http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us April 2019 The recent out-break of cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on many crops belong to different families making a real worry for both farmers and research scientists. The objective of this study was to determine total life cycle of the cotton mealybug from the first instar to the death of adult. The study focused on the biology of P. solenopsis (Tinsley) on tomato and eggplant under laboratory conditions at the Entomology Section, Agriculture Research Corporation (ARC), Sudan during the period from January to March 2016. The results showed that the developmental period for the 1st , 2nd and 3rd instars, adult female longevity and duration of life cycle were recorded as 4.5±1.29, 6.6±2.07, 6.0±2.16, 3.2±1.31, 3.7±1.77, 2.9±1.12 and 26.9±9.72 days respectively, on tomato and 6.0±1.56, 9.5±2.87, 10.3±3.29, 3.0±0.9, 4.33±1.72, 2.66±0.85 and 35.79±11.22 days respectively, on eggplant. That means the life cycle of mealybug on eggplant was longer more than on tomato. http://ijeab.com/detail/biology-of-cotton-mealybug-phenacoccus-solenopsis-tinsley-on-some-vegetable-crops-in-the-gazira-state-sudan/ Amna E. Mohammed Elobeid, Elgaili E. Elmubark, Abdel Gadir M. Abdellah, Awadallah B. Dafaallah http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1-IJEAB-FEB-2019-5-BiologyofCotton.pdf The use of biochar and biocompost can be one solution to the addition of organic matter in soybean cultivation. This study aims to obtain a good description of the role of biochar and biocompost on growth, yield, and N uptake. The results of the study show that: (1) Application of biochar in soybean plants affects plant height, number of vacuous pods, number of pods containing, weight 100 seeds, and N uptake compared with no biochar application. (2) Biocompost application has a significant effect on the height of soybean plants aged 2,3, 4 and 5 weeks after planting, dry weight, seed weight, number of vacuous pods and number of pods filled. (3) Biocompost with a liquid form dose of 2.5 grams/plant significantly affected the number of filled pods and the number of soybean pods. (4) Liquid biocompost dose of 5 grams/plant affects dry weight and plant height of 2 MST. While the 7.5 gram/plant liquid biocompost has an effect on the weight of soybean seed plants. http://ijeab.com/detail/giving-of-biochar-and-biocompost-to-growth-results-and-n-uptake-soybean-plants-glycyne-max-l-merr/ U’ul Efriyanti Prayoba, I Made Sudantha, Suwardji http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2-IJEAB-FEB-2019-39-GivingofBiochar.pdf Variable oxidation states of vanadium and strong binding ability of doxycycline have been exploited to synthesize three new oxovanadium complexes of doxycycline. The structures of the new complexes were validated by elemental analysis (C, H, N) and FTIR spectroscopy. The ratio of oxovanadium to doxycycline is 1:3 in all the three complexes. Doxycyclinecoordinates tothe first and second vanadium using phenolic oxygen and nitrogen atoms at ring A as well as the amide and keto oxygen atoms of ring A. The third vanadium binds to phenolic and keto oxygen atoms on rings B and C to form complex 1. 2,2-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline coordinate to the third oxovanadium replacing the two aqua ligands attached to it in complexes 2 and 3 respectively. Oxovanadium forms 5-coordinate complexes in all the three complexes.Antiplasmodial studies showed that complex 2 have comparable activity with the parent drug, doxycycline, while all three complexes have higher activities than lincomycin. http://ijeab.com/detail/trinuclear-oxovanadium-complexes-of-doxycycline-synthesis-characterization-and-antiplasmodial-studies/ Joshua A. Obaleye, Olufunso O. Abosede http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3-IJEAB-MAR-2019-1-Trinuclear.pdf Many consumers have adopted the food of dietary supplements. However, since the threshold of professional knowledge for dietary supplements is usually high, most of the consumers do not possess sufficient knowledge for making an appropriate purchase decisions as they concern buying the products of dietary supplements. As a result, many consumers rely on word-of-mouth as they need to make purchase decisions on buying dietary supplements. It causes health risk to consumers since the word-of-mouth may be wrong and thus to make consumers take wrong dietary supplements. To address this deficiency, this study explores how consumers’ knowledge for dietary supplements and risk perceptions influence their search behavior for word-of-mouth in the purchase of dietary supplements. With a two-stage cluster sampling strategy, 370 questionnaires were distributed to thecustomers of retail stores for selling Ganoderma dietary supplements, while 314 questionnaires were valid for statistical analysis. With the analysis of linear structural equation modeling, the causal structural relation among consumers’ product knowledge, risk perception and word-of-mouth search behavior was examined. According to the statistical results, consumers’ subjective product knowledge has greater overall impacts on the degree of word-of-mouth search behavior, compared with consumers’ objective product knowledge. Namely, if consumers have more subjective knowledge for products, they are less likely to rely on word-of-mouth for the purchase of dietary supplements. For promoting the concept of food safety to consumers, consumers should be prepared with more correct product knowledge, in order to develop trust in self product knowledge in the publicity of safe consumption of dietary supplements, and reduce their dependence on the reputation of the dietary supplements without clear sources. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-effect-of-product-knowledge-and-risk-perception-on-consumers-online-word-of-mouth-search-behavior-for-the-bio-agricultural-products-in-the-case-of-ganoderma-dietary-supplements/ Yung-Chia Chang, Li-Chun Huang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4-IJEAB-FEB-2019-42-TheEffect.pdf This research focuses on the identification of key indicators of climate change impacting the cereal crop yields for fourteen countries across the world employing the principal component analysis (PCA) and the linear scoring technique using the World Bank Data for the period 1961 to 2013 for all indicators for all the countries. The Climate Change Crop Performance Indices (CCCPIs) are generated for each country for the first time using both the climatological and socio-economic indicators. These indices are used for comparing and monitoring the relative crop performance during the study period. The locations under study included Canada and Mexico from North America; Argentina, and Cuba from Latin America; France, and Portugal from Europe; Iran, and Israel from Middle East; Liberia and Somalia from Africa; and Mongolia, Nepal, Myanmar, and Philippines from Asia. Based on the PCA analysis and underlying assumptions, the following list of key indicators are identified for each country: Canada: temperature, CO2e and LACP; Mexico, France and Israel: temperature, CO2e and RF; Argentina and Cuba: CO2e and RF; Portugal and Somalia: Temperature, CO2e, LACP and RF; Iran:temperature, CO2e, CY and RF; Liberia and Mongolia: CO2e, CY and temperature; Nepal: CO2e, CY and RF, and Myanmar and Philippines:temperature and CO2e;. These indicators provide a signal of the desirable or undesirable changes in climatological or socioeconomic parameters that have occurred or may occur in future in the above-mentioned countries. These key indicators might help even the technology developers, land managers and the policy makers to develop new strategies and formulate new policies. http://ijeab.com/detail/key-agri-climatic-and-socio-economic-indicators-for-cereal-production-across-the-world/ Kusuma Grace P, Tanzina Mohsin, George Arhonditsis, Monirul Mirza, William A. Gough http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5-IJEAB-MAR-2019-4-KeyAgri.pdf A sample of 93 stakeholders was surveyed and monitored to analyze the socio-economic and organizational aspects of the marketing of crop residues used in animal feed in the city of Niamey. It emerges from this study that almost all the actors are male. More than 45% of actors are between 40 and 60 years old. The Hausa ethnic group is the majority of wholesalers / semi-wholesalers (54.5%). Those of the Zarma ethnic group are more numerous at the level of sellers / resellers (92.7%), while those of the Fulani ethnic group represent the majority of street vendors (57.9%). Inheritance and profitability were the main reasons that led to the activity of wholesalers / semi-wholesalers (30.3% and 24.2%) and street vendors (26.3% and 31%). 6%). Among sellers / resellers, it is rather survival (24.4%), passion (22%) and constraint (22%). Most wholesalers / semi-wholesalers (60.6%) and sellers / resellers (68.3%) are supplied and delivered locally at their own point of sale. cash settlement is the most common (79% for wholesalers / semi-wholesalers, 61% for sellers / resellers and 74% for street vendors). The daily gross margin of a wholesaler / semi-wholesaler of crop residues is 14753.03 ± 25724.24FCFA. It is higher than that of street vendors (6946.05 ± 2204.23FCFA), which is also higher than that of sellers/resellers (5855.54 ± 5065.49FCFA). In short, the marketing of crop residues is a very profitable activity for the actors, especially in the cold dry season. However, the recurrent displacements of actors for lack of fixed places and the harassment of the collection agents from the municipalities represent a brake on the development of this activity. It is therefore imperative to regulate their implementation while facilitating administrative procedures leading to the granting of authorization for installation. http://ijeab.com/detail/marketing-of-crop-residues-in-niamey-city-socio-organizational-aspects/ A.A. Maman Lawal, M. Chaibou, I. Hamadou, A.S. Gouro http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6-IJEAB-MAR-2019-9-MarketingofCrop.pdf Introduction: Water is one of the important natural sources for all living organisms. It is one of the ecological systems. It’s the essential source for human health, food production and economic development. The quality of water is important is an important parameter to be noted. The quality of water is affected by various contaminants. The consumption of contaminated water may cause serious health problems due to the activity of microorganism present in it .Due to the activity of microorganism the quality of water becomes very poor and also causes harmful diseases. Thus in this study we are aimed to test the quality of water from different sources by means of physicochemical studies. Objectives: The objective of the present studies is to provide information on the physicochemical characteristics & detailed ecological studies of Portable water and Lake water (Habitat) in order to discuss it’s suitability for human consumption. Physicochemical aspects of the water have been investigated to assess the quality of water. Result: The variations of physicochemical properties and comparative analysis of water different sources were analyzed. http://ijeab.com/detail/studies-on-physicochemical-analysis-of-water-from-different-sources/ D. Keerthika, K. Gokulpriyan, I. Harini, Dr. V. Karthikeyan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7-IJEAB-FEB-2019-40-Studieson.pdf In this study, we investigated the lipolytic activity of different bacteria strains isolated from different cooking oil contaminated soils.This was with a view to finding the isolate with the highest lipase-producing potential.A total of 70 bacteria strainswere isolated from the soil samples and the morphological examination of each isolate was done and characterized. 20 bacterial isolates were screened for lipase activity using chromogenic composed medium and the lipase producing microorganisms produced clear zones on this media. The isolate showing maximum activity was identified as Pseudomonas sp using Berger’s manual. The result showed that Pseudomonas sp. has the highest lipase activity with the largest diameter of 20.4 mm, 20.4 mm and 20.9 mm at 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation while Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Alcaligens sp., Citrobacter sp., Streptococcus sp., and Serratia sp. showed no lipase activity with 0.00 mm within the hours of incubation.The prevalence of lipase activity of each suspected bacterial isolate was investigated. Pseudomonas sp. has the highest prevalence of lipase activity with a value of 32.3% and the bacterial isolates with the lowest prevalence rate include Klebsiellasp, Escherichia coli, Serratia sp., Citrobacter sp., Streptococcus sp., and Alcaligens sp. with 4.2% each.. Staphylococcus sp. has a prevalence rate of 21.2%, Bacillus sp. with 6.1% prevalence rate while Bifidobacterium sp. and Corynbacterium sp. has 7.6% each. http://ijeab.com/detail/lipase-producing-potential-of-different-bacteria-species-isolated-from-cooking-oil-contaminated-soils/ C. N. Fakorede, B. O. Itakorode, A. T. Olayiwola, T. E. Anifowose http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8-IJEAB-FEB-2019-8-LipaseProducing.pdf Traffic contributes to a range of gaseous air pollutants and to suspended particulate matter (PM) of different sizes and composition. The effects on health of transport related air pollution are among the leading concerns. Research in recent decades consistently indicates the adverse effects of outdoor air pollution on human health. http://ijeab.com/detail/road-transport-and-their-impacts-on-health/ Salma Ummul, Kameswara Rao K http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9-IJEAB-MAR-2019-20-RoadTransport.pdf An experiment was conducted to assess the advance spring wheat mutant lines for some quantitative traits in ten genotypes of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) evolved through mutation breeding techniques along with two check varieties (NIA- Sunahri and Kiran-95). The experimental trial was conducted in the field of Plant Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam, during Rabi season 2011-2012. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental material was examined for mean performance, correlation coefficient and regression coefficient of important yield components towards grain yield plant-1. The mean squares (ANOVA) and mean performances of ten wheat genotypes revealed highly significant differences at (p http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-wheat-genotypes-for-yield-and-its-components-developed-through-gama-rays/ Soomro Z.A, Usman M, K.D. Jamali, G.S. Mangrio, R.A. Shah, M.A. Laghari, U.A. Kasi, S.A. Memon, Ghaloo S.H http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11-IJEAB-MAR-2019-21-Assessmentof.pdf Nickle pollution is worldwide problem due to industrial and anthropogenic activities. Seedlings of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were treated to different (NiSO4.6H2O) concentrations as 0.0 mM, 0.6 mM, 1.2 mM, 1.8mM and 2.4 mM salt into distilled water. The seedlings of V. unguiculta became less tolerable to nickel at higher concentration 2.4 mM as compared to control treatment. Nickel in trace amount is required for plant growth. In present study, the high level of nickel concentration 1.8 and 2.4 mM significantly (p http://ijeab.com/detail/effects-of-nickel-toxicity-on-seedling-growth-photosynthetic-pigments-carotenoids-and-phenols-contents-of-cowpea-vigna-unguiculata-l/ Amtul Mujeeb, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Shafiq, Muhammad Kabir, Zia-ur-Rehman Farooqi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12-IJEAB-MAR-2019-6-Effectsof.pdf The vegetation growing close to the railway tracks are usually exposed to various types of toxic pollutant discharged from the locomotive diesel engines. In present studies, the seedling growth performance of Acacia nilotica responded differently in soils of Cantonment Station, Drighroad Junction, Malir Station and Landhi Junction as compared to Karachi University Campus (Control) soil. The seedling growth of A. nilotica (Linn.) Delile gradually increased in soil of Drighroad Junction, Malir Station and Landhi Junction. The seedling growth of A. nilotica in Cantonment soil was significantly (p http://ijeab.com/detail/effects-of-railway-engine-emission-on-the-seedling-growth-behavior-of-woody-plant-species-acacia-nilotica-linn-delile/ Zia-ur-Rehman Farooqi, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Shafiq, Muhammad Kabir http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13-IJEAB-MAR-2019-7-Effectsof.pdf In many countries around the world, including Nigeria, access to potable water has become a mirage. Thus, exploitation of groundwater through the construction of hand-dug wells has become a major source of drinking water for majority of the populace. The need to assess the quality of water from this source has become imperative because of the health impacts on individuals. The physico-chemical characteristics of water from 166 hand-dug wells in Wadata area of Makurdi metropolis, Nigeria, were assessed during the dry season of 2017. Chloride(Cl-), Nitrate(NO3-), Sulphate(SO42-), Ammonium(NH4+), Phosphate(PO43-), Total hardness (TH), Total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity were determined using standard analytical methods. Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Potassium (K) were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (PG 990 model). As part of the physical parameters, TDSranged from 19.20 to 8932.20 mg/L while Turbidity also ranged from 1.00 to 12.00NTU. Chemical parameters were in the range of: Cl-(14.18 to 751.54 mg/L); NO3- (11.00 to 62050.00mg/L); SO42- (6.70 to 321.70mg/L); PO43-(12.30 to 1093.25mg/L); NH4+(2.60 to 321.40mg/L); TH(76.80 to 5467.80mg/L). Metalloids were in the range of: Na (2.90 to 78.60 mg/L); Ca (0.00 to 654.00mg/L); Mg (3.70 to 67.80 mg/L); K (4.00 to 238.00 mg/L).Many hand-dug wells in the area are contaminated based on the physicochemical parameters tested as values were above the acceptable limits prescribed by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) for drinking water.This information is important to all stakeholders including regulatory authorities in environment and those saddled with the responsibilities of preventing and controlling water borne disease outbreaks. http://ijeab.com/detail/physico-chemical-analysis-of-water-from-hand-dug-wells-in-wadata-area-of-makurdi-metropolis-nigeria/ Asen N. A., Aguoru C. U., Olasan J. O, Ogbonna I.O. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14-IJEAB-AUG-2018-34-Physico-Chemical.pdf Natural decay of pollutants is rarely consider in mass transport equation. This paper develops a mathematical model of a filter based on iron oxide coated sand for the removal of chromium in groundwater and surface water. The natural decay of chromium was analyzed using a zero order decay reaction. The advection dispersion equation for this purpose is solved analytically using the Laplace transform method and numerically by the Fourth order Runge kutta method to determine the spatio-temporal distribution of the pollutant through the filter. The control parameters are the adsorption coefficient, the initial concentration and the chromium degradation coefficient. It has been proven that the chromium degradation coefficient strongly affect the concentration values of pollutants inside the filter. The results of this work should be used to manufacture low-cost filters based on iron oxide coated sand. http://ijeab.com/detail/modelling-adsorption-and-transport-of-chrome-vi-onto-iron-oxide-coated-sand-filter/ Fulbert TOGUE KAMGA, Hélé Raïssa MUKAM MAGNE, Calvia MADIE YONTI, André CHAMGOUE CHEAGE, MBANE BIOUELE César http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15-IJEAB-FEB-2019-27-ModellingAdsorption.pdf In an effort to develop livestock in a region in a developing country, it is necessary to analyze the potential of the area and density of livestock for the development of livestock business in a development area. This study aims to determine the potential of the region regarding cattle livestock density consisting of: economic density, farming density and regional density for the development of beef cattle farming in coconut plantations in South Minahasa Regency. The method used to carry out the analysis used livestock density analysis and analysis of regional potential using the primary and secondary data needed. The results of the study can be concluded based on the calculation of the combination of economic, farming and region densities, it is known that the sub-districts that receive the first priority in the development of beef cattle are the Sinonsayang and Amurang Barat sub-districts including the southern part of South Minahasa Regency, because this region can develop cattle farming and forage for both grasses and legumes in coconut fields which are mostly located in this region, which can be applied in an integrated manner through the coconut and beef cattle (coco-beef) integration system model. Whereas in Tatapaan Subdistrict and other sub-districts in the North and East regions of South Minahasa Regency it is not a priority for cattle development, because this region is more dominant with clove plantations and food crops such as paddy fields and other food crops. http://ijeab.com/detail/cattle-density-analysis-for-development-of-cattle-farming-in-coconut-land-area-in-south-minahasa-regency-indonesia/ Richard E.M.F. Osak, Tilly D. F. Lumy, Franky N.S. Oroh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16-IJEAB-FEB-2019-11-CattleDensity.pdf The study investigated the level of utilization of traditional medicine for treatment of malaria among rural households in Abia State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described socio -economic characteristics of the respondents; ascertain the extent of utilization of traditional medicine among the respondents and determine the factors influencing level of usage of traditional medicine in the area. Data for the study were collected from (180) respondents using structured questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result showed that 55.0% of the respondents were males, average age of 58.45 years, 81.2% were married and 45.0% had secondary education. The study further revealed that respondents had high access to medicinal plants from market (mean = 2.35) and traditional medical practitioners (mean = 2.36). Tobit regression result showed that coefficient of age, years of education, income and farming experience influenced access to traditional medicine at 1% probability level. The study concluded that there was moderate utilization of traditional medicine for treatment of malaria in the study area, and recommended ensuring appropriate information on traditional medicine efficacy for effective utilization by the farmers in the study area. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-utilization-of-traditional-medicine-for-the-treatment-of-malaria-among-rural-farmers-in-abia-state-nigeria/ Mbah G.O., Ekweanya N.M. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17-IJEAB-MAR-2019-33-Analysisof.pdf The study investigated the level of access and utilization of traditional medicine for treatment of malaria among rural households in Abia State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents; ascertained the level of access to traditional medicine; ascertained the extent of utilization of traditional medicine and determined factors influencing access and utilization of traditional medicine in the study area. Data for the study were collected from (80) respondents using structured questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics (Tobit regression). The result showed that 55.0% of the respondents were males, average age of 58.45 years, 81.2% were married and 45.0% had secondary education. The study further revealed that respondents had high access to medicinal plants from market (mean = 2.35) and traditional medical practitioners (mean = 2.36). The respondents highly utilized traditional medicine with grand mean of 2.0. Tobit regression result showed that coefficient of age, years of education, income and farming experience influenced access to traditional medicine at 1% probability level. Coefficients of gender, age, occupation and income at 1%, 5%, 1% and 1% probability level respectively influenced utilization of traditional medicine in the study area. The study concluded that there was moderate access and high utilization of traditional medicine for treatment of malaria in the study area, and recommended ensuring appropriate information on traditional medicine for effective access and utilization. http://ijeab.com/detail/access-of-traditional-medicine-for-the-treatment-of-malaria-among-rural-farmers-in-abia-state-nigeria/ Mbah G.O., Ekweanya N.M., Kalu P.O http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18-IJEAB-MAR-2019-32-AccessofTraditional.pdf Scarabaeinae dung beetles are a ubiquitous group of beetles that are detritivores and provides important ecological services to the ecosystem. They are biological indicators and their community structure is affected by physical and biotic characteristics of the environment. Rainfall is an important parameter that affects these beetles. Rainfall seasonality of dung beetles in an agriculture habitat in South Western Ghats was studied. Cow dung baited pitfall traps were used to trap dung beetles in a banana plantation during the northeast monsoon, summer and southwest monsoon season. The study showed that agriculture activities affected dung beetle community attributes in the three seasons. Abundance, species richness and diversity was lowest in the northeast monsoon season characterized by moderate rainfall and ideal environmental conditions. This was a result of agricultural practices in the region, where banana cultivation activities peaks in the northeast monsoon season, which makes conditions unfavorable for dung beetles to colonize the agriculture habitat during this season. http://ijeab.com/detail/effects-of-rainfall-seasonality-on-scarabaeinae-dung-beetles-in-an-agriculture-habitat-in-south-western-ghats/ Thomas Latha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19-IJEAB-MAR-2019-28-Effectsof.pdf The purpose of this study was to analysis and identify the impacts of striped snakehead (Channa striata Bloch) fish farming in net cages on socio economic and environmental aspects. This study was a survey research. Location determination in Bangkau Village, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia was done purposively because this area was a center for cultivating striped snakeheads in Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency. The collection of respondent data in this village was carried out in a census of 20 people from the whole population of cultivated striped snakeheads in net cages. The effect on social was done by identifying the effect of social aspect, the economic aspect determined by analysis used was the calculation of profit (π) and payback period (PP), while the environmental aspects, it was done by identifying the measurement of water quality. The results showed that from the social aspect, this business influenced the use of labor in its business, benefits obtained from the business of cultivating this striped snakeheads varied between 627,433.33 IDR to 9,789,533.33 IDR per year, while the payback period was 2.23 years. This cultivation effort from the environmental aspects of water quality is still within the class 3 water quality classification tolerance limit. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-impacts-of-striped-snakehead-channa-striata-bloch-fish-farming-in-net-cages-on-social-economic-and-environmental-aspects-in-bangkau-village-hulu-sungai-selatan/ Khalid Darda, Idiannor Mahyudin, Emmy Sri Mahreda, Indira Fitriliyani http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20-IJEAB-MAR-2019-30-TheImpacts.pdf Cotton in Eswatini contributes 2.1 % of the country’s Gross Domestic Product owing to low cotton yield due to high pest pressure. Eswatini farmers grow Alba QM 301 a conventional non Bt variety which is affected by bollworm. Cotton is no longer profitable and farmers are quitting the industry, yet it is the only source of livelihood in drought prone areas of Eswatini. Countries like India and South Africa have replaced conventional cotton with high yielding Bt or genetically modified cotton.The study analyses yield and adaptation of Bt cotton under rain fed condition.Bt cotton hybrid was evaluated under field condition for adaptation and yield performance in 2016 and 2017 season. Two Bt cotton varieties JKCH 1947 Bt and JKCH 1050 Bt were tested against the local variety Alba Plus QM 301 and JKC 724 both Non Bt (NBt).JKCH 1947 recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield per ha of 3070 kg/ha on the first year. It was closely followed by JKCH 1050 with a yields of 2955 kg/ha.The number of boll per plant was also significant higher compared the control. Alba Plus QM 301 and JKC 724 both Non Bt (NBt) recorded the lower yields of 2066 and 821 kg/ha respectively, under the same condition with less number of bolls per plant. Similar observations were recorded on the second year, JKCH1947 and JKCH 1050 recording 1765kg/ha and 1865kg/ha respectively. A similar trend was observed onthe number of bolls per plant,higher number of bolls were recorded in JKCH 1050 Bt followed by JKCH 1947 Bt. Alba Plus QM 301 NBt and JKC 724 NBt recorded fewer boll in both years. All varieties showed good adaptability to local environment with good plant stand. http://ijeab.com/detail/yield-analysis-and-adaptation-for-bacillus-thuringiensis-bt-and-non-bacillus-thuringiensis-bt-cotton-varieties-in-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/ Daniel Khumalo http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21-IJEAB-MAR-2019-34-Yieldanalysis.pdf In Sumatra, cocoa has been cultivated by small holders in diverse agroforestry systems. But recently, companion shade trees are being removed in hopes of reaching higher cocoa yield. This study tests a hypothesis, that high cocoa productivity is compatible with shade and diversity if farmers apply good cocoa management. The study was conducted throughout 2018 in Sontang village, Pasaman district, West Sumatra. We aimed to compare cocoa yield, tree diversity, and ethnobotanical value in 3 shade management systems (low/medium/high). Twelve 20 x 20 m plots were sampled random lyunder each shade, resulting in 36 plots covering 1.44 ha. Plant diversity was measured by species inventories and usefulness was determined based on ethnobotanical interviews. The medium shade also showed the highest crop diversity and highest usefulness. The study concludes that the medium shade harbors suitable level of tree diversity with a positive impact on cocoa yield. We recommend training farmers in cocoa management while sustaining medium shade as a productive, useful and bio diverse system. http://ijeab.com/detail/plant-diversity-in-various-agroforestry-system-based-on-cocoa-in-pasaman-west-sumatra/ Sumilia, Nasrez Akhir, Zulfadhly Syarif http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22-IJEAB-MAR-2019-29-PlantDiversity.pdf Sweet cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops grown extensively throughout the world especially in the temperate countries. Poor fruit-set was believed to be one of the major barriers to the tropical adaptation of sweet cucumber. Nitrobenzene is a combination of nitrogen and plant growth regulators, extracted from sea weeds that act as plant energizer, flowering stimulant and yield booster in crop production. The objectives of the present study were to examine the effect of nitrobenzene on sweet cucumber yield to evaluate the optimum dose of nitrobenzene for economically better yield. The study was conducted at a farmer poly tunnel located in Athgala (WU1). The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomize Design (CRD) with four treatments randomized in three replicates. The treatments were T1 – Control (without Nitrobenzene), T2 – Nitrobenzene 10%, T3 – Nitrobenzene 15%, T4 – Nitrobenzene 20%. Plants were established in drip-fertigated bags in the Poly tunnel and standard crop management practices were done throughout the study. Nitrobenzene was sprayed to the seedlings 20 and 35 days after sowing. Albert solution, 6: 30: 30 fertilizer mixture 20: 20 fertilizer mixture and Ca(NO3)2 were used as recommended fertilizers. Measurements were taken on growth, flowering, Fruit setting and postharvest stages. The data obtained were subjected to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.1. Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) was performed to compare the differences among treatment means at p=0.05. The highest values of plant growth parameters, reproductive parameters, yield parameters and postharvest parameters were observed in T4, i.e. 20% Nitrobenzene applied treatments. On the other hand the lowest values were recorded from T1 (control of the experiment). Specially, advanced flowering and fruit setting, number of flowers per plant and total yield per plant were recorded from T4, i.e. 20% Nitrobenzene applied treatments. So, 20% nitrobenzene applied plants showed superior results in contrast to other nitrobenzene levels with enhancing flowering, fruit setting, yield qualities as well as postharvest performances. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-nitrobenzene-on-sweet-cucumber-cucumis-sativus-l-yield-and-yield-quality-under-green-house-condition/ Shyamalee Kohombange, J.P.Eeswara, Nandun Rathnasekara http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23-IJEAB-APR-2019-2-Effectof.pdf The study aimed at determining the potential, characterization and utilization of super-intensive shrimp pond solid waste as a raw material for organic fertilizer, and its application in fisheries and agriculture. It was conducted at Experimental Pond Installation, Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension located in Punaga Village in South Sulawesi. The research involved 3 of 1,000 m2 concrete ponds for 105 rearing period days and entailed the stocking density of 750-1,250 shrimp/m2. The observation was carried out in the sediments on a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with 7,000 m2. The variables observed in this study included sedimentation rate, total sediment, and estimation of total nutrient in the contents of solid waste such as C-organic N total. P2O5. K2O. pH, water content and C/N ratio. The results showed total sediment in the following stocking 750, 1000 and 1,250 vaname shrimp/m2 weighed 18.2, 20.3 and 21.9 tons respectively. During the shrimp cultivation, TN, TP and C accumulated in sediments increased, resulting to an upsurge in stocking density. Therefore, the solid waste may potentially be used as organic fertilizer because it has a fairly high nutrient content such as N total of 0.58%. P2O5 by 3.33%. K2O by 0.8%. C-organic by 9.94%. pH 6.73, water content of 16.36% and C / N ratio by 17.14%. http://ijeab.com/detail/potential-characteristics-and-utilization-of-shrimp-pond-solid-waste-as-organic-fertilizer/ Hidayat Suryanto Suwoyo, Ambo Tuwo, Haryati, Hilal Anshary http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/24-IJEAB-MAR-2019-36-Potential.pdf The present study was conducted to determine the regeneration potential and producing mass-clonal production of wheat through embryogenesis. A total of 60 selected wheat seeds were surface sterilized and inoculated on different culture bottles under controlled condition. The seeds were emerged in MS basal media and later supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (Benzyl-amino purine) and IAA (Indole-acetic acid). The Observation on servile rate, regeneration capability, length of leaves, length regenerated seedlings, length and number roots were observed. Resultsfurther expressed that the media MS-MIII showed maximum length of leaves and roots of seedlings followed by cultured on media supplemented with 10µg/L or 20µg/L or 30µg/L each of IAA and BAP. Though, seedlings obtained under the concentration of 40µg/L of IAA and BAP were relatively similar and showed significantly moderate result followed by cultured on the medium supplemented with 30µg/L. furthermore, the rooted plants were then transplanted into the substrate and acclimatized in the laboratory greenhouse where humid cavity available. The acclimatization in the humid cavity showed optimistic effect on the number of survived plants. http://ijeab.com/detail/invitro-regeneration-and-mass-clonal-proliferation-of-wheat-through-embryonic-formation/ Allah Jurio Khaskheli, Muharam Ali, Muhammad Ibrahim Khaskheli, Zohra Fatima Memon, Sayyed Zakir Hussain Shah, Saleem Awan, Bilqees Magsi, Ushba Jabeen Rajput, Mohsin Ali Khaskheli http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/25-IJEAB-MAR-2019-24-InvitroRegeneration.pdf The use of mobile phones as means of communication between the extension agents and local farmers in Edo South was examined to determine the perception of the extension agents on its effectiveness. Fifty-one (51) respondents were obtained through random sampling using questionnaires to obtain relevant information in the two local government areas; Ovia North East and Ovia South West selected for the study. The result obtained indicated that male extension agents were in majority (72.5%), 54.9% of the sampled population above 45 years of age and 58.8% possesed 16 – 20 years working experience. Phone calls and short message service (SMS) were found appropriate for agricultural information dissemination. Significant and positive relationship were established between the working experience of extension agents and their perception of mobile phone usage. The recommendation is that formal integration of mobile phone into extension activities be done to enhance wider coverage, reduce cost and risks associated with movement. Extension agents and farmers need more training on effective usage of SMS and phone calls for interaction on farm related issues. Enforcement of existing telecommunication laws could reduce network failure and also enhance effective usage. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-extension-agents-perception-of-mobile-phone-usage-for-communication-with-farmers-in-edo-south-of-edo-state-nigeria/ S. O. E. Alakpa, S. O. Afolabi, I. J. Ighalo http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/26-IJEAB-MAR-2019-25-Assessment.pdf The presence of organic micropollutants on residual water used for irrigation is common in development countries, and their human impacts and the ecological consequences are still completely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the main mechanisms involved during removal of three organic compounds (carbamazepine, ibuporfen, and 4-nonylphenol), and three usually pathogenic organisms (Escherichia coli, Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides) contained in untreated wastewater dumped to agricultural soil, based on laboratory studies with inoculated soil, as well as the corroboration with field measurements. The results suggest adsorption and biodegradation as the predominant processes responsible for the removal of all contaminants analyzed, reporting efficiencies greater than 95% during the first 30 cm of the soil depth. Nevertheless, the efficiency depends on the type of pollutant, and also the physicochemical characteristics of the soil. For ibuprofen and 4-nonylphenol occurs mostly by biodegradation, and the adsorption of carbamazepine is associated with the organic matter content, while E. coli is adsorbed to the clay fraction of the soil. Finally, G. lambia and A. lumbricoides removal is due to different processes from adsorption such as colloidal filtration. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-main-removal-mechanism-of-organic-micropollutants-and-organisms-in-an-irrigation-system-using-untreated-wastewater/ Alma C. Chávez-Mejía, Rafael Magaña-López, Juan Carlos Durán-Álvarez, Blanca Elena Jiménez-Cisneros http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/27-IJEAB-MAR-2019-18-Themain.pdf Senescence is a key process determining the life interval of several cut flowers and sugars added to the nutrient are known to increase vase life in several flowers, very little is known about endogenous variations in glucopyranosyl levels in several floral tissues, predominantly beyond petals, during natural flower development. In present study, we had evaluated the glucopyranosyl efficiency at different concentrations and different time intervals. We had found that the efficiency of glucopyranosyl slightly affect the senescence approaches and played a significant role in inhibition of senescence. Furthermore, it also played a key role on increasing the cells size and enlargement of cells at growing stages of petals. Further we had randomly investigated the content of sucrose in treated petals and control. Interestingly we had found increasing amount of sucrose in treated petals compare to that of untreated. Sucrose contents increased with flower development reaching 50% to 74% higher levels at later stage compared to that of early stagein excised petals. http://ijeab.com/detail/competency-of-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-regulates-cells-death-and-functions-in-senescence-inhibition/ Allah Jurio Khaskheli, Muhammad Ibrahim Khaskheli, Muharam Ali1, Juan Hong Li, Asad Ali Khaskheli, Kaneez-e-Zahra Khaskheli, Aisha Arif Rajput, Maqsood Ahmed Khaskheli http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/28-IJEAB-APR-2019-6-Competency.pdf Vermifiltration was used for the treatment of restaurant effluents in Benue state. Four vermi-bio-filters were used; V1 (Lumbricusterritris), V2 (Eudriluseugeniae), V3 (Eiseniafetida), V4 (mixture of Lumbricusterritris, Eudriluseugeniae and Eiseniafetida) and V5 (Control without earthworm-geofilter). The effluent from vermifilters and control were analysed for microbial load. The Earthworms’ body worked as a ‘biofilter’ and as a bioreactor with the mechanism of ‘ingestion’ and biodegradation of organic wastes. Bacteria analysed in the six effluents (Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Enterobacterspp, Proteus spp and Pseudomonas spp) and fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium Rhizopus and Mucor. Saccharomyces cerevisae) were reduced in the range of 70.0-97.7% and 68.3-97.4% respectively. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the differences in microbial load concentration between the influent and effluent were considered significant at 5% level (p ≤0.05). The synergistic action of enzymes, microorganisms and earthworms significantly reduced the amount of microbial load compared to a geo-filter, without earthworms’ presence (control). Vermifiltration is a low cost technology recommended for treatment of effluent before discharge into the environment. This is an odor-free process and no sludge formed in vermin-filtration. Vermifiltration technology can be applied as an environmentally friendly technique as the treated effluents met the set standards for irrigation purpose, parks, gardens and hydroponics. http://ijeab.com/detail/studies-on-vermifiltration-of-restaurant-effluent-and-reuse-in-benue-state-north-central-nigeria/ Addy J.V., Aguoru C.U., Imandeh N.G., Azua E.T., OLASAN J.O. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/29-IJEAB-AUG-2018-33-Studies.pdf Sterilization of plant growing media was reported to have different effects on different crops. This research was aimed to examine the effects of autoclave sterilization of soil (sterilized vs non-sterilized) on root colonization by indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), growth and yield of various genotypes of promising lines of black rice in pot culture. The pot culture experiment was conducted in a glasshouse by arranging the treatments in a factorial Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The results indicated that autoclave sterilization of soil for growing black rice significantly reduced AMF colonization, productive tiller number, average panicle length, and grain yield per clump but increased weight of 100 grains. However, there were significant interactions between sterilization and rice genotypes on plant height, AMF colonization levels, average panicle length, grain yield per clump, and weight of 100 seeds, which means different genotypes showed different responses to soil sterilization. Among seven genotypes of black rice tested, G12 showed the highest grain yield (50.93 g/pot) and G8 showed the lowest yield (37.29 g/pot) due to the highest reduction in grain yield on the sterilized soil (46.00 g/pot vs 28.58 g/pot). http://ijeab.com/detail/mycorrhizal-colonization-growth-and-yield-of-several-promising-lines-of-black-rice-between-sterilized-and-non-sterilized-soil/ Alvina Magna Anugrah, Wayan Wangiyana, I Gusti Putu Muliarta Aryana http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/30-IJEAB-APR-2019-5-MycorrhizalColonization.pdf Objective: An investigation was carried out in the Afigya-Sekyere South District to determine the rate of early chick mortality in the first four weeks and the factors that may have caused this. Methods: Structured questionnaires and personal observations were used to obtain information from twenty-eight (28) farm managers. Results: The study revealed that mortality was higher in the first and second week with an average mean mortality of 11.39 and 6.43 respectively. According to the farm managers, all the mortality reported was a result of disease infection. Statistical analysis also depicted that the source of the day-old chicks (local or imported), experience and educational level of the managers and the type of breed were the factors that affected disease occurrence on the farm which consequently caused early chick mortality. Conclusion: Diseases such as Gumboro and Coccidiosis were reported with a percentage of 35.7% and 39.3% respectively and these caused a mortality percentage of 33.86% and 36.99%. The studies further revealed that mortality increased with a decrease in the inefficiency of the managers. Statistical analysis also showed that local chicks were associated with higher mortality recording 0.80% as compared to 0.31% of the imported chicks in the first week. Mortality was also associated with the type of breed, with the Bovane black recording the highest percentage in all the four weeks recording 2.34% and 0.92% in the first and second week respectively. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-survey-on-premature-death-in-early-chicks-and-the-assessment-of-the-responsible-determinants-a-case-study-in-the-afigya-sekyere-south-district-of-the-ashanti-region-of-ghana/ Michael Osei Appiah http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/31-IJEAB-APR-2019-1-ASurvey.pdf A custom response design study on the biogas production from blends of Palm oil sludge (POS), Bambara nut (VignaSubterranea) chaff (BNC) and African wild mango (AWM) was carried out. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 and 2:1 of water to waste depending on the nature of the substrates as follows: System A was 100%POS; B: 100%BNC, C: 100%AWM;D: 50%POS+50%BNC and E: 60% POS+20% BNC+20% AWM. The wastes were charged into 32L capacity metal prototype digesters in a batch for 30 days retention period at an ambient temperature range of 26oC - 37°C. The cumulative gas yield from the five treatments systems (digesters) were different: the 50%POS+50%BNC had the highest cumulative gas yield (69.5L); followed by 100%BNC system (54.5L); 60%POS+20%BNC+20%AWM system (39.2L); 100%POS system (14.4L) and 100%AWM system (11.7L). 100%BNC system had the highest methane content (88.056%); followed by 60%POS+20%BNC+20%AWM system (88.007%); 100%POS system (83.025%); and 50%POS+50%BNC system (73.055%).The research has shown that 100% BNC had the least lag days (6 days), highest calorific value (25330.24KJ/Kg) and highest methane content (88.056%). African wild mango needs to be co-digested to produce flammable biogas. The TS, VS, BOD and TVC were seen to be consistently reducing throughout the digestion period. Meteorological conditions like solar radiation, air temperature and wind speed had significant effects on ambient temperature, slurry temperature, pH and daily gas yield. http://ijeab.com/detail/batch-investigation-of-biogas-production-from-palm-oil-sludge-bambara-nut-chaff-and-african-wild-mango-at-varying-meteorological-conditions/ Cordelia Nnennaya Mama, Ohanusi Ndubuisi Sylvester, Ogbuja Nnanna Kenneth, Diugwu Okechukwu Daniel http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/32-IJEAB-APR-2019-8-BatchInvestigation.pdf This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: horse dung (HD), plantain peel (PP) and egg shell (ES) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%HD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% ES, Sample D; 50%HD+50%PP and Sample E; 60% HD+30% ES+10% PP. The retention time was 30 days. Parameters like pH, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures, solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 81.8L, 22.3L, 51.9L, 109L, and 75.2L for samples A, B, C, D and E respectively. The flammable time was 10th, 13th, 16th, 6th, 10th day for samples A, B, C, D and E respectively. The result revealed that sample D: 50%HD+50%PP gave the highest yield of biogas (109L) and flamed earlier than the other samples (6 days) while sample B: 100%PP had the lowest yield of biogas (22.3L). The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample C: 100%ES with 90.3995% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample B: 100%PP to be 79.9963%. The TS and VS were seen to be consistently reducing while TVC and BOD reduced (immediately the microbes got acclimatized to the environment) showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days. http://ijeab.com/detail/mesophillic-anaerobic-co-digestion-of-horse-dung-plantain-peel-and-egg-sheel-at-different-climatic-conditions/ Cordelia Nnennaya Mama, Ugwuja Thankgod Oruchukwu, Eze Chidi Ezekiel, Richard Ifechukwu Nnamdi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/33-IJEAB-APR-2019-9-Mesophillic.pdf Mackerel scad (Decapterusmacarellus) is one of the small pelagic fish that has important economic value and caught throughout the year around the waters of Ambon. Utilization of these fish is not only profitable economically but also can have a negative impact if not pay attention to aspects of sustainability. The purpose of this research is to know the distribution of long frequency and growth pattern. This research was conducted for six months (September 2016-February 2017) around Ambon waters. Samples of fish analyzed amounted to 1548 individuals. The average length of the minimum fish caught is 9.5 cm and the average size of the maximum length of fish caught is 31.8 cm. Fish growth patterns obtained are isometric. http://ijeab.com/detail/size-distribution-and-growth-mackerel-scad-decapterusmacarellus-in-the-ambon-waters/ Frentje D.Silooy, Agustinus Tupamahu, O.T.S Ongkers, D.D.P Matrutty http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/34-IJEAB-MAR-2019-22-SizeDistribution.pdf Tomato is principally subjected to severe yield losses due to adverse effects of a number of factors particularly biotic factors (pathogens). The lacks of tomato genotypes resistance to diseases have increased both the financial cost and environmental impact of tomato production while reducing the yield and quality. Therefore developing tomato genotypes with multiple resistances to diseases is a desirable goal. However, the most effective strategy of controlling reduction in yield and quality of tomato caused by various biotic factors during crop productivity encountered by poor resource farmers is by utilization of host resistance. Recently, technological advancement has led to the development of DNA based molecular markers closely linked to genes in tomato chromosomes that bestowed resistance to various kinds of biotic factors. Gene transfer of preferred traits into a single tomato genotype is now possible through the deployment of marker assisted selection (MAS) process, which now hastens the advancement of resistance tomato cultivars in its lowest population with gene pyramiding or stacking. In this review, we present the eco-friendly molecular tools with emphases on MAS for the improvement of biotic resistance in tomatoes which can be more explore in identifying land races that have the potentials of subduing the attack of pathogens if improved genetically. http://ijeab.com/detail/exploring-mas-a-reliable-molecular-tool-for-development-of-multiple-disease-resistance-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l-through-gene-pyramiding/ John Oladeji Oladokun, Immaculate Mugisa http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/35-IJEAB-APR-2019-12-ExploringMAS.pdf Tucanuçu (Ramphastostoco – Muller, 1776) is the largest Tucano birds and possess remarkable characteristics, such long orange beak and black spot on end, its black plumage, an area of bare orange skin around the eyes and blue eyelids, being a symbol of avian diversity found in South American ecosystems, whose anatomy and systemic description are little studied, fundamental process to understand biological system of this animal. Thus, this work aimed to perform an anatomical description of aorta artery and respective branches in Tucanuçu through a comparative study, using 2 male and 2 female specimens. In this sense, the present work shows unprecedentedly discovered about this animal that vascular pattern shows similarities with other birds and Aorta being the main vessel that emerges from left ventricle base of the heart. The first branches of Aorta are three coronary arteries: Right, Left and Dorsal. Brachiocephalic Aa.andCervicobrachialarises from cranial face of aortic arch and directed: Brachiocephalic a. which is left limbs, to head, neck and left thoracic member and Cervicobrachial to neck and right thoracic limb. http://ijeab.com/detail/aorta-artery-and-branches-in-tucanu-u-ramphastostoco-muller-1776/ Fábio Carlos da Silva Filho, Roseâmely Angélica de Carvalho Barros, Thalles Anthony Duarte Oliveira, Tarley Santos Oliveira, Lanussy Porfiro de Oliveira, Bruna Rafaella de Almeida Nunes, Diogo Baldin Mesquita, Thiago Sardinha de Oliveira, Zenon Silva http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/36-IJEAB-APR-2019-28-AortaArtery.pdf The study was carried out to determine the variation in soil properties within units and along a catena, significant of variation to soil mapping and soil management at kwambai, Takum, within latitude 7o5 N and longitude 9o5 D E to 10o 10oE .Taraba State. Soil sample were collected from upland, slope and lowland areas of the catena at the depth of 0-15cm and 15-30cm at 3 composite,18 samples were collected. Soil properties analyzed include pH, Total Acidity EC(dS/m), Ca(Meg/Kg), Mg(Meg/Kg, K(Meg/Kg), Na(Meg/Kg), Base saturation%, TEB(Meg/Kg) ECEC(Meg/Kg), P(ppm), N%,O.C%,C:N ratio. Sand has the highest fraction in the soil. The soil is predominantly sandy clay loam. Clay loam in lowland surface, loam and sandy clay are less according to textural class. Grayish brown dominate the soil, dull brown in upland subsurface, others are brown, orange,and brownish grey.In upland area EC, Ca, Mg ,TEB, N and OC decrease with depth while others increase with depth. In slope area Total acidity, Ca, Mg, TEB, ECEC and P Increase with depth while others decrease with depth. In Lowland area Ca, Mg, Na, TEB, Base saturation, ECEC, and N Increase while others decrease with depth There is Significance differences in soil properties down the catena. There is no change in EC. C:N ratio has the highest coefficient of variation of 40.8% while base saturation has the lowest with 1.2% in surface down the catena, the highest in subsurface is total acidity with 55.5% and the lowest is C:N ratio with 1.0%. The following recommendations were made. More samples to be collected during Mapping, the area interval should be reduced. Management can be easily be done in the soil. Application of lime to correct soil acidity should be moderate; fertilizer application should be not be uniform because of variation in the Landscape area. http://ijeab.com/detail/variation-in-soil-properties-along-a-catena-in-kwambai-taraba-state-nigeria/ Mbashak. R, Garjila A.Y, Gideon PK, Yakubu N Y, Rikin M.L http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/37-IJEAB-APR-2019-4-Variationin.pdf The increasing industrial demand for the production of innovative functional food (lactose free products) as well as bio-compounds with nutritional value (such as carotenoids and other metabolites like ergosterol), that could find several applications in industrial food sector (Research and Development department) has increased interest regarding their potential production (employing applied biochemistry and biotechnology principles in their optimized production processes). Reduction of total production costs has encouraged the usage of low-cost or negative valued agroindustrial by-products or waste streams to industrial food sector. Cheese whey (after being deproteinized) was treated, either with acid (HCL) or commercial β-galactosidase (from Aspergillus oryzae), aiming at hydrolyzing initial lactose contained in a unique mixture of cheese whey, delivered by different cheese whey making processes, from Aegean islands (Greece). Regarding HCL (37% vv-1) catalyzed hydrolysis of unique Aegean islands (Greece) delivered cheese whey, the highest glucose concentration of 3873.66 mgL-1 achieved after 120 min of reaction, at 100 oC at a pH range ranking from 1 to 1.1. As for enzymatic catalyzed hydrolysis process of cheese whey, using β-galactosidase (from Aspergillus oryzae), maximum production of 18.78 gL-1 glucose, achieved at 55 oC and pH= 5, after 12 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis (when the initial cheese whey concentration and initial enzymatic activity was 1200 gL-1 and 9 UmL-1, respectively). Evaluating potential usage of cheese whey hydrolysates in industrial food sector, it was concluded that a 6h enzymatic process was adequate for the production of glucose-rich streams, that could find several applications toward the production of novel functional foods (free of lactose or low lactose content), improving their sensorial and technological properties (while addressed to those suffering from lactose intolerance). Regarding bioreactor fed-batch bioconversions by Rhodotorula glutinis, using enzymatically prepared cheese whey hydrolysates as generic feedstock (with initial glucose concentration of 18 g L-1), the highest production of total carotenoids, ergosterol and total dry weight achieved was 127.3 ± 0.41 μg g-1 (or 2023.03 ± 0.41 μgL-1), 170.78 ± 0.38 μg g-1 (or 2703.917 ± 4.37 μgL-1), respectively. The flow aeration rate was maintained at 2vvm. regulated by using 5M NaOH and 10% (vv-1) H2SO4, at optimum range (6.2-6.5). The dissolved oxygen concentration at the bioreactor, was regulated at 30% of saturation. Cheese whey, a by-product of cheesemaking process, could form an ideal feedstock through the designing and development of optimized series of bioprocesses leading to the development of a novel biorefinery that could produce several value-added products with high nutritional value and several commercial marketed outputs. http://ijeab.com/detail/using-cheese-whey-for-the-production-of-carotenoids-ergosterol-and-novel-functional-foods-of-industrial-interest-though-a-series-of-optimized-bio-and-chemical-processes/ Dimou Charalampia, Koutelidakis E. Antonios, Mavropoulou Rafaela, Argyrios Skiadaresis, Karantonis Haralabos, Stavros Yanniotis, Dimou Charalampia http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/38-IJEAB-APR-2019-21-UsingCheese.pdf This study was carried out to assess the potential of crushed glass as a filter medium in high rate filtration. Waste glass collected from a glass manufacturing industry was crushed using hammer mill and sorted into different particle sizes (0.300 mm, 0.425 mm, 0.550 mm, 1.18 mm and 2.36 mm). The gravel layer was between 2.36 mm to 4.75 mm. The glass were arranged in layers and used as the filter bed for the water filtration process. The depth of each medium was set at 800 mm with a constant flow rate of 0.0275 l/s, and the experimental run of 4 hours. The flow rate, turbidity and head at the ports were monitored at every 30 minutes interval. Glass shows a tremendous decrease in filtration rate with time compared to sand and also a higher headloss developed. At 2.5 hours, glass had attained a turbidity of 0 NTU while sand at 3.5 hours. The results show an increase in filtration efficiency in glass compared to sand which suggests that crushed glass could be used conveniently as a medium for rate of filtration. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-crushed-glass-as-a-medium-for-rapid-rate-filtration/ J.O. Jeje, O. Hassan, O.A. Ogundipe http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/39-IJEAB-APR-2019-22-Assessment.pdf Spiders belong to the order Araneae which is the largest order among the class Arachnida. Spiders are considered as indicators of overall species richness and the health of terrestrial communities. The village with different plantations harbors a good number of spiders. The survey was carried out from February 2018 to January 2019 by using active searching, beating, leaf sampling and net sweeping techniques. During the study, a total number of 51 species belonging to 42 genera of 16 families were documented. In the present study it was found that the family Araneidae was dominated by having 14 species followed by the family Salticidae having 12 species and the least were from Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Eresidae, Gnaphosidae, Hersiliidae, Linyphiidae, Sparassidae, Theridiidae and Uloboridae with a single species from each family. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-study-on-diversity-of-spiders-at-malavagoppa-village-in-shimoga-district-karnataka/ Shraddha Kumari K, Chaturved Shet R http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/40-IJEAB-APR-2019-16-AStudyon.pdf Honey is known to have many health benefits and hence had been used as natural medicine for ages. Literature suggests that bioactive agents can come from the secondary metabolites produced by the bacteria present in honey.Existenceof several bacteria has been reported in European and Australian honeys. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate and identify the bacteria present in honeysavailable in Bangladesh. Honey samples from seven types of natural flowers and six commercial kinds of honeyof Bangladesh were tested in this study. Prevalence of bacteria in each sample was checked through serial dilution method. Then different types of bacteria were identified by culturing them on selective agars and biochemical tests. Presence of Micrococcus luteus(100%), Streptococcus (92%), Staphylococcus aureus(77%), Bacillus (23%), Lactobacillus (15%), Klebsiella (8%) and Escherichia coli(8%) were detected.The secondary metabolites of these bacteria can be extracted and checked for potential development as medicines from nature http://ijeab.com/detail/bangladeshi-honey-a-possible-source-of-beneficial-aerobic-bacteria/ Md. Abir Hossain, Sarbojoy Saha, Abhinandan Chowdhury http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/41-IJEAB-MAR-2019-35-BangladeshiHoney.pdf This article contains a spatial review concerning the appointment of Cigudeg Village as a candidate of the capital city of Bogor Barat Regency. Bogor Barat Regency is one the regencies are being proposed to be a new regency in West Java Province. This research aimed to determine the feasibility of Cigudeg Village as the capital city candidate from the spatial accessibility point of view. The research begun by proposing other locations instead of Cigudeg Village as a comparison. The selection of village candidates was based on 3 scenarios: (1) all villages in Cigudeg District were deserved to be chosen as the capital city candidates; (2) all villages within the Bogor Barat Regency were deserved to be selected as the capital city candidates; (3) a centroid of Bogor Barat Regency was deserved to be included in the selection of the capital city of Bogor Barat Regency. The analysis of location-allocation weighted by the total population per district, was used to obtain the chosen village based on the above scenarios. The analysis resulted in three different chosen villages, that are Cigudeg (scenario 1), Leuwiliang (scenario 2) and Bayuresmi 2 (scenario 3). A comparative analysis then carried out to choose which village among those three that actually has a highest value of accessibility. Travel distance, travel time, and public transportation cost used a base of comparative analysis. The result of comparative analysis shows that Leuwiliang Village has the highest accessibility level, followed by Cigudeg and Bayuresmi 2 on the third place. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-accessibility-level-of-cigudeg-village-as-prospective-capital-city-of-west-bogor-regency/ Soma Trenggana http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/42-IJEAB-APR-2019-14-TheAccessibility.pdf With the broad aim of biologically improving P uptake by date palm, in this work we use the beneficial phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) characterized by a remarkable ability to solubilize phosphorus and tolerance to hard pedoclimatic conditions. For this study, a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition to assess the effect of associations between mycorhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae) (M) with a range of ten bacterial strains (B). An essay of different treatments (control seedlings, seedlings inoculated by arbuscular mycorhizal fungi (AMF) and seedlings inoculated by a combination of PSB and AMF) showed the progressive evolution of microbial activity. The results indicated that the rhizosphere interactions between Glomus mosseae and PSB strains (Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus subtilis) significantly improved growth parameters including root dry weight (23,66%), root length (24%), leaf dry weight (67,7%), leaf length (26,9%), promote P mineralization in soil P (142,3%) uptake by date palm seedling as compared to control, and percent root colonization in date palm seedling was also recorded by the combined inoculation of Glomus mosseae and PSB strains (Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus subtilis). http://ijeab.com/detail/responses-of-date-palm-seedling-to-co-inoculation-with-phosphate-solubilizing-bacteria-and-mycorrhizal-arbuscular-fungi/ ZOUGARI- ELWEDI Boutheina, HDIOUCH Aya, BOUGHALLEB Naima, NAMSI Ahmed http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/43-IJEAB-APR-2019-24-Responses.pdf