Volume 4 Number 3 (May 2019)

Protected Areas in the Brazilian Semi-Arid and the Management and Conservation of Ecosystems

The use of biodiversity has not been done sustainably on the planet, especially in South America, which has caused irreversible environmental impacts. Geodiversity is an important component of the existing natural heritage, but it lacks studies that mainly exploit the characteristics of the landscape and its forms of conservation. In this way, the aim is to discuss the relevance of the sustainable use of natural resources of protected areas of the Brazilian semi-arid, especially of the paleodunate areas, as well as to present a proposal for the management and conservation of these areas in accordance with the realities investigated, based on renowned theorists, in the existing legislations and above all, based on the practical investigations carried out. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the relevance of the adequate management of Brazil's protected areas, especially those that have environmental indicators from other geological eras and that, once destroyed, will never be recomposed, since it is a dynamic complex, thus requiring greater attention and a coherent management for its actual conservation.

Biostimulants Enhanced Seedling Root Growth and Bulb Yields of True Seed Shallots (Allium cepa var aggregatum L.)

Agung I.G.A.M.S., Diara I.W.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of biostimulan (PGPR) on root growth of seedlings and bulb yields of true seeds shallots (TSS). The research was conducted in the glasshouse in Tangtu village, Badung regency,Bali province of Indonesia, from April until October 2018. Complete randomized block design was used with 4 replications. Three kinds of biostimulants (B, C, D) and one control, and two TSS varieties (Sunren F1 and Tuktuk) were the treatments imposed. Results of experiment showed that biostimulants as well as TSS variety significantly (P

Meat Quality of Japanese Quail (Coutonix Coutonix Japanica) Fed Graded Levels of Fermented Mango Kernel Meal

Samson Kyakma S., Idu Gibson, Wilson Makir

This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of replacing maize with Fermented Mango Kernel Seed Meal(FMKSM) on meat quality of Japanese Quails . A total of two hundred and twenty five (225) one week old unsexed Japanese quails purchased from National Research Institute Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria were used in a six weeks study. The quails were equally allotted in to five treatment group of 45 birds per treatments. The control diet which contains 0% FMSKM and four other experimental diet in which maize was replaced with FMSKM at 10% , 15%, 20% and 25% levels of inclusion thus; 5 treatments respectively. At the end of the experiments, cooking loss, drip loss, Colour and pH were analyzed. From the results, cooking loss, drip loss, Colour and pH showed no significant differences (p>0.05) across treatments. Only water holding capacity at 25% inclusion of FMSKM showed a significant difference (p

Re-Engineering on the Production of Surrogate Feeds for Broiler Chickens (Gallusâ€“Gallus Domesticus): its Effects on Broilersâ€™ Live and Carcass Weights and Consumption Cost

This experimental study focused on the production of alternative feeds for broilers chickens using golden apple snail shell as the main ingredient. Three groups were compared and the characteristics of them are as follows: The commercial group was given pure commercial feeds, treatment one group (T1) was given 25% pomaceacanaliculata’s shell that was mixed with 37.5% of rice bran and 37.5% of corn, and the third group which was treatment (T2) was given 50% pomaceacanaliculata’s shell that was mixed with 25% of rice bran and 25% of corn as feed mix.The study found out that golden apple snail shell can be mixed with feeds for broiler production without negative effect on the carcass recovery. It can replace commercial feeds as food for broilers especially if the farm area or area near it were infested by golden apple snail. Although the consumption cost among the treatments and the commercial feed do not differ, it is practical to use T2 as a substitute for commercial feeds since it is less than P3.00 to P5.00 per consumption cost. The findings of this study have valuable financial implications, particularly to the farmers and poultry owners.

Main Socioenvironmental Impacts of Mining in the Caatinga Landscape in Northern Bahia/Brazil

Clecia Simone G. R. Pacheco, Reinaldo Pacheco dos Santos

Mining is one of the basic sectors of Brazilian economy and it has contributed to the development of cities and small villages, since it is operated with social and environmental responsibility, based on the precepts of sustainable development. Much has been questioned about the social and environmental responsibility of mineral activity, raising questions about the impacts caused by the implementation of these projects. The present article aims to present the social and environmental reality of Quixaba village, in the county of Sento Sé, in the north of Bahia, with the voluntary exploration of an amethyst deposit, as well as to point out the main environmental impacts based on Environmental Law. It should be noted that this deposit has not been identified until then within the Brazilian mineralogical heritage, having been recently (re) discovered by people from the region. However, it is in the heart of semi-arid region, in a protected area called Boqueirão da Onça National Park, dominated by massifs and mountain ranges (more than 1,200 meters) in the center and north, and by plains to the south. This research is essentially based on the Geosystemic Theory, the Ecodynamic Method and the GTP Theory. Therefore, it is fundamental to develop conservation measures and sustainable management of protected environments, since landscapes are products and records of the geological evolution of the planet. Therefore, it is essential that local and environmental authorities understand the urgency of proper and responsible management of the areas explored by mining, mainly because the region has enormous geological, paleontological, archaeological, faunal, floristic and paleoenvironmental heritage.

Land evaluation, characterization and classification of soil for the proposed oil palm plantation in Ekpri Ibami, Akamkpa Local Government Area, Nigeria

Kingsley John, Ackley Ufot Akpan-Idiok

Land evaluation, characterization and classification of soil for the proposed oil palm plantation in Ekpri Ibami, Akamkpa Local Government Area, Nigeria was conducted on 50 ha of land using a combination of both conventional and digital survey methods. The objective of the research was to characterize, classify and evaluate the land for the proposed oil palm production. Three soil mapping units were identified (EKP I, EKP II and EKP III) and representative profile pits were dug in each mapping unit. Samples were collected from each pedogenic horizon. Soils morphological, physical and chemical properties were determined using appropriate methods. Results revealed that soils of all of the mapping are characterized by dark greyish brown colour with thin topsoil while yellowish red to strong brown mottles were observed at the subsoil. The soils are coarsed-textured with high sand, low silt, and clay fractions. The soils were strong to moderately acidic (4.8 to 5.3). The soils also have low inherent of natural fertility with low organic carbon content, total nitrogen, and moderately available phosphorus. Low effective cation exchange capacity and high base saturation which may have occurred in available forms in solutions in spite of the low cation reserves in the soil. The individual mapping units were classified as Arenic Eutrudept, Typic Hapludult and Aquic Paleudults for EKP I, EKP II and EKP III respectively. The land was then evaluated and classified based on its suitability for oil palm production. Parametrically, mapping units EKP I and EKP II were marginally suitable and EKP III not suitable for the proposed oil palm production. Non-parametrically, EKPI is moderately suitable, EKP II is marginally suitable and EKP III is not suitable, for growing oil palm. The prevailing limitations on the Ekpri Ibami landscape for oil palm production include fertility, wetness, and topography and soil physical properties. Fertility factor happened to be the most limiting factor in all the mapping units. And thus can be ameliorated through the application of organic manures, NPK fertilizer and liming to improve the nutrient status of the soil.

Bioremediation of Textile dyes by Fungal-Bacterial Biofilms

A. P. Henagamage

Textile waste pollutants are the most polluting waste water and their treatment is greatly challenging for their safe discard. Microbial communities have potential ability to decolorize synthetic commercial dyes used for textile dyeing. Therefore, this study was aimed to develop potential dye degrading microbial biofilms from endophytic fungi and soil bacteria. Endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of Eleusine indica (Linn) and bacteria were isolated from soil samples obtained near textile effluent dumping site in Biyagama Industrial zone, Sri Lanka. Biofilms were developed after screening the fungal and bacterial isolates with Malachite green and Nigrosin disodium dyes separately and the decolorization assay was performed for biofilms along with monocultures to evaluate their ability for dye decolorization. The highest significant (P< 0.05) decolorization percentages were observed by Tricoderma harzianum (F2) and Bacillus subtilis (B1) for both dyes. All the biofilm combinations showed higher decolorization percentage than that of the monocultures. Thus, it can be concluded that the biofilms can be used as an efficient biological tool for textile effluent treatment.

Response of Common Bean Genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Drought for Growth and Yield Characteristics in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania

Karantin D. Mazengo, George M. Tryphone

Common bean cultivation is affected by drought up to 60% worldwide and makes the second for yield loss contribution after diseases. Despite the loss, it is estimated that over 75% of rural households in Tanzania depend on common bean for daily sustenance. The objective of the study was to evaluate the response of common bean genotypes in growth and yield characteristics under induced moisture stress in the field at Inyala Agriculture Training Institute in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. In this study, eighteen common bean genotypes investigated included SER125, MR13905-6, and 41-EX- VAM, BFS20, RCB233, CZ109-22, CZ104-61, KG25-21, SER82, PASS, SER83, KG104-72, SER16, KG4-30, SER45, SER124, BFS60 and RCB266. The experiment was designated in a 3 x 18 split plot arranged in a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. The main plots were the three moisture treatments such as non moisture stress, stress at flowering and stress at mid pod filling and the sub plots were the common bean genotypes. The plants’ variables recorded were number of days to 50% flowering, number of days to 85% maturity, number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant, weight of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and yield per hectare. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GenStat computer software 14th edition. The results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences between moisture treatments and bean genotypes. Genotypes SER16, BFS60, KG104-72 and CZ109-22 were significantly superior in grain yields Also, BFS60 was recorded with highest number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant and weight of seeds per plant, while KG104-72 was recorded as the earliest in 50% flowering and 85% maturity. Genotype SER16 also excelled in weight of seeds per plant. These genotypes therefore can be considered as drought tolerant common bean genotypes and also can be used as parental materials for breeding programmes.

Establishment the Synchronization System for Mass Clonal Propagation of Sugarcane (Saccharumofficinarum L) through Shoot tip Culture

The aim of present investigation was to examine the efficiency of three different sugarcane (Saccharumofficinarum L.) verities viz. NIA 1026-P7, NIA-87 and SG NIA-2476.A total of 20 explants (apical meristems) shoot tip were inoculated on MS Basal media along with various concentrations of 2, 4-D, BAP, Kinetin and IAA. The results of different verities showed that initial growth, number of micro shoots and shoot length was obtained in variety NIA-1026-P7, on MS medium supplemented with low concentration of 2, 4Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) along with highest concentration of Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin. The variety SG NIA 2476 expressed modestly and was not sufficient as compared with other varieties. The established plantlets were transferred on the MS half strength rooting medium along with various concentrations of IBA and IAA. The results of different varieties showed that maximum number of micro roots and roots length were established in variety NIA 87, on the half strength MS medium plus 1.50 mg/l IBA, 3.0 mg/l IAA and 25 g/l of sugar.

Use of Various concentrations of plant growth regulator (PGR) of Sweet Corn on the Growth and Production of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)

Ambo Upe

The use of Plant Growth Regulating can be sourced from synthetic products and products made from natural or organic ingredients. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of various plant growth regulating (PGR) concentrations of sweet corn on the growth and production of Sweet Potatoes. The study was conducted in Wiringpalennae Sub-District, Tempe Subdistrict, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia 2018. The method used was Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisting of four (4) treatments, namely without PGR (z0), PGR 3 ml / l water (z1), PGR 5 ml / l water (z2), and PGR 7 ml / l water (z3). Each treatment was repeated three times so that the number of treatment combinations was 12 combinations. The results of the study indicate that the administration of 7 ml / l of water in sweet potato produced an average production of fresh tuber 60.51 t ha-1.

Identifying Popular Indigenous Leafy Vegetables for Sustainable Interest in Vegetable Production in the Tamale Metropolis in the Northern Region of Ghana

Fuseini Jacob Yakubu, Patrick Kumah

One way of achieving a sustained interest in vegetable production in a catchment area is to identify the most popular vegetable with high demand. The present study determined the Popular Indigenous leafy vegetables in the Tamale Metropolis in the Northern region of Ghana. A structured questionnaire was used to access the requisite data. The items were divided into sections. Most of the items were close-ended questions with few open-ended ones to make room for more different opinions. The questionnaire covered the bio data of leafy vegetable marketers and consumers, buying and selling volumes of leafy vegetables, Leafy vegetable marketers and prospective leafy vegetable consumers were the target population. The population of 60 marketers of leafy vegetables and 274 consumers in the Tamale Metropolis were considered. Respondents (consumers) were chosen as they came to buy leafy vegetables at the market. The data obtained was subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 16.0). Amaranthus dubius, Corchorus olitorius, and Hibiscus sabdariffa were rated the most popular leafy vegetables.

Effects of pre-sowing treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of Glycine max(L.) Merrill

Thomas Okoh, Efe Stephen Okekporo, Charity Elahi Onoja

The study assessed the effects of some pre-sowing seed treatments on seed germination and seedling growth rate of three varieties of Glycine max– TGX 1935-3F (variety 1), TGX 1448-2E (variety 2) and TGX 1951-3F (variety 3). The treatments included four different concentrations of sulphuric acid (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6mole/dm3) termed T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, for five minutes and three hot water temperature variations (40, 60, and 800C) termed T5, T6 and T7 respectively, for twenty minutes. Germination was monitored as emergence of radicle and plant growth parameters were also measured. Treatments T4 (93.33%, 86.67%, 96.67%) and T7 (90.00%, 83.33%, 93.33%) had the highest germination percentages in the three varieties. Plant height in T2, T3 and T4was significantly different (p< 0.05) from the control in all acid pre-treatments for all varieties; for hot water pre-treatment, plant height in varieties 1 and 3 were significantly (p< 0.05)different from the control in all treatments. Furthermore, T6 and T7 (variety 2) were also significantly different from the control. Number of leaves showed significant difference from the control in T3, T4 (variety 1), T4 (variety 2), and T2, T3, and T4 respectively. Additionally, T5, T6 and T7 were significantly different from the control in varieties 1 and 2. Leaf area was significantly different (p< 0.05)from the control in T1, T2, T3, T4 (varieties 1 and 3), and in T4 (variety 2). Moreover, T5, T6 and T7 were significantly different from the control in varieties 1 and 3, and in T7 in variety 2. Number of buds was significantly different (p< 0.05) in T2, T4 (variety 1), and in T3 and T4 in variety 3. There was also significant difference in the number of buds in T5, T6 and T7 in variety 3. The results suggested treatments T4 and T7 had the best overall effect on germination and overall growth, and hence hereby recommended.

Phytochemical and Vitamin Contents of Mangifera indica (Mango) Fruits Subjected to Ripening by Artificial Methods

Iheagwam P. N., Onyeike E.N., Amadi B. A.

Phytochemical and vitamin contents of ripe, unripe as well as unripe mango (Mangifera indica) fruits subjected to different ripening methods (use of dark polybag, calcium carbide and hot water) were investigated. The Phytochemicals namely carotenoids, phenols, terpenes, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids and glycosides were quantified. Natural ripening (control) increased carotenoids (6.53±0.02mg/100g to 11.46±0.04mg/100g), phenols (15.13±0.02 mg/100g to 25.27±0.02 mg/100g), terpenes (0.08±0.02 mg/100g to 1.77±0.02 mg/100g) but decreased alkaloids (0.61±0.00 mg/100g to 0.53±0.02 mg/100g), tannins (2.06±0.02 mg/100g to 1.08±0.02 mg/100g) and flavonoids (56.80±0.01 mg/100g to 35.88±0.02 mg/100g) among others. Among the naturally ripe (control), unripe and artificially ripened mango fruits, there were no significant differences (p

Production Function Analysis of Non member of dairy Cooperative Society for Milch Buffalo in District Etawah of U.P.

Dr. Ashish Chandra

This study covered Cobb douglas production function, Tukey and Kramer analysis on Non members dairy cooperative society for milch Buffalo in district Etawah of U.P. In study researchers have taken post- stratified into Landless, Marginal, small, medium and large herd size categories. The study effect of various factors of production in (Rs.) like Feeding cost included (dry fodder + green fodder), expenditure of concentrate included (grain + khali + mineral material and chunni / choker) and miscellaneous expenses included (labor charge and fixed cost) on milk produced by the Buffalo of dairy cooperative society non members in annual in different categories of farmers. Further, the researchers have found out the comparative analysis of all the categories of dairy cooperative society non members. At last Tukey and Kramer test was applied on all the category of dairy cooperatives society members in milchBuffalo to get into the depth of the problem under investigation. This study is helpful to find out the elasticity of different factors of milk production and comparative analysis in all categories of members dairy cooperative society in milchBuffalo by Cob douglas production function analysis.

Association of seed mycoflora with peas Pisum sativa L. seeds

Seed is a vital source for producing optimum yield. Seed-borne pathogens may cause losses by reducing seed germination, developing seed-borne diseases and mortality of seedlings in nursery beds. However, knowledge of the about the biology and extent of seed-borne pathogens and thereafter practices for their management can help to reduce seed and seedling losses. Thus, present studies were conducted to find out the association of seed associated mycoflora with major vegetable peas in the laboratories of Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University and Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan from February to October 2017. Total of 10 different fungal species belonging to different genera was isolated from peas seeds through blotter paper and agar plate methods. Significantly highest frequency percent for Alternariaalternata (50%), Aspergillus fumigates (48.33%), A. niger (36.67%), A. flavus (23.33%), C. lunata (17.5%) and F. oxysporum (17.5%). However, the lowest frequency was recorded for T. viride (4.17%), R. stolonifer (5%), Penicillium sp. (5.83%) and Stemphylium (11.67%) through the agar plate method. A similar trend of frequency was noticed for blotter paper in all recorded fungi; however, the extent was lower compared to the agar plate method. The results of the present studies provide the baseline information about seed mycoflora for further studies and management of seed-borne diseases associated with peas seeds.

DNA Binding Studies of Ternary Copper (II) Complexes of Doxycycline with Polypridyl Ligands

Joshua A. Obaleye, Olufunso O. Abosede

Tetracyclines are a family of drugs with interesting pleiotropic properties. The recognition by scientists of the therapeutic properties and safety profile of this class of drugs has led to the continuous derivatization of these compounds and implementation of clinical trials to explore their potential applications for a wide range of diseases. To this end, this paper review literature on tetracyclines from the discovery of the first tetracycline to a new class of tetracyclines called glycylcyclines. The DNA binding propensities of some copper (II) complex of doxycycline and mixed ligand copper (II) doxycycline complexes with polypyridyl ligands were also investigated by UV-Vis titration, viscosity and thermal melting experiments. The mixed ligand copper (II) doxycycline complexes with polypyridyl ligands were found to bind CT DNA in the major groove in a similar fashion to methyl green causing no change in the viscosity and negligible increase in thermal melting of CT DNA.

The use of promising entomopathogenic fungi for eco-friendly management of Helicoverpaarmigera Hubner in chickpea

Gram pod borer, Helicoverpaarmigera Hubner is known to be a major constraint of chickpea production which causes serious economic loess. The management of this pest in any crop is always been challenge to the growers, famers and researcher. Thus, present study evaluated some promising entomopathogenic fungi for the sustainable management of H. armigera to minimize the economic loss in chickpea. Five different fungal isolates viz; Beauveriabassiana, Trichodermavirens, Trichodermahamatum, Trichodermakoningii, and Paecilomyces sp. were used as entomopathogenic against gram pod borer, through dipping and poison food methods under laboratory conditions. The entomopathogenic potential of different fungal strains revealed significantly (P

Evaluating Problems of Waste Management in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan

A. Ridwan Mulyawan, Rizqi Puteri Mahyudin, Badaruddin, Ahmadi

Various programs are implemented in the context of waste management in Tarakan City. The program does not provide optimal impact if you see the amount of waste generation that continues to increase. Waste generation in 2011 amounted to 98.7 tons/day and in 2018 it increased 79.05% to 176.73 tons/day with the level of solid waste service reaching 68%. This study aims to determine the main problems in waste management in Tarakan City. This type of research is descriptive research. The respondents were five people from five different agencies. Data collection techniques in the form of interviews to find out waste management problems. The qualitative data from the interviews are then converted into quantitative data so that hierarchical analysis can be done. Analysis of the data using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with Software Expert Choice 11. The main problem is obtained from the multiplication of indicator scores with priority aspect values. The results of the analysis show the main problem of solid waste management is the lack of a solid waste management budget (0.133); lack of garbage transport equipment (0,130); habit of residents in littering (0.118); sanctions in regulations are not implemented (0.114); and sanctions have less deterrent effect (0.107). The main problem of waste management in Tarakan City is related to the lack of solid waste management budget

Correlation between oil Content and Yield of Some early Maturing Soybean (GLYCINE MAX (L.)MERILL) Genotypes in Keffi, Nasarawa State

Soybean meals and oils are very essential for human and animal health. Six varieties of Soybeans were evaluated to determine their variability in oil content as well as the correlation between oil content and yield parameters. The study was carried out during the rainy season of 2015 at the Botanical garden of the Department of Biological Sciences, Plant science and Biotechnology unit farm of Nasarawa State University, Keffi. The experiment was laid out in Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data was collected on agronomic characters such as days to emergence, days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, grain yield, seed weight , number of flowers, leaf area and oil content per a hundred grams of seeds. The results from these data were analyzed using ANOVA and correlation analysis. All of the analyzed traits varied significantly (P

Effect of Metal Ions and Enzyme Inhibitor on the Activity of Cellulase Enzyme of Aspergillus flavus

Okonkwo I. F.

Natural by- product of agricultural waste can be turned to products of commercial interests such as glucose, ethanol and single cell protein. Much effort from scientists and researches all around the world has been put to extend the full use of agricultural waste. Reports of cellulase enzyme production from the bioconversion of lignocellulosics materials has much been made. However there is still much space to find the most suitable condition by studying the effect of the various metal ions in the activity of the enzyme. In this research different metal ions were added to the enzyme reaction mixture in 1-5 mM amounts, incubated at room temperature and then used to carry out enzyme assay using Cmc, Filter paper and cotton wool. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of various metal ions on the activity of the cellulase enzyme. Result shows that only Fe2+ had a pronounced stimulating effect (P

Effect of Sun Dried, Dehulled and Boiled Kidney beans on Hematological and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens

J. C. Okonkwo, J. I. Umegwuagu, I. F. Okonkwo, D. N. Onunkwo

A four-week feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of sun dried (raw) (SD), dehulled (D) and boiled kidney beans (BKB)on the haematological and serum biochemistry of broiler birds. One hundred and twenty unsexed broiler birds were used for the study. The birds were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments replicated three (3) times with twelve (12) birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment groups were control diet (CD), sun dried kidney bean (SDKB), dehulled kidney bean (DKB) and boiled kidney bean (BKB), designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The feeding trial lasted for four weeks.The proximate composition of the kidney beans used was also determined. The proximate composition obtained showed that kidney beans is a good protein source for birds (crude protein content of 20.98%). At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were collected and the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the birds were determined using standard methods. Generally, the diets used exhibited significant effects on both the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the birds studied. Diet without kidney bean (Control) and diet containing sun dried kidney bean gave the best result, though all the haematological and biochemical values obtained in the studyfall within the referral range indicating that processing method had no negative effect on the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the birds. Based on the findings in this study, it was recommended that kidney bean is a good source of plant protein in animal diet and does not necessarily need to be processed prior to its incorporation in animal feed.

Distribution and Damage of African Citrus Psyllids (Trioza erytreae) in Casimiroa edulis Producing Areas of the Eastern Zone of Ethiopia.

Tesfaye Hailu, Mulatu Wakgari

The common white sapote, Casimiroa edulis occurs both wild and cultivated in central Mexico and produced in a different part of Ethiopia as home garden fruit crop for consumption as food. People also consider the fruits as one of the stimulant fruit crop. Currently, African citrus psyllids (Trioza erytreae) became one of the important pests of C. edulis in Ethiopia. The distribution and severity of this pest were recorded with an irregular pattern in the eastern part of Ethiopia. From all surveyed area (except some districts of Dire Dawa), very high infestation with high population density were recorded. The pest is currently in Ethiopia. This is first record of Trioza erytreae as devastating pest of casimir trees in Ethiopia. It is worth reporting to promote coordinated efforts amongst stakeholders, research specialists and extension officers to create awareness for proper management of the pest.

Pollution Caused by Humans: A Curse on Animals

Sanchi Gupta, Aakarsh Tomar

The study explores the pervasiveness and causes of Pollution causing detrimental impact on health conditions of animals finally leading to increase in the death ratio of animals in the country. Pollution can be of various types such as Air pollution, Noise Pollution, Water Pollution and so on. These types of Pollution are caused due to the release of Hazardous Chemicals in our environment and by the improper activities done by the human beings in the society. On the contrary a complete on Pollution within the country would not be possible, but a conscious effort needs to be there to save our Country and its human beings and animal species. Already there has been a huge increase in the death Ratio of animals in the country from past decades. There are various ways in which Pollution within the Country can be managed and reduced such as walking smaller distances than using vehicles causing pollution, not throwing garbage particles in the water bodies, eating plant based diet and not slaughtering animals(which is major cause of pollution in environment). This research paper tends to strike the drastic damage caused to life of animals due to pollution by taking some universal essentials and also show their preclusion.

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Level in soil and Jute Leaves (Corchorus olitorius) Treated with Azadirachtin Neem seed Solution and Organochlorine Pesticides

Oguh C. Egwu, Musa A. Dickson, Orum T. Gabriel, Iyaji R. Okai, Musa Amanabo

Synthetic agrochemicals are increasingly being relied upon as the easiest of way eliminating pests on our farm. However, synthetic chemical increases heavy metals in the soil, which is then likely transferred to plants that grow on such soils, with the associated risks of long term toxicity to humans that consume them and other biota in the ecosystem. Nonetheless, some plants like the neem plant have been reported to contain components that are natural pesticides. This study was therefore to determine the comparative presence and concentration of some heavy metals in Jute leaves (Corchorus olitorius) treated with Azadirachtin Neem Seed Solution (ANSS) and Organochlorine Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) pesticides and the human health risk associated with their consumption.Jute plant treated with ANSS and DDT and their corresponding soils were collected in triplicate from 6 pots and a control without treatment using same soil and seed. Physicochemical properties of the soil samples were determined using a standard methods. The concentrations of Pb, As, Cd, Cr and Cuin the soil before and after planting and in the leaves were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The potential health risk from the consumption of these vegetables was assessed using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Cr and Cu) in Corchorus olitorius leaves and soils treated with each pesticide. Treatment with DDT pesticide elicited higher (P

Assessment of agricultural practices for improving quality of cocoa beans: South-West Cameroon

Purpose: Cocoa is the main cash crop in Cameroon, with about 30% of Gross Domestic Product of agricultural produce for export and processing. Many studies depict that, despite the efforts of Cameroonian producers, the quality of their production still needs improvement. This research work was carried out in the MEME district south-west region of Cameroon, with the aim to assess the different agricultural practices used by producers to improve the quality of their cocoa beans. Research method: Seventy-eight cocoa farmers were chosen in that district and interviewed using structured questionnaires and personal observations if possible. Findings: Our survey shows that the difficulties farmers face in providing better cocoa beans quality reside in the financial credits; diseases and pests; the cost of inputs including spraying cost and lack of access to energy. These constituted 83.89% of the difficulties related to the quality of cocoa beans in that area. Also, our findings depicted that to ensure the quality of cocoa beans, most farmers apply normal spraying, proper fermentation and proper drying. Research limitation: The lack of technical know-how in good agricultural management practices, lack of input subsidies, credit facilities and insufficient electricity grid are the obstacles that reduce the quality of cocoa beans. Original value: We recommend that cocoa mass spraying be extended to all farmers, to prevent pests and diseases effects; In addition, facilitate access to credit and increase the electricity grid; which will enable easy access to new technologies to dry cocoa beans.

Natural Farming System Sustainability of Paddy Fields in Morotai Island Regency

Ranita Rope, Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo, Masyhuri, Lestari rahayu Waluyati

Various parties intensively conduct the increasing awareness trend and mindset change on environmental and healthy food consumption patterns. The environmental resources damage problem, watertight agricultural land, human health, unhealthy food, contributes to global warming and in aggregate has an impact on diversity, sovereignty, independence and sustainability of food sources.Back to nature is a developed solution to overcome the negative externalities various effects. These research conducted to assessing natural paddy fields farming systems sustainability as a natural local food source in Morotai Island Regency.The analysis method using indicator basis was adapted from the Sustainability Assessment of Farming and the Environment (SAFE) model and the Farmers Sustainability Index (FSI) model on 200 respondents samples. The results explain that the natural farming system of paddy fields sustainable on economic, socio-cultural and environmental dimensions. There are assessment indicators attributes which are full local wisdom of economic, socio-cultural and environmental dimensions based on farmers and regions specific indicators in determining sustainability of paddy field natural farming system level holistically.Therefore, the novelty of these study is that the natural farming system is a world agricultural tradition that has been crushed by agricultural globalization but is still sustainable in Morotai Island Regency and has sustainability indicators which are full specific farmers and regions local wisdom.

Identification and Controlling of Stem Bulging of Passion Fruit (Passiflora Edulis) in Sri Lanka

Stem bulging is one of the major biological constrains of passion fruit cultivation especially in Low country wet zone areas in Sri Lanka. Green bark split as a result of bulging, discoloration of bark and also stained internal tissues are the symptoms of this stem bulging. A survey was conducted in those infected areas to find out the causal factors of passion fruit stem bulging. Soil samples were collected from disease infected and disease free locations and analyzed for soil pH, major nutrients and some micro nutrients. Examination of the internal tissues of stem showed at first inspection, looked like fungal hyphae. Microscopic observations were consistently indicated the Fusarium species association with infected tissues. Also, Passion fruit stem bulging samples were taken and dispatched to the CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International) for further diagnosis of causal organism. The field trail - 1 was conducted at Agro ecological zone WL1a to observe the disease transmission of stem bulging from infected plants to healthy plants. The field trail – 2 was conducted at Agro ecological zone WL1a based on fungicides, insecticides and foliar fertilizer to control the stem bulging of passion fruit. The experiment was laid out in a Randomize Complete Block Design and five treatments were used with 3 replicates. The treatments were, T1-Foliar application of insecticide - Thiamethoxam 25WG 3g/10 l, T2- Foliar application of fungicide - Thiophanate methyl 70 WP 6g/ 10 l, T3- Alternative foliar application of Thiamethoxam 35 WG + Thiophanate methyl 70 WG, T4- Alternative foliar application of Thiamethoxam 25 WG + Thiophanate methyl 70WP + Albert solution (commercial formulation of nutrient mixture) 5g/10 l and T5- Control. Results numerated that, stem bulging can be transmitted from infected plant to healthy plants as a disease. Fusarium species were consistently found in bulged area of the samples tested. The lowest disease incidence was observed in Thiophanate methyl 70 WP treated plots of field trials indicating Fusarium species may be the causal factor of the problem. Insecticide applications were failed in controlling stem bulging in the field conditions. According to the CABI report No: IMI 504215 & IMI 504216, the isolation made from internal tissues and two fungal cultures were subjected for molecular identification and Gibberella fujikuroi and Fusarium sp. were identified as associate fungi of stem bulging of passion fruit.

Comparative Studies of Heavy Metals and Mineral Residues in Some Farm Crops around Mining Community of Ribi, Awe Local Government Area of Nasarawa State

Toroni A.O., Aguoru C.U., Ogbonna I.O., Olasan J.O.

This work investigated the level of heavy metals and other elements present in two agricultrural crops (millet and maize) cultivated in mining community of Ribi, Awe LGA of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from four (4) different farms at the peak of rainy season (between July and August). Samples were analysed at the Chemistry Advance Research Centre, Sheda Science and Technical Complex (SHESTCO) Gwagwalada Abuja. The atomic absorption spectrometer (thermo Scientific, ice3000AA02134104v1.30) was used. All analyses were performed in triplicate. Data were analysed using Minitab Statistical software (16.0). In the rainy season, millet had higher concentration of all the residues quantified except in cadmium which was more concentrated in maize (0.11mg/L). In other heavy metals, lead was 2.83mg/L in millet and 2.54mg/L in maize. Copper was 1.32mg/L in millet and 0.83 in maize. Magnesium was 10.47mg/L in millet and 10.43mg/L in maize. In the dry season, maize had higher concentrations of lead (2.67mg/L), copper (0.925mg/L), nickel (0.134mg/L) and iron (1.688mg/L) whereas cadmium, magnesium, and zinc were more in millet than in maize. Dry season millet was higher in some residues than the control millet. Some millet residues were higher in rainy season than the control level. In millet, lead was highest in raining season (2.831 mg/L) whereas copper and cadmium were very high in dry season (0.586 mg/L and 0.213mg/L respectively), even more than the control. Magnesium residues recorded the highest values among all heavy metals present in millet. Magnesium also had the highest concentration among the residues present in maize in the following order: rainy season (10.43mg/L) > dry season (9.33mg/L) > maize control (9.23mg/L). Iron was more concentrated in the control maize (2.65mg/L) than in both dry and rainy seasons whereas zinc recorded higher seasonal concentrations (0.44mg/L) than the control level (0.46mg/L The values of Pb, Zn, and Ni in millet and maize are above the WHO’s standard guideline while other residues are within or below the regulatory limits. Mining activities taking place around the in the study location might have impacted negatively on the safe consumption of agricultural crops cultivated by farmers.

Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Some Commonly Cultivated Vegetables in Doma Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Abdullahi A.E., Aguoru C. U., Ogbonna I.O., Olasan J.O., Umar N.D.

Commonly cultivated vegetables (Amaranthus hybridus, and Corchorus olitorius) in Doma and environs were analyzed to determine the residual level of pesticide. The samples extracts were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using Acetonitrile, Anhydrous MgSO4, NaCl and Ultrapure water used as mobile phase. Data obtained were analyzed using Minitab 16.0.The following tests were applied: Chi square test of association, Mann Whitney U-test of comparing two non parametric systems, Kruskal Wallice H-test and the Independent t-test of significance. All hypotheses were tested at 95% level of significance. Analysis showed highest concentrations residual level of Cypermethrin in the Doma wet Corchorus olitorius sample at 2240.94mg/L with no traces in Igbabo sample. For the dry Corchorus olitorius sample, highest value was recorded in Doma (61.046mg/l) while Igbabo sample showed the lowest (9.285mg/l). The highest residual value (226.39mg/l.) of Cypermethrin in Amaranthus hybridus appeared at Igbabo with the lowest (12.18mg/l) in Alwaza Lamda Cyhalothrin, Alwaza wet Corchorus olitorius sample recorded highest value of 0.00593mg/l with lowest value (0.00058mg/l) in Doma. Dry sample jute recorded highest (0.0159mg/l) in Igbabo; lowest value (0.0002mg/l) in Doma. In spinach samples, the highest value (0.00171mg/l) appeared in Alwaza while igbabo (0.00051mg/l) recorded the lowest. The results showed that Cypermethrin values were well above the Japan Research Foundation MRLs of 0.03mg/l. This has serious implications on the consumers of the vegetables cultivated in the study area. However, for Lamda Cyhalothrin residues results occurred on levels well below MRLs of 0.5mg/l.

Load Capacity of Water Pollution of Jaing River in Tabalong

Yuniarti, Danang Biyatmoko, Hafizianor, Hamdani Fauzi

Jaing River is part of the 39 km long Barito watershed in South Kalimantan which disembogues into Tabalong River. Jaing River is classified as class I (one) river that is designated as a source of drinking water. The large number of activities in the bank of the river has a potential to reduce the quality of the river. Field observations revealed that some activities created several pollutions and also run off of production waste into the river. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the load capacity of pollution of Jaing River. The study was carried out in Jaing River as far as 39 Km in TabalongRegency and the river water quality was analyzed at 3 sampling points using physical, chemical and biological parameters. The analysis of quality and determination ofload capacity of water pollution used Mass Balance Method. Finally, the results obtained from this study are (1) the BOD pollutant load value of 418.87 kg/day, the value of COD pollution load of 2018.90 kg / day and the value of TSS pollution load of 1698.14 kg/day. (2) The value of pollution load capacity (DTBP) for BOD parameters is 246.07 kg/day, COD parameters are 1154.90 kg/day and for the TSS parameters are 2621.86 kg / day.

Research of Ground Waters and their Impacts in Drinking Water, in Some Villages of the Shala Region

A large number of natural processes and various anthropogenic activities affect the biological, chemical and physical characteristics of the waters, thus altering the normal values of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters which followed with the change of its quality.Among the activities that influence the change in water quality are: agricultural activities, industrial activities, mining, waste disposal, urbanization and climate change. Through the development of various industrial activities comes the discharge of various waste during water processes such as: heavy metals, various solvents, toxic sludges and many waste of various kinds. Kosovo has limited water resources either of surface waters or of groundwater, so their rational protection and use is vital for a sustainable economic development of the country. Most of Kosovo's rivers are seasonal rivers that mostly depend on atmospheric precipitation. Village waters in the Shala region in Mitrovica's hydrographic network represent a country's wealth, but the quality of these waters is not satisfactory. First of all, the environmental impact of industrial wastes, industrial plants, mining landfills, agricultural landfills, etc. should be highlighted. The study consists of physico-chemical, bacteriological analysis and determination of heavy metals in underground waters in some villages in the region of Shala (Zhazhë, Maxherë, Boletin, Stantërg, Zjaqë and Vllahi).Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyzes were conducted at the National Institute of Public Health in Mitrovica, whereas the determination of metals was done at the Mining Laboratory with Flotation "Trepça" in Mitrovica. Qualitative assessment consisted of analyzing the most important indicators and comparing them with drinking water standards according to the Standards of Direc. 98/83 EC, WHOs. From the laboratory data it turns out that the water that emanates from these villages is polluted water as a result of high levels of physico-chemical and microbiological parameters, where in some villages the main problem is the presence of bacteria and metals. The source in the well near the elementary school in Stantërg village according to analyzes and the results obtained results as drinking water.

Nutrient Assessment of Some Tropical Leaf Meals

Taiwo Sunday Fawolu, Frances Adegbaye Igbasan

Nutrient availability of five tropical leaves were carried out, the tropical leaves were harvested fresh and the leaves were dried under room temperature (air-dry) until a moisture content of less than 11.00% was obtained in all the leaves. The air-dried leaves were milled and analyzed for their; proximate composition, mineral composition, anti-nutritional composition, fibre fractions, amino-acid concentration and biophysical properties. The results revealed that the crude protein content ranged between 30.77% in amaranthus and 44.09% in fluted pumpkin, fat content ranged between 6.11% in fluted pumpkin and 9.13% in moringa, ash content ranged between 9.28% in cotton seed leaf and 19.29% in amaranthus, crude fibre ranged between 8.10% in squash-gourd and 15.32% in fluted pumpkin and CHO ranged between 14.85% in squarch-gourd and 30.57% in cotto seed leaf. The macro and micro minerals analysis and essential and non-essential amino acid analysis revealed that all the parameters analysed for were reasonably high, the anti-nutritional factors of the leaves were very low, the fibre fractions were within range and the biophysical characteristic were normal.This study shows that the leaves were rich in nutrients that are good for poultry production.

Effect of different Soaking media on the Efficiency of Carob Molasses Production

Ossama Dimassi, Rima Khalife, Raymond Akiki, Mohammed Rached

Several commercial products have been produced from carob pods ranging from food additives to ready-to-eat foods. Examples include carob gums as food thickening agents and carob molasses as traditional sweeteners in the Middle East. During processing, carob is cut into different sizes and soaked in different reagents to yield permeates that undergoes several processing in late production stages. It has been shown that soaking in basic media (Sodium Bicarbonate 1%) yields higher brix values followed by soaking in alcohol (20%), distilled water and acidic media (Citric Acid 1%) respectively. Her we show that powder form yields significantly the highest brix value followed by small, large, mixed and medium, which did not differ significantly from each other. Moreover, no significant difference is noticed between 2 hours, 4 hours or 6 hours of soaking. Sensory analysis shows that base powder was the most favorable reagent-size interaction among all samples.

A Review of Pellet Production from Biomass Residues as Domestic Fuel

Japhet J. A., Tokan A., Kyauta E. E.

Burning fossil fuels and deforestation are the major contributors to anthropogenic climate change. As a result of climate change threat, the use of biomass and biomass residues have become extremely important to created a new industry focused on the production of clean energy through the use of renewable sources. However, factors such as low density, high moisture content, ease of handling, storage and transport are some disadvantage from the use of biomass. Pelletizing is a promising technology which converts it into a more useful form through densification in order to minimize these disadvantages. Between 2006 and 2012, pellet production worldwide grew from 7 to 19 million tons. However, the use of pellets is insignificant in developing countries. Many of the developing countries produce huge quantities of wood and agro residues with an interesting potential for biomass energy production, but they are used inefficiently causing extensive pollution to the environment. This paper presents a synthesis on what pellet is, the characteristic of pellet, the raw materials used for pellets production, biomass pelletizing process and description of a typical biomass pelletizing operation. Previous research that has been carried out on pellet production from biomass residues and application as domestic fuel has also been reviewed and cited in this paper.

Analysis of Social Economic Aspect of Farmers Participants of Raskin Program for Food Solid Patterns with Wanatani System in Dry Land in North Central Timor District

Chairel Malelak

This research aims to: (1) determine the level of acceptance by farmers to Raskin Program with agroforestry systems on dry land, (2) determine the level of application of technology by participating farmers in the Raskin Program with agroforestry systems on dry land, (3) determine the relationship of some social and economic aspects of farmers participating in the Raskin Program with the level of technology implementation, (4) determine the relationship of some of the social and economic aspects of farmers participating in the Raskin Program with the success of the annual crops, (5) know the level of economic welfare of farmers participating in the Raskin program, and (6) understand the constraints faced by farmers in the implementation of Raskin program.The method used in this research is descriptive method with survey techniques. Primary data were collected by interviews based on questionnaires; secondary data obtained from government agencies and institutions associated with the variable of interest and research. Analysis of data usingRevenue Analysis, CorrelationSpearmanandDescriptive Analysis with simple tablature.The study concluded that: (1) Farmers receiveeitherprogram, with an average score of 29 (73%), (2) The farmer is good enough to apply the technology system agroforestry, with an average score of 26 (79%), (3) Aspects duration of formal education, working hours and farmers' income have a relationship (significant) at the application level, (4) Aspects of the number of family members productive, working hours and income of farmers have a relationship (significant) with a success rate of growing perennial crops (5) The level of economic welfare of farmers belonging Almost Poor ( HM) with a per capita income (IC) Rp. 486.059 (186 %), (6) Income poor rice farmers participating in the program on the work of food patterns for dryland agroforestry systems in North Central Timor district is Rp. 3,194,347 per farmer or Rp. 3,719,547 per hectare and costs Rp. 1,536,019 per farmer or Rp. 1,788,565 per hectare, (7) The outpouring of working time patterns Raskin program participant farmers intensive dryland agro-food system is HKO 139.92 per farmer or HKO 152.45 per hectare and (8)The technical constraints of cultivation in the form of an attack pest, not the availability of production facilities at the site, and the absence of improved seed and non-technical obstacles such as lack of capital, limited land, distance from markets, natural disasters / wind, low prices and a lack of education.

Ground Water Level Estimation for DÃ¶rtyol region in HATAY

Fatih ÃœNEÅž, Ayda Gizem MARUF, Bestami TAÅžAR

Accurate and reliable estimation of groundwater level is important for the development and management of water resources. In this study, models of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with multiple linear regression (MLR) method and its performance in predicting groundwater level were investigated. As a field of application, it was applied for General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) 5512 well of Dörtyol region of Hatay province. In the study, 147-month data sets between 2000 and 2015, including hydrological parameters such as Precipitation (P), average air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (W) groundwater level (GWL) time series, predict the groundwater level used. The determinant coefficient (R2), mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were used as the statistical performance evaluation criteria. As a result of this study, MLR and ANFIS models performed well for GWL estimation. In particular, the ANFIS model yielded better results than the MLR model.

Vermicomposting Kitchen, Municipal Market and Tea Factory Waste using EiseniaFetida Earthworms

Mochache M, Yegon R, Ngetich O

Population increase, urbanization, industrialization and agricultural activities result in accumulation of solid waste. This waste requires sustainable management through techniques such as vermicomposting. The study aimed at determining the rate of vermicomposting of kitchen, municipal market and tea factory waste using Eisenia fetida earthworm species at the University of Embu, Kenya. The study was arranged in completely randomized design replicated thrice. Data was collected on decomposition rate, carbondioxide evolution, earthworm count, nutrient content of vermicompostedwaste and days to vermicompost maturity. SAS version 9.4softwarewas used for statistical data analysis. Treatment means were separated using least significant difference (l.s.d.) at p≤0.05 probability level. Kitchen waste vermicompost had the fastest decomposition rate of 0.6 kg/day. Carbondioxide evolution analysis was done weekly whereby a value of 0 µgCO2/g vermicompost/m2/day was recorded at week 15 when the vermicomposts had stabilized. Kitchen and market waste vermicompostshad the highest earthworm countof 169 and 153, respectively.The nutrient contents of the three vermicomposts were not significantly different. The study concluded that kitchen waste had the highest vermicomposting rate as well as earthworm count. Therefore, the study recommends that kitchen waste and market waste can be used where the aim of vermicomposting is earthworm production.

Pesticides Abuse and Health Implications in Ghana: A Review

It is estimated that 25% of the globally produced pesticides are used in developing countries and African farmers use only 4%. However, more than 90% of the global minimum of 300,000 death cases related to pesticides poisoning annually are believed to occur in developing countries. Efforts have been made worldwide to restrict or ban the use of persistent pesticides while regulating the use of other pesticides to ensure environmental and food safety. However, most pesticide dealers and users of many developing countries including Ghana have not come to terms with the associated safety practices that ensure a safe use to keep the integrity of our environment. Pesticide residues have been detected in food, water, water sediment, air, blood and human breastmilk because of pesticide abuses. This paper reviews some abuse practices during handling and storage, application, or disposal; associated exposures; public health risks associated with the abuse practices; as well as issues of monitoring and enforcement. Some instances of casualties are also discussed.

Mycorrhizal Inoculation to Increase Yield of Soybean Direct-Seeded Following Rice of Different Growing Techniques in Vertisol Soil, Lombok, Indonesia

Wayan Wangiyana, Ni Wayan Dwiani Dulur , Nihla Farida

This study aimed to examine the impact of cultivation techniques and organic fertilization of rice, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation of zero-tillage soybean on yield of soybean direct-seeded following rice in two year sequences of rice-soybean cropping (2010 and 2011) in vertisol soil taken from Central Lombok, Indonesia. The pot experiments were conducted in a glasshouse, with two treatment factors for rice crops, i.e. rice cultivation techniques (T1= Conventional, T2= SRI (System of Rice Intensification) without AMF, and T3= SRI with AMF inoculation in nursery), and organic fertilization (O1= without organic (NPK only), O2= organic manure + NPK at full recommended doses in the first or half the doses in the second year, and O3= organic manure + NPK at half the recommended doses in the first or without NPK in the second year), and AMF inoculation of soybean plants (M0= without, and M1= with AMF inoculation). The results indicated that AMF inoculation of zero-tillage soybean direct-seeded following rice crops in vertisol soil more significantly increased grain yields of soybean grown following conventional rice (with an average increase of up to 35.6%), compared with following SRI-rice (only 10.6 - 18.8% increase), indicating a need for AMF inoculation of soybean plants grown in vertisol soil following conventional rice. Different cultivation techniques and organic fertilization of rice plants also significantly affected yield of the soybean direct-seeded immediately after harvest of the preceding rice, which indicates positive impacts of organic fertilization of rice on grain yield of soybean following rice.