traits was recorded by applying standard procedure. For statistical analysis of the recorded data, Fisher’s ANOVA technique was used and the Treatments mean values were compared at 5% probability level using the least significant difference (LSD) test. Result of the field experiment revealed that the maximum green forage yield of 26.80 t ha-1 and protein percentage 21.05 was obtained when crop was irrigated 20 days interval and variety Lucerne 2002 was used. Therefore, irrigation with 20 days interval and using Lucerne 2002 variety proved to be best under agroecological conditions of Faisalabad.

Factors influencing Agripreneurship and their role in Agripreneurship Performance among young Graduate Agripreneurs

Laud Kpakpo Addo

Participation of young people in agriculture is not only needed towards addressing food security and youth unemployment challenges, but also critical in tackling issues of ageing farmers, technological and digital revolution in the agrifood sector, changing trends in food needs and consumption demands, and environmental changes and natural resource degradation. This paper argues for inclusive approach to involving youth in the expansive agrifood system, stressing the importance of young graduates (highly educated youth) participating in the agrifood sector, hence the need for steps to attract, support and retain them in the agrifood sector. Thus, this study sought to identify the factors that influence agripreneurship, and how these factors influence agripreneurship performance of young graduate agripreneurs. The study results and agripreneurship framework, emphasizes the need for a holistic (multilevel) examination and approach to agripreneurship; gender-sensitive, integrated and applied approach towards promoting and developing agripreneurship competencies among young graduates, which must include enhancing both enterprising traits and skills, and strong technical/professional business management competencies.

Biodiversity of Freshwater Shrimp of the Genus Macrobrachium (Decapoda Palaemonidae) in the Nyong Basin of Cameroon

The population of shrimps, especially the macrobrachium genus, has been affected with habitat pollution and overexploitation. Shrimps provide a major protein source to animals higher in the food chain. The importance of studying the ecology of shrimps in their different habitats helps in their preservation and provides possibilities of carcinoculture. This study examines diversity, ecology and reproduction parameters of fresh water shrimps of the genus macrobrachium in the basins of Lepmassoun and Ondoamedza rivers. Lepmassoun and Ondoamedza rivers form part of the larger Nyong river basin in Cameroon. In situ water physicochemical parameters were determined on site, preserved water samples used in mineral analysis and subsequent ecological health assessment. Shrimps were sampled using the scoop method with hand nets and analyzed. Sampling was done in 5 seasons distributed from January 2017 to February 2018. The results of physicochemical parameters indicate that water in the two rivers was slightly mineralized, sufficiently oxygenated and slightly turbid. It was generally a non-polluted ecological zone for shrimps. A total of 113 shrimps distributed among 14 species were collected. The shrimp population included Macrobrachium macrobrachion Macrobrachium idae, Macrobrachium rude, Macrobrachium niloticus , Macrobrachium dux Macrobrachium sp1, Macrobrachium sp2, Macrobrachium sp3,Macrobrachium sp4, Macrobrachium sp4, Macrobrachium sp5, Macrobrachium sp6, Macrobrachium sp7, Macrobrachium sp8 and Macrobrachium sp9.In the river Odoameza 11 species were collected among which Macrobrachium sp8 (26.02%) is abundant, though,in the river Lepmassoun we collected 10 species dominanced by Macrobrachium macrobrachion (22,5%). The species Macrobrachium macrobrachion is most ubiquiste throughout river Lepmassoun (%O = 83.33%) The river basin of Lepmassoun had a higher population of Macrobrachium macrobrachion with a percentage occurrence of 66.67%. then It is concluded that the water in the two river basins is of good ecological quality for shrimp survival with species Macrobrachium macrobrachion dominating in the river lepmassoun. In the river Ondoameza Macrobrachium sp8, Macrobrachium idea, Macrobrachium macrobrachion,Macrobrachium sp4 having all the percentage of occurrence (%O) of 66.67% are relatively represented. Only Macrobrachium dux have Ovigerous females in our study. This Ovigerous females ranged from 50.38 to 64.18 mm and egg size varied from 1.7 to 2 mm. The prawn attained a maximum total length and weight of 64,18 m and 2,96 g respectively. In our basins slope the Macrobrachium dux reproduces twice year during the big dry season and small dry season since production is early and the eggs are rather broad by consequence the larval development is shortened.

Surveillance of the Disease Incidence and Severity of Papaya Ringspot Virus at Four Selected Districts of Bangladesh

F. Begum, N. Chakma, M.B. Hossain, A.H.Anik, J. Lee, N. N. Tonu

An experiment was conducted to survey the prevalence of disease incidence and severity of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) at eight locations of four districts in Bangladesh. Papaya is one of the most popular fruits in the world. It suffers from several diseases including fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses. Among them, viral diseases are found to cause considerable yield loss, with the most important one being PRSV. The survey was conducted at three plain districts and one hill tract area from July 2016 to December 2016. During the survey period, six different symptoms were found in the selected fields and were identified as PRSV based on symptomology. These symptoms were mild mosaic (MM), mosaic (MO), severe mosaic (SM), fern leaf (FL), leaf distortion (LD) and vein clearing (VC). The highest disease incidence (36.24%) was found in BSMRAU farm in Gazipur whereas the lowest (12.04%) was found in Panchari, Khagrachari hill tract. The maximum severity (11.53%) was found in BSMRAU campus, Gazipur on the country and the lowest severity (2.50%) was found in Panchari, Khagrachari hill tract. The yield and yield contributing parameters of papaya found to be differ significantly among the surveyed area. The lowest fruit weight (324.3 gm) due to PRSV infection was recorded in BSMRAU, Gazipur while the highest fruit weight (643.6 gm) was conducted in SAU Campus, Dhaka.

Macroinvertebrate Communities Associated with Hydrilla verticillata (Royle, 1839) and Relationship with Environmental Factors in Ono Lagoon, Southeast of CÃ´te dâ€™Ivoire

The macroinvertebrates associated with Hydrilla verticillata was studied in Ono lagoon, South-eastern of Côte d’Ivoire. Monthly samples of macrophytes with their associated macroinvertebrates were collected in upstream, centre and downstreamusing a Van veen grab of 0.314 m2 internal area. The environmental variables (temperature, transparency, depth, conductivity, TDS, pH, dissolved oxygen, , , and ) were also recorded. A total of 71 taxa belonging to 28 families, 11 orders, 05 classes and 03 phyla of which 40 taxa were recorded in upstream, 45 taxa in centre and 44 taxa in downstream. Insects numerically dominated the capture, comprising 91.55% of the collectedtaxa with Odonata and Coleoptera being the most diverse and abundant groups. The density was higher in upstream (1407ind. per 100 g d.w.) and lower in downstream (1062 ind. per 100 g d.w.), whist theLibellulidae and Corduliidae exhibited the highest density communities. The rarefied richness did not show spatial variation but vary significantly between seasons. The Evenness did not show spatial and seasonal variations. However, Shannon diversity index varied significantly between sites and seasons. From the results of RDA analysis, conductivity and pH showed a strong environmental gradient and had a structuring effect on macroinvertebrate communities.

Analysis of Phenotypic Variability and Correlation on Sugar Content Contributing Phenotypes of Salak (Salacca sumatrana Reinw var.Sidempuan. ) under Various Altitudes

Eka Nurwani Ritonga, Benni Satria, Gustian

Salak (Salacca edulis), commonly known as snake fruit, is one of Indonesia’s local fruit preference with a promising commercial prospect for the development of horticultural product. This fruit is a superior fruit commodity of Padang Sidempuan which has been recognized nationally. A significant change of geographical altitudes from lowland to highland supported the salak growth when planted in South Tapanuli. This study was aimed to evaluate the phenotypic variability as well as its correlation of salak planted in three different subdistricts of South Tapanuli representing low, mid and highlands. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling method where 30 accessions of salak were collected from all those three subdistricts in South Tapanuli. Both qualitative and quantitative traits were statistically analyzed and evaluated for its phylogenetic using NTSYS 2.02. According to the phylogenetic analysis, 37 morphological traits resulted in a similarity coefficient ranging from 0.34-0.68. Of all accessions tested, two accessions (MC4 and MC5) were closely clustered with a coefficient of 0.68. Moreover, 7 traits were positively correlated to sugar content, including plant height,number of fruit bunch, length and width of leaflet, number of leaf, fruit weight and flesh thickness.

Nematophagous fungi: Metarhizium anisopliae

Gitanjali Devi

Plant-parasitic nematodes are major pests affecting many economically important crop productions throughout the world. Some chemicals are widely used against the phytonematodes. Because of hazardous effects of these compounds on human beings, animals and on the environment, there is a need to develop other control strategies. Biocontrol of phytonematodes is an important method among environment-friendly measures of nematode management. There are some soil-inhabiting fungi that have biocontrol potential on phytonematodes, which can be used for nematode management. The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, originally is an entomopathogenic bioagent has been utilizing as bionematicides. The fungus produces some secondary metabolite which may play a role in pathogenicity. Biocontrol potential of this fungus on some phytonematodes has been reported and its utilization is a major approach towards sustainable and environment friendly agricultural production.

Validation and sensitivity analysis of InfoCrop simulation model for growth and yield of Indian mustard varieties at Allahabad

Anosh Graham, Vijender Singh, Yogeshwar Sahu

Field experiment was carried out at SHUATS, Allahabad, to study validation and sensitivity analysis of InfoCrop model with the data sets generated respectively during Rabi season of 2016-17. The main plot treatments and sub-plot treatment consisted three dates of sowing and cultivars (D1-25th October, D2-5th November and D3-15th November) and (V1- Parasmani, V2- Varuna and V3- SRM 777) using split plot design. The results revealed that simulation of growth and yield parameters were compared with observed data and results concluded that the model overestimates all the parameters within the acceptable range (

Floristic Diversity of the Sacred Grove of Madathody Naga Kavu, Chalavara, Palakkad District, Kerala State

Praveenkumar K

An exploratory survey conducted in Madathody Nagakavu is present in Chalavara Gramapanchayath, Ottapalam taluk of Palakkad district, Kerala lead to the collection of 50 species coming under 49 genera and 25 families. Among them, 6 endemic, rare, and red listed plants are represented here and also including 38 medicinal plants.

Effect of Inorganic Fertilization on the Zooplankton Production in Fresh Water Pond

Yakubu A. F., Adams T. E., Olaji E. D., Adebote. E.E, Okabe O.R.

Zooplankton production in newly constructed fish pond fertilized with Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (N: P: K) and urea fertilizer were compared with unfertilized ponds. Zooplankton production was significantly more (P ≤ 0.05) in fertilized system than in the unfertilized systems. The Zooplankton fauna was generally dominated by rotifers and copepods. Also the fertilization had no significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on the water chemistry.

Multi Element Analysis of Cow Milk: Geographical Origin Determination and Potential Health Risk Assessment

Milk consumption rendering the proof of geographical provenance is a vital issue in food and consumer protection. The present study deals with discrimination of Bangladeshi cow milk according to their region of production using multi element compositions. The concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, As, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K in fresh cow milk from four climatic zones (South-Central, South-Western, Western and North-Western) were measured by flame and graphite furnace atomic-absorption spectroscopy (FAAS and GFAAS). The reliability of measured analytical data were validated by certified reference milk powder (IAEA-153). Statistical Canonical discriminate analysis indicated clear regional individuality based on some element that can contribute to protect geographical indication. The correlation coefficient matrix showed positive correlation among metals except copper. In addition, health risk assessment by the calculated values of daily intake of analyzed metals, health risk index and hazard index were lower than reference values, indicating that the consumers are not likely to be metal toxicity due to milk consumption from four studied region.

Yield Response of Tea to Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Timbilil Tea Estate in Kericho, Kenya

Boiwa Mercy Chepkorir, Sitienei Ann

Poor crop productivity, high cost of inorganic fertilizers and low crop response to inorganic fertilizers are major problems that affect sustainability of crop production in Kenya. Application of inorganic fertilizers at rates much below the recommendation, which is mainly due to the limited economic capacity of smallholder farmers, has become the underlying cause of poor crop productivity along with the worsening soil acidity. Hence, the present study was carried out to find out the effect of integrated soil fertility management on the productivity of tea Timbilil tea estate. Kericho, Kenya. The trial was set up in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Forty-two composite soil samples were collected randomly from each of the experimental plots. The data collection process included soil sampling during the short rain season in 2017 and annual tea yield sampling. The samples were analyzed for total organic matter, nitrogen content, bulk density, porosity, soil pΗ, porosity, particle density and soil moisture content. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using MSTAT-C programme package. SPSS version17.0 was used to analyse Pearson correlation and all the data presented in tables and figures. The tea yields determined showed a weak positive correlation between SOM and yields.The tea yields determined showed a weak positive correlation between SOM and yields. Results showed that fertilizer types significantly (p≤0.05) affected SOM with enriched sheep manure giving the highest values. Fertilizer rates had no significant (p≤0.05) difference on SOM. Fertilizer application at the highest rate of 240 kg N/ha had the lowest SOM content, which means high fertilizer application, causes more harm than good.From the results obtained it can be concluded that enriched manures tend to increase SOM content in soil which improve productivity and is recommended especially in the tea industry.

Floristic Diversity of Puliyanamkunnu, Chalavara Grama Panchayath, Palakkad District, Kerala State

Praveenkumar K

Botanical exploration in Puliyanamkunnu, Chalavara Grama Panchayath of Palakkad district yielded a total of 80 wild taxa of angiosperms. These taxa belong to 65 genera covering 38 families including 36 herbs, 12 climbers, 14 Shrubs and 18 trees. Among them 12 species are endemics and 10 species are rare and red listed. Out of these 80 taxa, 69 species are recorded to be used in different systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Tibetan, Homeopathy, Folk and Western or Modern system. The data will provide information on herbs, Shrubs, climbers and trees that exist in the Puliyanamkunnu, Chalavara Grama Panchayath and about the natural condition under which these plants grow. Such studies will provide reliable information on the presents and distribution of plants in general. This data coupled with studies on threat assessment and trade can also guide focused. Conservation actions like species recovery for each species its local uses are provided. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Sree Krishna college herbarium, with the correct botanical identity and medicinal uses recorded in brief.

Effect of Crude Oil and Carbofuran on Insect Pests, Nematodes, Growth and yield of Nsukka Yellow Pepper (capsicum annum) in Enugu Area of Southeastern Nigeria

Awere S.U., Ojukwu E.I., Ede V. N.

A field experiment to evaluate the effect of crude oil and Carbofuran on insect pests, Nematodes, growth and yield of Nsukka yellow pepper (capsicum annum) was conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Teaching and Research Farm, Enugu State University of Science and Technology Enugu during the 2018 cropping season. The experiment was carried out using a 4 x 3 factorial in a complete randomized design (CRD) with twelve (12) treatments replicated three (3) times. The result of the experiment showed a significant interaction effect (p=0.05) of crude oil and carbofuran on the number of aborted fruits per plant, number of root knot nematodes per plant and fruit yield (kg)per pot. The result of the experiment also showed non-significant interaction effect (p=0.05) of crude oil and Carbofuran on the number of dead plants, plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of curled leaves per plant, insect infestation and number of fruits per plant. Furthermore, there was non-significant main effect (p=0.05) of both crude oil and carbofuran on the number of plants that died 73 and 86 days after planting, plant height, number of grasshoppers per plant, whereas the main effect of both crude oil and Carbofuran on the number of root knot nematodes was significant (p=0.05). The result of the experiment further showed a significant main effect of crude oil on the number of aborted fruits per plant while the main effect of carbofuran on the number of aborted fruits was non-significant (p=0.05). Again, the result of the experiment showed a non-signification main effect (p=0.05) of crude oil and carbofuran on fruit yield (kg) per pot.

Evaluation of Maize (Zea Mays L.) to Application of Arbuscular Mychorrizal Fungi in Coal Mining Tailings

Rahma Deni Syafitri, Benni Satria, P.K Dewi Hayati

The purpose of this study was to obtain The best dose of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (FMA) and the best maize varieties for the growth and high yield of plants in coal mining tailings. This research was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with 2 treatments. The first factor was the dose of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (6 treatments). The second factor was 4 varieties of corn. Data was analyzed statistically using the F-test at the 5% significance level. Significant differences were further tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test also at the 5% level. Parameters measured were: percentage of roots infected with the Arbuscular mycorrizal fungi during growth and at the time of harvest, kernel with per plant. A dose 25 grams of FMA was the best dose for growth and yield of Bisi-2 with avarage production 179,8 gram per plant in coal mining tailings.

Needs Assessment of Barangay Tanawan, Dingalan, Aurora towards a Proposed Oplan Development Program

Dr. Bernardo A. Zabala, Jr., Dr. Manuela P.Gutierrez, Dr. Gener S. Subia

This quantitative research determined the help needed by two hundred households resettled in Barangay Tanawan in Dingalan, Aurora after they were devastated by flashfloods in 2004. The road networks of the Barangay were underdeveloped. It also has vast idle lands and unused concrete structures. During difficult times, many among its people go to nearby towns for part-time work. Findings of the study revealed that the resettlement needs help from Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Graduate School in terms of Beautification and Sanitation, development of Garden Tourism, Barangay Management and Administration, Development Education and Citizen’s Productivity.A 3-year development program with a budget of P400, 000 was proposed by the researchers to address the needs.

Variability of Microclimate Daily Dynamic in Small Island

Christophil S. Medellu

Microclimate variables are very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Microclimate variables change temporally following changes in solar radiation and vary spatially due to differences in ecological features. Micro climate parameters are the quantity of microclimate variables which characterize ecosystems. Micro climate parameters are used in monitoring the condition of natural resources and environmental. Small island ecosystems are easily disturbed by natural factors such as storms, waves and currents, droughts, floods and surface erosion etc. Small island ecosystems also experience degradation and even sudden changes due to resource use such as forest reshaping, groundwater extraction, expansion of residential areas etc. Characterization and monitoring of micro-climates of small island ecosystems are needed for resource and environmental management. Spatial and temporal variations of microclimate in residential locations, forests and coastal waters can characterize ecosystems and are used to monitor changes in environmental conditions. Climate data is needed as a reference for environmentally friendly spatial use such as reforestation, cultivation of plants in the yard. This article discusses the results of research on the diversity of air temperature and humidity in three small islands in the Sangihe District. In each village area, four research sites were selected, namely in residential areas, forested beaches, coastal waters in front of settlements, and coastal waters in front of forested beaches. At each location, measurements are made at six points in the vertical direction. The results showed that micro-climate parameters differed significantly between the location of settlements and forested beaches.

Emergence of Phyllochron of 3 Rice Varieties in Different time of Land Flooding in System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

Indra Dwipa, Nalwida Rozen, Musliar Kasim

System of rice intensification (SRI) is a method of rice cultivation which has proven to increase the rice yield if comparing to the conventional method. The research aimed to study the influence of flooding of land to phyllochron emergence and tiller of rice plant. The research was conducted in farmer field in Koto Tangah, Padang from May-June 2018. Randomized block design in split-plot was used in this research. The main plot was the inundation time before planting in 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Three replications were used in this research. The subplot was the three rice varieties, Pandan Wangi, PB 42 and Kuranji 012. The result showed that variety PB 042 and Kuranji 012 in 14 days of inundation were the best variety with the amounts of tillers were 40.

Seed Physiological Changes matoa (Pometia pinnata) during Storage

Nadya Effira, Aswaldi Anwar, Yusniwati

Seed matoa classified into families Sapindaceae, Proper storage process in maintaining seed viability matoa undiscovered. During the process of the seed storage undergo metabolic processes that may affect the viability of the seed after the storage process. The purpose of this study to determine the germination of seeds matoa before and after storage. The study was designed in the form of completely randomized design. Based on the test results showed that matoa seed viability decreased after storage. Matoa seed viability decline in line with the decrease in seed moisture content after it is saved.

Assessment of Open Defecation and Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminthes among a Tertiary Institution Students in Nigeria

Olufunmilola O. Ajayi, Kyola L. Philip

Open defecation is a state of passing the indigestible food from the gastrointestinal tract to the open space. This mostly results in the spread of pathogenic microorganisms to susceptible person with majority of the symptoms being diarrhea especially when the infection is caused by intestinal parasite. The illiterates are most times implicated as group of people defecating openly together with lack of toilet facilities. This study was designed to examine open defecation habit among literate and its cause. The study was conducted among the students of a Nigerian University. The hostel premises was surveyed for feaces. A hundred and eight Fresh feaces samples found around the hostel premises were examined microscopically using formol ether concentration technique for presence of soil helminthes. The hostel premises surveyed showed opened defecation on going among the students. Twelve (12%) percent of the stool examined were positive for soil helminthes (Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm). The soil helminthes infection was not gender associated (P>0.05) at 95% confidence interval (CI). Nine point one (9.1%) of male had mixed infection while 3.0% had mixed infection among the female. The use of anti-helminthes was statistically significant (P < 0.05), being more predominant among the female students. The contributing factors to open defecation among the students were; inadequate water supply, insufficient toilet facility, dirtiness of the toilets especially when cleaners are not around and fear of vaginal infections. University management need to ensure frequent flow of water in the hostels, a toilet may be attached to each room to create sense of belonging among the students which will ensure proper cleaning of the toilets. Likewise lectures on the implication of open defecation on health should be conducted periodically for the students.

Separation and Identification of Many Natural Products from Emblicaofficinalis Fruits and Study of their Antibacterial Activity

Fatimah I. Sultan, Abdel-Monnem S. Khalel, Ayad Ch. Khorsheed

The active constituents were separated from Emblicaofficinalis fruit, using column chromatography (CC) with solvent system of (pet.ether:ethyl acetate; 5:1) from petroleum ether extract (A1) and solvent system (chloroform:Methanol; 10:1) from Ethanol extract (A2). Saponification process was carried out on (A1F2) to separate many fatty acids and identification of five fatty acids (Heptanoic, Octanoic, Lauric, Palmitic and also cis& trans Oleic acids) using GLC-analysis. Moreover, acid hydrolysis was also carried out on (A2F2), to separate many free poles of phenolic compounds, such as (Hydroquinone and Gallic acid) were identified using HPLC-analysis. The active separated compounds under study showed different effects against the micro-organisms (m.o), using disc diffusion method turbidity.

A Study of Invasive Alien Plant Species of Kuttadan Kole Wetlands of Thrissur District, Kerala

K. Praveen Kumar

An exploratory survey conducted on invasive alien plant species in Kuttadankole wetlands of Thrissur district, Kerala reveals that 46% of the floral components fall under the invasive category. An invasive plant species-rich habitat exhibits a tendency towards steep degradation.

Production of Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd seedlings with high Quality Standard, making Possible Environmental Valorization

The species Dipteryxodorata (Aubl.) Willd. – Fabaceae) is distributed in the Amazon and produces noble wood used for different means; moreover, its seeds are used in the perfume and cosmetics industry, and as medication in folk medicine. Luminosity and substrate affect growth and quality before planting when seedlings are produced in plant nursery. Thus, wood particles of Ochromapyramidale (Cav. ex Lamb.) Urban in substrate supplemented with macro- and micronutrients at 0%, 30%, 50% and 70% shading were used to replace chicken manure in the production with high-quality D. odorata seedlings. The experiment was installed in the plant nursery of Tropical Forestry Experimental Station of INPA, in Manaus – AM. It was based on substrates composed of clay soil, sand and chicken manure at ratio 3:1:1/2of O. pyramidale particles to replace manure at ratios 3:1:1/2; 3:1:1 and 3:1:2. The completely randomized design was adopted, to enable factorial (4x4) analysis through ANOVA; means were compared through Tukey test at 5% at 306 days. Height, neck diameter, number of leaves, leaf area and, root, stem, leaf and total dry matter were measured; the survival was evaluated and, quality standard, assessed through the height/neck diameter ratio and Dickson Quality Index.The substrate with half part of O. pyramidale particles at 70% shading led to higher growth of D. odorata seedlings, to higher quality standards and better survival than chicken manure, allowing environmental valorization through the use of wood and residues of O. pyramidale from plantations in the Amazon.

Assessing the Drivers of Vegetal Cover Dynamics in the F.C.T, Nigeria using Remote Sensing/ GIS Techniques

Vegetation in Abuja has been discovered to be on the decrease and there is a dire need for proper monitoring using remote sensing and GIS technology since it has proven to be effective when examining spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation cover. This research was aimed at assessing the extent and intensity of development in the FCT using Geospatial Techniques as it affects vegetal cover. This was done by utilizing remotely sensed data such as Tamsat rainfall data, Landsat TM, ETM and L8 data, to examine the changes in vegetation and monitor vegetation health in the FCT using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which has long been used and widely accepted as an effective means of estimating changes in vegetation cover. The study showed that vegetation cover has depleted tremendously at alarming rate of about 34.8% within the period of three (3) decades (1987-2016) in the study area. It also showed NDVI and rainfall were found to be highly correlated (r=0.72) indicating that temporal variation of NDVI is linked to precipitation.

Evaluation of Various Local Rice Genotypes in the Mandailing Natal Province of North Sumatra

Erti Kumla Indah Nasution, Benni Satria, Gustian

The purpose of this study was to evaluation of several local rice genotypes in the Mandailing Natal Province of North Sumatra. This studay was and has been conducted from April 2017 to October 2017. Data observed in the form of quantitative data and qualitative data of local rice plants. The results showed that rice cultivars were found in various regions in Mandailing Natal District with a high variety of characteristics. Sampling was done by purposive sampling from 23 sub-districts in Mandailing Natal District. Data observed in the form of quantitative data and qualitative data of local rice plants. The results showed that rice cultivars were found in various regions in Mandailing Natal District with a high variety of characteristics. The sigudang genotype was the best genotype with a total grain weight of 82.6 grams. Genotype Sisorang have a good agronomic appearance.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Farmer Satisfaction in Artificial Insemination Services in Jepara Regency Central Java Indonesia

Isna Saâ€™adah, Mukson, Yon Soepri Ondho

Artificial Insemination (AI) is a technology developed with the aim of increasing production by increasing population in livestock and livestock genetic quality. AI services are currently carried out by relevant official officers who handle the field of animal husbandry. Satisfaction in the service of AI is the farmer evaluation after comparing the performance or the results he feels with his expectations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors which influence farmer satisfaction in AI services in Jepara Regency. The study was conducted in three districts in Jepara Regency (Donorojo District, Bangsri District and Pakis Aji District). The data collection is done through distributing questionnaires to 150 respondents who use the services of Artificial Insemination, determining the sample using purposive sampling. Path Analysis (Path Analysis) was used to determine the effect of availability of AI iequipment, field conditions and service quality on farmer satisfaction. The results of Path Analysis show that there is a direct relationship between the equipment availability to service quality and the indirect relationship of the equipment availability to the satisfaction of farmers. equipment availability has a positive effect on service quality. The equipment availability also has a positive effect on satisfaction. Field conditions have a positive effect on service quality and service quality has a positive effect on farmer satisfaction.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Soots from Petroleum Vehicles Exhaust Tailpipes

Georgina Nwaedozie, Stephen Ezekiel Nyan

In recent times, the skyrocketing vehicular population has been accompanied by a decreasing level of vehicle maintenance, aging of vehicle, and increasing inclusion of metal-based additives in fuel. Heavy metals have deleterious health implications ascribed to their propensity to displace the functional groups of enzyme thereby modifying physiological and biochemical processes within the body. With the aid of a plastic spatula, accumulated soot particles were scrapped and collected from the inner surface of the tailpipe of vehicles located at Maraban Jos and Pantaker of Kaduna State. Samples were analyzed for the presence of Cd, Hg, Cu, Pb and Fe via atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that Fe emission was the most significant with 1153.560±0.361 mg/kg and 796.816±0.522 mg/kg being the mean concentration for gasoline engine vehicle (GEV) and diesel engine vehicle (DEV) respectively. Pb followed in the order of higher concentration having an average concentration of 14.097±0.644 mg/kg for (GEV) and 11.278±0.028 mg/kg for (DEV). Mercury average concentration was found to be 5.899±0.070 mg/kg for GEV while 2.044±0.054 mg/kg was obtained for DEV. 3.083±0.034 mg/kg for GEV and 1.453±0.051mg/kg for DEV was attributed to Cu. Cd had the least concentrations for both engines, with 0.044±0.036 mg/kg and 0.0403±0.037 mg/kg for GEV and DEV respectively. Hence, the result shows GEV to have higher heavy metals pollution as compared to DEV. There exists also a similar trend associated with the emitted metal concentrations of the two fuels (gasoline and diesel) engine which follow the order of Fe > Pb > Hg > Cu > Cd. All the results exceeded the maximum permissible limit for air control given at 0.5 mg/Nm3 of an averaging period of 30 minutes to 8 hours according to (European commission 1991) with the exception of Cd from all the samples and lead from two sample of the diesel engine which recorded no detection. It is therefore inferred that soots from the exhaust tail pipes of petroleum vehicles are a major source of toxic heavy metals which are capable of altering physiological health states.

Productivity and Profitability Assessment of Hybrid Maize by using Nutrient ExpertÂ® Maize Model in Eastern Terai of Nepal

S. Khanal, Bishal Dhakal, Lal Prasad Amgain

Low productivity of maize has led to low profitability of maize production in Nepal. Indiscriminate use of fertilizer and lack of site specific nutrient management technology is always been associated with low productivity of maize. Thus, field experiments on farmer’s field were conducted on maize to assess the profitability at two sites of Jhapa district viz. Damak and Gauradaha using Nutrient Expert® Maize model from November 2015 to May 2016. The experiment was laid out in single factorial Randomized Completely Block Design consisting twenty replications with two treatments viz. NE (Nutrient Expert recommendation) and FFP (Farmer's Fertilizer Practice). The analyzed datas revealed the significant differences in terms of grain yield, stover yield, gross return, net return and B:C ratio. NE based practices produced higher grain yield (9.22 t ha-1), which was 86.6 percent higher than FFP (4.94 t ha-1). Similarly, the significantly higher stover yield (12.70 t ha-1), gross return (NRs. 224049 ha-1), net return (NRs. 128970 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.36:1) were recorded in NE based practice. Thus, NE based practice can be adopted for obtaining higher productivity and profitability in eastern terai and similar agro-climatic regions of Nepal.

Rural Dwellersâ€™ Involvement in Livestock Farming in Egbeda Local Government Area of Oyo State

Okeke E. N., Oloba O. G., and Oyelami B. A.

This study investigated the involvement in livestock farming as a mean of livelihood among rural dwellers in Egbeda Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was employed to sample 120 rural dwellers while 120 questionnaires were administered and retrieved. The data collected were subjected to descriptive (percentage, mean, mode, std deviation) and inferential (chi-square and correlation) statistics. The result revealed that majority (63.3%) of the respondent were involved in livestock rearing and most of the respondent were highly involved in livestock farming in which goat (58.4%) and poultry (78.9%) were mostly reared. Most of the respondents (70.8%) engage in livestock farming as their primary source of income and livelihood. Inadequate capital (87.5%) and infrastructural (38.3%) were the major constraints facing the respondents in the study area. Chi-square analysis revealed that there is a significant (p

Analysis of Nutrients in Agriculture Soil Sample of Mysuru Region

Jamuna M

Soil is a complex, living, changing and dynamic component of the age old ecosystem. It is subjected to alteration and can be either be degraded or wisely managed. Soil is found to be one of the key elements which sustain life on earth. Physicochemical analysis of soil has been carried out to know the quality of the soil of Mysuru region (C-208). Electrical conductivity of the soil at temperature [250 C] exhibited 490 µs /cm. The pH of the given soil sample exhibited 7.96. The pH ranging between 6.8-8.0 has been recommended optimum for plant growth. The organic carbon present in the soil C-208 is exhibiting 0.65% and organic matter is 0.999%. The total nitrogen determined by alkali permanganate method was found to 519.715 Kg/ha. The concentration of phosphorus in Kg/ha is 240.7. The concentration of potassium determined by flame photometry in the soil sample revealed that 71.136 Kg/ha. The exchangeable calcium and magnesium present in the soil sample determined by complexometric tiration was found to be 195.106 ppm and 100.63 ppm. Above physicochemical study gives the information about nature of soil present and also nutrients present in the soil. So that farmers will arrange the fertilizers and nutrients needed to the soil to increase the yield of crops.