Volume 4 Number 4 (July 2019)

Technical and Economic efficiency of the ruminants feed on Date Seed in Matrouh Governorate

Sherine .F. Mansour, Moharram .F. El-Bassiony, Ahmed. S. El-Hawy

Ruminants occupies an advanced rank between farm livestock,, due to its suitability to life under difficult environmental conditions, especially in Egyptian desert governorates. The high cost of sheep and goat nutrition lead to low the animal meat unit productivity, and low the producer's profit, which facing many investors in the field of sheep and goat breeding in the Egyptian desert governorates.The problem of the study is the high cost of ruminants nutrition (around 60% from the variable total costs), despite there are many high nutrition values of agriculture residues which can enter in the composition of nutrition diet for sheep and goat. The research aims identify the optimal diet for fatting ruminants in order to maximize the productivity of sheep on one side and on other hand to minimize the cost of sheep nutrition.The research was based on the results of the experiment, that was carried out during the period from April 2017 to March 2018 at Matrouh Resource Development Center, that belongs to the Desert Research Center. The main result is that date seeds as a cheap source of energy, might be used successfully and economically in small ruminant rations during different physiological stages without adverse effects, due to estrogen-like compounds, on their productive and reproductive performance.

Effect of microbial fertilizers and dosage of NPK on growth and yield of Upland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Microbial fertilizers are inoculants made from beneficial microbes to improve soil nutrient availability and increase plant growth.The purpose of this research was to studythe effect of inoculants as microbial fertilizers (phosphate solubilizing microbes and Nitrogen-fixing bacteria) and NPK fertilizers on growth and yield of upland rice on Andisols. This experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) in factorial pattern, consisting of two factors with three replications. The first factor consisted of inoculants, which were; without; inoculants A (Pseudomonas mallei, P. cepaceae, Aspergillusniger and Penicillium sp., Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum sp.); inoculantsB (Azotobacterchoroococum, A. viilandii, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas cepaceae, Penicillium and Acitenobacter) and inoculants A+B. The second factor were NPK fertilizers with four levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 25% dosage of recommendation). The results showed that microbial fertilizers improve growth and yield of upland rice.

Poultry Farmers Perceived Constraints and Unwholesome Practices among Feed Mill Industries in Ibadan Metropolis

Eniola.O

In order to investigate poultry farmers perceived constraints and unwholesome practices among commercial feed mill industries in Ibadan metropolis. Purposive sampling procedure was used for this study and a total of ninety six questionnaires were administered to the farmers out of the one hundred and sixty registered poultry farmers with Oyo State Agricultural Development Project (OSADEP) in Ibadan metropolis. The socio-economic characteristics of the respondents such as age, marital status, educational level, gender, years of experience, religion were assessed using descriptive statistics, frequency and percentage, while farmer’s perceptions on unwholesome practices and types of feed ingredients used and sources were measured using chi-square analytical tool. Other questions like benefits derived and constraints facing self milling in poultry industries were measured using Pearson product method of correlation (PPMC). From the findings it was revealed that majority of the farmers were facing one challenges or the otheras a result of some sharp practices by the so called feed mill industries in Ibadan ranging from poor quality of feeds sold to farmers, short changing the customers in terms of measurement, scarcity of feed ingredients, seasonal instability in agricultural grains among others. Also, (61.5%) of the farmers agreed that already spoilt feed ingredients can easily be detected since they are not usually bought in large quantities which is one the benefits farmers derived from self milling.

Floristic diversity of a Voluntary Natural Reserve (VNR) of Sucrivoire on the right bank of the Bandama river in Zuenoula, in the West Centre of CÃ´te d'Ivoire.

Kouassi Kouadio Claude, Adji Beda Innocent, TraorÃ© Karidia

Several surveys and inventories were conducted with surface survey method using plots, measuring 200 m2 and supplemented with mobile method in Sucrivoire Voluntary Natural Reserve on the right bank of the Bandama river. The analysis of the data collected focused on diversity and floristic richness and used phytoecological methods such as the ACP. The obtained results concern 200 identified botanical species among which 81 % of dicotyledone and 19 % of monocotyledone belonging to 152 genera and 56 families. The ecological factor most pronouncement being the toposequence, the determination of the diversity indices of various strata showed that for each of it the flora is very diversified and homogeneous in general such as indicated by the coefficient of similarity of Sørensen which remains upper to 50 %. However, this flora is dominated by the families of Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Mimosaceae, Asteraceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Sterculiaceaes which characterize his phytogeographique position. In this floral diversity, the ACP revealed a single group of floral procession, which mean that the three strata constitute a single forest block dominated by Phanerophytes in 66,33 % and containing 12 species with particular status and 17 species considered as commercial forest essences. All these characteristics confirm the good state of preservation of the flora of the right bank of the Bandama river set up as a Voluntary Natural Reserve by Sucrivoire. This sugar canne structure so makes the flora of this site one of the reservoir of biodiversity of the future green frame of Côte d’Ivoire.

Significance of Zinc Fertilizer on Nutrient Content and Uptake in Rice

Muthukumararaja. T, M.V. Sriramachandrasekharan

A pot experiment was conducted during 2011 in a pot culture yard at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University to studies on significance of zinc fertilizer on nutrient content and uptake in rice. The nutrient content and uptake of rice significantly improved on addition of graded dose of zinc in both Vertisol and Entisol. The result of experiment revealed that nutrient content and uptake ( Zn) increased with zinc levels at all stages of crop growth. Nutrient content decreased while nutrient uptake increased with advancement of rice crop. The zinc content and uptake was highest at 7.5 mg Zn kg-1.However the response of nutrient content and uptake in rice crop was higher in Entisol than Vertisol.

Morphology and Molecular Characterization of Four Types of Ramies (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud) Collection Experimental Farm Faculty of Agriculture Andalas University

Denny Yulfa, Reni Mayerni, Yusniwati

The purpose of this study was to collect and determine the morphological and molecular character of the ramies in West Sumatra. This study was conducted in May-October 2018 Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Andalas Padang. This activity also used the clone Padang 3 and Ramindo 1 as a comparison. The results of this study indicated that the ramie plant could grow to a height of 1058 meters above sea level to the point where the coordinates 0 ° 15'30 "South Latitude and 100 ° 15'45" east longitude. Ramie highest Situjuah accession 150.03 cm and the lowest at 91.7 cm Matur accession. The longest and widest leaf observations contained in the accession Situjuah while the shortest and smallest obtained at Matur accession. On accession Situjuah, Matur, and clones Ramindo 1 had male and female flowers but clone Padang 3 only had female flowers. Harvesting fastest in clones Ramindo 1 was 123 days and the longest in clones Padang 3 was 133 days. The numbers of banding pattern resulting from PCR amplification were 74 tapes (68 a polymorphic bands while the rest was the number of monomorphic bands).

Freeze Drying as a Method to Produce Lyophilized Laban Immo: A Traditional Yogurt base Lebanese Recipe

Laban immo (LI) is a traditional dish which mainly contains onions, meat, starch and yogurt. Based on a registered LI recipe four powdered products with Low Fat (LF) cow- , medium fat (MF) cow-, full fat (FF) cow- and FF goat- yogurt were produced and all were subjected to freeze-drying. LI with FF- cow yogurt had the significantly lowest moisture loss (ML) but the significantly highest water activity (aw). LI powder with LF cow yogurt had the significantly lowest water activity, followed by that done with FF goat-, then with MF cow- and ended with FF cow- yogurt being the significantly highest. Concerning the pH, LI with FF goat yogurt had the significantly lowest value and the LI with MF cow yoghurt had the significantly highest value. As for protein content LI with goat yogurt had the significantly lowest value compared to LI from cow yogurt. Concerning the ash content LI with goat yogurt had the significantly highest value compared to those with cow yogurt. In this study freeze dried LI with full fat goat yogurt scored significantly the highest in the preference test followed by the LI with FF cow yogurt which was significantly higher than those with MF- and LF- cow yogurt. Triangle tests have shown that LI from natural yogurt and the reconstituted LI are sufficiently similar to be used interchangeably. Therefore, taste wise the production of LI in the powder form is possible and thus rendering it more convenient, easy to prepare and portable.

Analysis of Tuna Fish Resource Management (Thunnussp) on a Sustainable basis at Fish Landing in Bontotiro District Bulukumba Regency

Andi Eka Ratu, Sudirman, Dewi Yanuarita

This study aims to determine the management of the sustainability of tuna resources in Bulukumba Regency using the EAFM approach. This research was conducted in the waters of the Gulf of Bone by taking a fishing base location at the Fish Landing Port (PPI) of BontoTiro, Bulukumba Regency for four months, which began in December 2018 to March 2019. Analysis of data used in this study using 6 EAFM dimensions and assisted with Rapfish software. The results of the study show that some dimensions have a fairly good sustainability value (> 50%), namely on the social dimension (57.1%), Habitat and ecosystem (57.25%) and dimensions of fish resources (51.88%). Tuna fishing activities that focus on the management of fisheries resources must be able to cover the regulation of fish resource use environmental management, and human activities in its management. In the smallest dimension in sustainable management, tuna is in the economic dimension with a value of 29.56% or in the bad category. This needs special attention from the local government of Bulukumba Regency, as well as at the provincial and central levels in raising the economic level of fishing communities working on tuna fishing. There needs to be government policy and innovation in providing assistance and providing alternative new livelihoods and tuna processing which can have a significant impact on improving the welfare of fishing.

Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceavar. botrytis L.) Production Applied with Carabao Manure: Effects on Growth and Yield

Leah C. Tuan

Utilization of carabao manure as a sustainable approach on nutrient management for cauliflower production was studied for three months between the months of October 2016 to January 2017 at the University Demo Farm, University of Eastern Philippines, Main Campus, University Town, Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines. The main objective was to determine the effect of carabao manure on the growth and yield of cauliflower. Carabao manure preparations included dried carabao manure, administered at 1.0 kg and 1.5 kg levels boosted with manure tea. Growth and yield performance of cauliflowers were significantly influenced by dried carabao manure applications boosted with manure tea application. Better performance were observed in plants treated with 1.5 kg dried carabao manure than with 1.0 kg was evident on the parameters evaluated, indicative of the nutrient sufficiency of the bio fertilizer. Carabao manure, a farm waste product, an untapped resource, has been proven to be an effective, safe and an economical bio organic fertilizer. A commodity capable of becoming a promising industry; a lowly resource, but if given enough attention can “turn dust into gold” and effect significant changes in the lives of many sort.

Diversity of Natural Enemies in Organic Cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis Applied with Biopesticides from Plant Extracts

Leah C. Tuan

Selected botanicals used as foliar bio pesticide as a sustainable approach on insect pest management for cauliflower production was studied for three months at the University Demo Farm, University of Eastern Philippines, Main Campus, University Town, Catarman, Northern Samar to determine their effect on the incidence of natural enemies on cauliflower. Presence of natural enemies at the experimental area was not significantly influenced by the introduction of the bio pesticide. Abnormalities in the environmental condition during the conduct of the experiment was the major contributory factor to its effectiveness. Yet, repellant and antifeedant properties of the bio pesticide must have prevented the establishment of pest species. The prevalence of natural enemies and other arthropods in the area is a clear indicator of a clean and safe environment.

Water Quality Assessment Using a New Proposed Water Quality Index: A Case Study from Morocco

Kanga IdÃ© Soumaila, Chikhaoui Mohamed, Naimi Mustapha

Excellent or very poor water quality depends of its physicochemical and biological parameters. However, the assessment of water quality relies on the water quality index (WQI) used, because some indices in their form of application may underestimate or overestimate the overall water quality. For instance, to avoid the problem of underestimation of water quality index, a new WQI is proposed in this study. In order to develop this new WQI, data from 29 water quality monitoring stations, including 3 surface water stations and 26 groundwater stations, spanning over1988 -2017 , were collected from the Sebou Hydraulic Basin Agency (ABHS).The water quality parameters were standardized and then aggregated into a composite water quality index, using Moroccan water quality standards. The application of this new WQI showed that 37.9% of the stations have bad or very bad water quality, 13.8% have medium quality, 41.4% have good quality and that only 6.9% have excellent quality. The poor surface water quality, characterized by high levels of BOD5 and COD, low dissolved oxygen and high levels of fecal coliforms is mainly due to industrial and domestic activities. The poor groundwater quality marked by nitrate leaching from agricultural lands is chiefly due to industrial and domestic activities. The comparison between this new WQI and the method used by ABHS showed a satisfactory agreement of the results (R2 =0.70, at the 95% confidence level) for the 26 groundwater stations.

Performance of Solid Waste Services in Sampit City

Sharifa Emira9, Danang Biyatmoko, Mufidah Asyari, EkoRini Indrayatie

This study aims to determine the performance of waste management services in the city of Sampit with the study locations in MentawaBaruHilir Village and Ketapang Village, MentawaBaru Village, District Ketapang, Baamang Hulu Village and Baamang Tengah Village, Baamang District. The factors studied are the completeness of waste management facilities (X1); household garbage collection (X2); frequency of garbage transportation (X3); community participation (X4); and socialization activities on household waste management (X5). This research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 100 people in the study area. After that, multiple linear regression analysis was carried out with the SPSS program. From the factors studied, the results are obtained factor of frequency factor of garbage transport the value of regression coefficient 1.348 and probability value 0.007; socialization of household waste management with regression coefficient value of 1.348 and 0.033 probability value; the garbage collection factor of the household regression coefficient value is 1.182 and the probability value is 0.001; factor of completeness of waste management facilities the value of regression coefficient of 0.985 and probability value of 0.021; and community participation factors the value of regression coefficient 0.955 and probability value 0.019.

Vibrio Bacterial Concentration in Vaname Shrimp Pond Super Intensive Technology in Takalar District, Indonesia

A. Indra Jaya Asaad, Natsir Nessa, Dody Dharmawan Trijuno, Hilal Anshary

Research on the concentration of vibrio bacteria in super-intensive shrimp farms has been carried out in August to December 2018 at shrimp pond located in Takalar District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.This study aims to determine the concentration of vibrio bacteria found in internal shrimp pond system and the dynamics that occur. The results of the study showed that the concentration of vibrio bacteria improved during the day of culture period in the ponds and outlet of the pond. However, the presence of water treatment installation at the location can reduce the concentration, so the concentration of vibrio bacteria is not a problem if released into coastal waters after being processed in water treatment.

Analysis of Marketing Kampung Super Strategy in Grobogan District

Dwi Sunarti, Bambang Mulyatno, Elisa Anindyawati

Indonesia's natural wealth is very abundant and various kinds of biodiversity become one of the supporting factors in fulfilling protein needs in the livestock subsector. Farmers choose the type of Super Village Chicken because the harvest period is faster (45-60 days), provides sufficient income, relatively low mortality rates, savings in maintenance and feed costs. The large population of Kampung Super Chicken farms in Grobogan Regency causes breeders difficulties in marketing chicken, so the sale price in the farm is unstable. This price instability does not dare to take larger scale chicken seeds. The method used in this study is the survey method. The number of samples is 60 respondents. The reason for the sample is 60 because there are 6 farmer groups in Grobogan Regency, each with 10 members. Tracer traders use the snow ball method from farmers and the marketing institutions involved. The data analysis included descriptive analysis to determine the business income at the farmer level and SWOT Analysis to find out the Super Village Chicken Marketing Strategy in Grobogan Regency. Based on the results of the discussion, conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) Marketing efficiency below 50% is said to be efficient, (2) Factors that encourage and inhibit marketing of Super Village Chicken are fluctuating chicken prices, difficult marketing efforts, capital business is relatively limited, lack of knowledge of farmers, (3) Marketing strategy that should be done to improve the marketing of super chicken in Grobogan Regency is to cooperate with other parties in partnership, conduct transactions directly with buyers, make breakthroughs by selling in supermarkets, providing business cutting chicken, selling to big collectors, innovating various chicken products.

Hotspots of Bony Flying fish (H. Oxycephalus) Distribution Constrained by Physical Oceanographic Condition in the central of Makassar Strait during Boreal Winter

Mahfud Palo, Najamuddin, Mukti Zainuddin, St Aisjah Farhum

This study performed descriptive and qualitative approach to identify favourable Bony Flyingfish (H. Oxycephalus) distribution using primary data from gillnet flyingsih catches and multisensors satellites oceanography of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophill-a (Chl-a) during boreal winter of 2016 (September 2016 – February 2017) in the central of Makassar strait. Emperical Cumulative Distribution Function (ECDF) has been used to analyze the suitability of physical oceanographic parameters with Bony Flyingfish catch. The results show that during boreal winter transition (September to October 2016) hotspot of Bony flyingfish distributed in the coastal water off of Pinrang region and then moved to the north at the frontal water between coastal and off Majene region during the rest of boreal winter (November 2016 – February 2017) with corresponding SST and Chl-a of 29.5 – 31.0C and 0.1 – 0.9 mg/m m3., respectivelly. ECDF analysis indicated that SST has stronger association than Chl-a contributed on the increase of Bony flyingfsih catch in the hotspots areas. The movement of hotspot from off water of Pinrang in September at the south of central Makassar to the north in the off water of Majene during the peak of boreal winter was analysed due to the Indonesian throughflow generated eddy which is still stronger during transition boreal winter and became favourable condition for the hotspot of flyingfish in the Pinrang water.

Herbicides and its role in Induction of Oxidative Stress- A Review

Gurvinder Kaur

Herbicides are one of the most extensively used classes of pesticides, which provide a convenient, economical and effective way to manage weeds. However the regular and endless use of herbicides affects environmental, ecological, and human health. Herbicides can be classified in several ways but the most common method of classifying herbicides is by their mode of action and target site. Several stress events generated upon the herbicide action can lead to oxidative dis-balance in various non-target species. Most of the perturbations caused by herbicide treatment in plants are related to ROS generation. Overproduction and accumulation of ROS result in metabolic disorders and can lead to oxidative destruction of the cell. This review provides a brief overview of alterations in enzymatic antioxidants on exposure to different herbicides in various experimental models.

Consumer Behaviour and Consumption practices towards less documented wild leafy Vegetables among Rural Households in Dodoma Region, Tanzania

Hadijah Ally Mbwana

Inadequate dietary diversity is a key challenge in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Diversifying diets with African indigenous vegetables is a sustainable way to supply a variety of nutrients to household members due to their richness in vitamins and minerals. Understanding the preferences and consumption practices of different varieties of wild vegetables is important information for agricultural promoters and is scarcely explored in Tanzania. This study aimed to gain an understanding of consumer behavior and consumption practices of wild vegetables in semi-arid areas in Tanzania in order to inform food policy and agricultural promoters. The study was conducted in two villages; Ilolo and Idifu from the semi-arid Dodoma region in Tanzania. Focus group discussions were conducted with forty women from both villages because women are more involved in cultivation, gathering and preparation of vegetables. Information collected in the focus group discussions included; perceptions, preferences, beliefs and taboos associated with consumption of wild vegetables. Participants reported that wild vegetables are seasonally available with most time of the year being scarce. The majority of the women reported consuming the wild vegetables due to good taste, abundance of nutrients, availability/affordability (they are mostly free), and because the other sources of relish are usually scarce. The most common wild vegetables that were consumed in the past 24 hours preceding the focus group discussions in the two villages included Ipomoea pandurate which is locally known as chiwandagulu and Corchorustrilocularis commonly known as ilende. For most vegetables, leaves and stems were common parts consumed. The women in both villages ranked Corchorustrilocularisas the most preferred wild vegetable. Women also reported some medicinal values attached to some of the wild vegetables such as BidensPilosa leaves which are claimed to increase blood. Generally, wild vegetables have the capability to escalate their significance to household income generation if farmers are given the chance to market them. Also domestication and promotion of these vegetables may help to enhance food and nutrition security.

The Analysis of Coral Reef Fishes Abundance Based on Coral Reef Condition in Marine Tourism Park of the Kapoposang Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Isma Riskiani, Budimawan, Ahmad Bahar

The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between coral reef cover and abundance of reef fish in Marine Tourism Park of the Kapoposang Islands, South Sulawesi. This research was conducted on April 2019. Collecting coral cover data using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method and coral fish data collection using Underwater Visual Census (UVC) with belt transects. The research results of coral fish found in the study site were 15 families and 54 species. The highest abundance of reef fish was found at site I, which was 6280 ind/ha with a percentage of live coral cover of 34% (Moderate), while the lowest abundance was found at site III of 2100 ind/ha with a percentage of live coral cover of 5% (Poor). The relationship between the abundance of reef fish and the percentage of live coral cover can be seen in the results of the regression analysis of the value of r2 = 0.942, this value indicates that there is a close relationship between abundance of reef fish with the percentage of live coral cover, that is if the coral cover percentage is getting better then the number of fish more abundant coral.

Arthropod pests of Coconut, Cocos nucifera L. and their Management

Atanu Seni

Coconut, Cocus nucifera L. (Palmaceae) is an important crop and widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Millions of people depend on this crop by employed in various coconut-based industries like coconut oil, dry coconut powder, tender coconut, coir, coconut cake, etc. But its production has been greatly affected by the infestation of several arthropod pests. Among them; Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, Oryctes rhinoceros L, Opisina arenosella Walker, Aceria guerreronis Keifer, Latoia lepida (Cramer) and Aspidiotus destructor Signoret are causing maximum damage in coconut which ultimately affect the true potential of the crop. Here, the present article provides recent information regarding different arthropod pests of coconut, their identification, life-history, nature of damage and their management in an effective way.

Effect of Application Rhizobakter and Fungi Arbuscular Mycorhiza (Fma) on Growth and Results of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Weni Veriani, Prof. Dr. Ir. Warnita, Dr. Ir. Indra Dwipa, Dr. Ir. Zul Irfan

Indonesia national potato production is still relatively low compared with other countries. National potato production in 2017 range from 1,164,738 tonnes with an average per hectare production of western Sumatra 15.4 and 40 398 tonnes with an average of 19.37 tonnes per hectare (CBS, 2018). While the production of other countries such as: Australia 39.69 tonnes / ha, with 47.15 tonnes / ha, Japan 30.65 tonnes / ha and Laos 30.04 tonnes / ha. The low productivity of potato in Indonesia can be caused by several factors, such as the limited avaiNARility of nutrients, poor quality seeds, post-harvest handling of seed and farming systems that are less good. One important factor that greatly affects the growth and yield of potato crop is limited nutrients provided one of them is' phosphate.Phosphate is an essential nutrient that is needed for the plants in regulating physiological processes of plants. So to improve the growth and yield of potatoes should be given rhizobakteri and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Rhizobakter type used in this research iswithout rhizobakteri, RZ1.L2.4, RZ1.L2.1, RZ2.L2.1 while the FMA dose is 5 g, 10 g and 15 g. The best treatment for the growth and yield of potato crop is rhizobakteri RZ2.L2.1 with a dose of 5 g FMA because it can increase net assimilation rate and leaf area index

Studies on Microplastics Morphology Characteristics in the Coastal Water of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Muh. Afdal, Shinta Werorilangi, Ahmad Faizal, Akbar Tahir

Pollution of plastic waste is the biggest problem in the environment faced by every country, both developing and developed countries. The Continuous entry of plastics into the sea is accompanied by low degradation capabilities that reach tens to hundreds of years and inadequate management of waste making plastic accumulate in the marine environment. Makassar City as one of the big cities in Indonesia, almost 60% of the population spread in the coastal area has the potential to cause pollution of plastic waste distributed through two large rivers, namely the Jeneberang River and Tallo River and city canals and drainage which empties into Makassar City waters. This study aims to identify and quantify microplastic properties on the surface of the water-based on the characteristics of microplastic in Makassar City waters. The method of this research is the survey method using a purposive sampling technique by microscopically analyzing the possibility of microplastic content in seawater samples. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis. The results of the microplastic characteristics found included size and color. Microplastic size classes are grouped into 4 sizes namely:

Nitrogen Preference for Growth Rate of Ulva raticulata cultivated in Eutrophied Coastal Waters: A Seaweed Laboratorium Testing Experiment

Andi Sompa, Ambo Tuwo, Muhammad Lukman, Inayah Yasir

This study aims to evaluate seaweed Ulva raticulata preference for available nitrogen forms of eutrophic coastal waters for its growth rate. Simple experiment was developed for laboratorium testing of U. reaticulata preference for NH3, NO2, NO3 for 20 days. Levels of those nitrogen species and their composition were provided naturally from filtered eutrophic coastal waters of western coast of south Sulawesi Indonesia, without any exchange. The composition of NH3:NO2:NO3 in the eutrophic water of the experiment was 1.0 : 2.4 : 3.3. The results showed that the NO2 was the most preferred form of nitrogen for the growth. The average amount of uptake of NO2, NH3, and NO3 was respectively 4.58 ± 1.71 μg/l/day, 2.70 ± 0.17 μg/l/day, and 1.98 ± 1.19 μg/l/day. The average growth rate of U. reaticulata was 15.40 ± 3.12 % day-1.

Response and Behavior of Rajungan Portunus pelagicus on the Use of Natural Bait and Artificial Bait PVa Chamois

Arizal Pratama, Musbir, Andi Assir Marimba

Rajungan ( Portunus pelagicus ) is one of the fisheries resources that has important economic value as an export commodity. The exploitation of rajungan is done by using traps. The success of catching using traps is influenced by several factors such as traps construction, soaking time and bait, the research method uses experimental methods. This study aims to determine the comparison of responses and behavior of rajungan to natural bait and artificial bait. Two types of bait used are sardinella fish meat ( sardinella fimbriata ) and Pva Chamois. The measured time data was collected by testing the habits and speed of 10 rajungan samples in response to bait and data analysis based on the t-test using the independent t-test at 4 phases of chemical stimulation. Selain carried out a descriptive analysis of the pattern of rajungan movements in response to the bait given, the results of the analysis showed that 3 phases of rajungan behavior, namely detection, orientation, and locomotive, did not have a significant difference, whereas in the feeding initiation phase there were significant differences. Furthermore, the movement pattern shown by the rajungan in response to natural bait is a direct movement pattern while the artificial bait is a non-direct movement pattern.

Bioeconomic Analysis of Resource Utilization of Flying Fish (Hyrundicthys oxycephalus) in the Makassar Strait, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Kasri, Aris Baso, Hamzah Tahang

This study aims to analyze the bioeconomic value of the use of flying fish in the Makassar Strait waters. The study was conducted in November 2018-March 2019 which took place in Takalar District. Data collection techniques are conducted by interview, observation, questionnaire and literature study. The research method in this study is the survey method. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique by taking a sample of 36 samples of flying fish business. Data analysis using the static and optimal dynamic bioeconomic formula with the help of Microsoft Excel and Maple 18. Software. The results showed that the actual conditions of the use of flying fish in the Strait Waters have experienced overfishing, both biologically and economically with the actual production amount of 1,604 tons, maximum production in the management regime of MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield) with a total production of 2,545 tons, maximum production in the MEY (Maximum Economic Yield) management regime with a total production of 2,538 tons with an economic rent of 14,687,087,983 IDR.

Relational Effects of Land Resource Degradation and Rural Poverty Levels in Busoga Region, Eastern Uganda

Mukadasi Buyinza

Land degradation in southeastern Uganda is a recent phenomenon driven by population pressure and scarcity of extra fertile land. This paper explores the economic relations of soil conservation practices to rural poverty levels among the farming communities in southeastern Uganda. Using random sampling methods, 120 respondents from the districts of Kamuli, Iganga and Jinja were selected and interviewed. The results showed that about 42% of the farmers were poor. The Logistic regression reveals that farmers geographical location and being educated significantly reduced poverty, while household size increased it (p

Effect of Seed Treatment on Hydration-Dehydration Respiration Sprouts Sorghum

Yopa Dwi Mutia, Nalwida Rozen, Gustian

The limiting factor affecting sorghum production in Indonesia is the rapid decline of sorghum seeds, it is necessary to do invigorate one way to hydration-dehydration. The purpose of this study was to know that invigorates with the hydration-dehydration method can increase the respiration rate of sprouts sorghum. This experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 4 replicates in order to obtain 12 units of trials conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, the University of Andalas from January to March 2019, The treatment in this trial are: A = low-quality seeds, B = Hydration for 1 hour and dehydration for 6 hours at a temperature of 400C, C = high-quality seeds. The data were analyzed by the F test significance level of 5%. If they are real continued by Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) at 5% level. The results showed that hydration-dehydration can increase the respiration rate of sorghum seedlings which have been in decline, from respiration rate 67,434mgCO2 be 82,412mgCO2.

Evaluation of Some Rice Cultivars to Salt Tolerance under Antioxidant Using Physiological Indices

A.A. Kandil, A.E. Sharief, Fatma M. Abd EL-Fatah

Salinity is considered as one of important physical factors influencing rice production. Soil salinity harmful influenced germination characters of rice cultivars Salinity is the main limiting factor that adversely affecting germination, growth and yield of rice. A laboratory experiment accompanied in the Giza Central Seed Testing Laboratory of Central Administration for Seed Certification (CASC), Ministry of Agriculture Egypt during May and June 2017. In order to investigate the salt tolerance of rice cultivars using some physiological parameters, i.e. germination stress, tolerance index, promptness index, shoot length, stress tolerance index, root length stress and tolerance index. Sakha 106 surpassed other cultivars promptness index, germination stress tolerance index, shoot length stress index, root length stress index, shoot fresh stress index, root fresh stress index, Shoot dry fresh stress index, root dry stress index. Sown Sakha 106 cultivar exceeded Sakha 104 cultivar by 34.64% in germination stress tolerance index and 14.90 % in shoot height stress index and 30.26% in root fresh stress index. Sakha 106 cultivar exceeded Sakha 101 cultivar by 22.15 % in root dry stress index. Sakha 106 cultivar exceeded Giza 178 cultivar by 8.97 % in root height stress index and by 26.58 % shoot fresh stress index and by 20.70 % in shoot dry stress index. Humic acid at 500 ppm surpassed other antioxidants in germination stress tolerance index, shoot length stress index, root length stress index, shoot fresh stress index, root fresh stress index, shoot dry stress index and root dry stress index. Salinity level of 100 mM exceeded all salinity concentration in germination stress tolerance index, shoot length stress index, root length stress index, shoot fresh stress index, root fresh stress index, shoot dry fresh stress index, root fresh stress index, shoot fresh stress index, shoot dry fresh stress index, root fresh stress index. Increasing salinity concentration up to 300 mM decreased germination stress tolerance index, shoot length stress index, root length stress index, root fresh stress index, shoot fresh stress index, shoot dry stress index and root fresh stress index by 52.4, 38.6, 40.4, 39.5, 47.6 and 49.8 %, respectively. In general, in order to maximize physiological indexes parameters by priming seeds of Sakha 106 cultivar in Humic acid at 500 ppm. It can be used in breeding program to boost production in Egyptian territory.

Effects of Climate Change Adaptation Measures on Groundnut Production Efficiency in Benue State, Nigeria

Ezihe J.A.C., Ivom G.A, Aye G.C.

This study assessed the effects of climate change adaptation strategies on groundnut production efficiency. The population for the study consists of all groundnut farmers in Benue State. Primary data were collected from 205 sampled groundnut farmers using multistage sampling technique. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result showed that the average age of the respondents was 36 years. Groundnut farming in the study area was dominated by the male. Majority of the farmers were married with an average of 6 persons per household. The study reveals that82.9% and 74.1% of the respondents do not have access to extension services and credit respectively.The result of the stochastic frontier analysis revealed that the average technical efficiency of groundnut production was 0.90. The respondents were aware of climate change and adopted measures to cope with the changing climate. The inefficiency model showed that adoption of improved/multiple varieties and planting of trees to cope with climate change significantly increased inefficiency at 5% level of significance; off-farm employment significantly increased inefficiency at 10% level of significance; adjustment of/multiple planting dates and alternative tillage practices significantly decreased inefficiency at 1% level of significance. Inadequate access to credit and extension services hindered appropriate use of adaptation measures, hence, there is need to emphasize adequate education with the help of extension agents to facilitate the farmers’ adaptation to climate change and there is need also for government to support credit facilities to help improve farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change.

The Utilization of Sweet Potatoes as Prebiotics on the Performance of Lactobacillus sp. in the Vanamei Shrimp Digestion (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Maria Theresia D. Tei, Siti Aslamyah, Sriwulan

The use of probiotics (Lactobacillus sp.) in feed is one alternative that is done to improve immunostimulants, growth stimulants, and can be used as a balance of microorganisms in digestion.This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of vanamei shrimp fed with the addition of Lactobacillus sp. with sweet potatoes in feed. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment were by feeding with different sweet potato concentrations: A) The dose of sweet potato in feed was 0% (as control); B) The dose of sweet potato in feed was 10%; C) 1The dose of sweet potato in feed was 15%; and D) The dose of sweet potato in feed was 20%. Data were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) and continued with W-Tuckey's further test. The research parameters were digestive enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility and growth. The results of the variance analysis showed the addition of various sweet potato concentrations with Lactobacillus sp. has no significant effect (p> 0.05) of the growth rate. The specific growth rate of vannamei shrimp ranges from 3.06 to 3.23% / day. Based on the results of the analysis on the utilization of sweet potatoes as a prebiotic on the performance of Lactobacillus sp. in the vannamei shrimpis (Litopenaeus vannamei) digestive tract can be concluded that the growth performance does not have a significant effect after being fed with the addition of Lactobacillus sp. and sweet potatoes in feed.

Evaluation of the effect of Rimsulfuron and Linuron on weed infestation and potato yield

Hajjaj B, El Oualkadi A

A potato weeding trial was conducted during the 2017 growing season. The purpose of this experimentation is to evaluate the effect on weed infestation and impact on potato yield of tow herbicides: Linuron as preemergence herbicide and Rimsulfuron as postemergence herbicide. Results showed that the best potato yields are obtained by treatments that gave the best weed control. Linuron with a rate of 187.5 g/ha has shown excellent efficacy exceeding 93% of weed control and giving yields exceeding 46.3 tons / ha. Treated plots with Rimsulfuron at 15 g/ha gave in average 78% of weed control and may be recommended when the pre-emergence weed treatment is missed.

Performance Analysis of Fisheries Processing Product Group of Government in Bulukumba Regency

Sitti Normawati, Mardiana Ethrawaty Fachry, Sri Suro Adhawati

The purpose of this study was to identify the performance of a group of fisheries processing companies assisted by the government, in this case, the Department of Marine and Fisheries, namely to look at the input performance of production volume and execution of product sales output. This research was conducted for three months from November 2018 to February 2019 in Bulukumba Regency. The method used is descriptive research using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The data taken is primary and secondary data using interview and observation methods. The results of the performance efficiency test of the marine and fisheries service assisted groups are quite efficient.

Marketing Analysis of Processed Fishery Products using Interactive Media

Verderika Ndatangara, Mardiana Erthrawaty Fachry, Sri Suro Adhawati

This study aims to analyze marketing of processed fishery products by using interactive media in Makassar conducted in April - June 2019 took place in the city of Makassar. Data was collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires and literature study. The research method in this study is a descriptive analysis will present a general overview of SMEs marketing of processed fish products as a whole by focusing on marketing by using interactive media. Samples are processed fishery products 8 SMEs located in the city of Makassar with criteria using the owners use at least 2 social media and has been operating for less than 5 years. The results showed that social media are the most widely used in the sales activity (75%) is WhatsApp, Facebook and Instagram. Group 2 media (12.5%) only uses WhatsApp and Facebook and group 4 media (12.5%) using WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram and Line.. The percentage of consumers prefer buying fishery products in a row is a promotion, place, price and product.

Performance of Compost from Waterthyme (Hydrilla verticillata) in Bok Choy Growth (Brassica chinensis)

Raudatul Dahliana Safitri, Yuspihana Fitrial, Fatmawati, Agung Nugroho

Waterthyme (Hydrilla verticillata) has a rapid growth rate in freshwater, especially rivers and irrigation channels, hence it becomes a disturbing factor and needs periodic cleaning.Dry H. verticillata contains nitrogen of 3.29%, phosphorus of 0.52%, and potassium of 6.34%.The utilization of H. verticillata as compost has great potential, but there has not been found intensive research on the subject.This study aimed to examine the ability of H. verticillata as an alternative raw material for compost fertilizer in the bok choygrowth.This study used a Randomized Complete Block design (RCB) with a single factor by analyzing the data using ANOVA and continued with further tests using Least Significant Different (LSD).P0 (control) was 100% soil, P1100% cow manure, P2 100% waterthyme, and P3 50% waterthyme + 50% cow manure.Bok Choy have optimal growth (88 g plant mass, 5g root mass) in compost applications with a composition of 100% waterthyme (H. verticillata) with a moisture content of 21.24%, pH 8.50, C 9.09%, C/N ratio 4.07, N 2.25%, P 1.38%, K 1.38%, and organic matter 15.67%.

Effect of Carbon Sources and Their Various Concentrations for Optimize in In vitro Micro propagation of Banana Musa (spp.) Basrai

Amjad Ali Memon, Ali Raza, Shahnawaz Palijo, Xiang Wenqian, Xu Xueyan

Banana fruit is the second vital food crop. Although the significant business crop value, the major production restrain is the accessibility of reliable and harmless material for planting. For in vitro growth of excited tissues, sources of carbon have been considered as one of the most significant factor. Types of sugars and concentrations are identified to affect the in vitro protocol success. Crop micro propagation is also facing the challenges which require to be addressed in order to improvement in its production. In this study, influence of three carbon sources such as (dextrose, sucrose and sorbitol) used to increase Murashige and Skoog medium at four applications control, 15, 30, 45 and 60g/l respectively. This study is accomplished at the laboratory of tissue culture of Plant Pathology Section, Sindh Agricutlure Research Insitute, Tandojam, Pakistan in 2017. Randomized Block Design (RBD) method with 3 replications was used for each treatment. Results indicated that sucrose give maximum result as compared to dextrose and sorbitol. Though, significant result was found in sucrose 30g/l as compared to dextrose and sorbitol concentrations.

Methionine Modulated Bioavailability of Inorganic Zinc (ZnSO4. 7H2O) in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) Through Diets Containing Tricalcium Phosphate

Jagdeep Kaur, Ajeet Singh, Surjya Narayan Datta

The present work has been conducted to study the efficacy of methionine modulated bioavailability of dietary inorganic Zn (ZnSO4. 7H2O) in the fingerlings of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The experiment was performed in triplicate for which young ones of common carp of average 3.39±0.68g weight and 6.02±0.25 cm length were stocked in the indoor glass aquaria (60× 30 ×30cm) @11 fish/ aquarium. Five diets including one control (D1) and four experimental diets (D2 to D5) were formulated. In treatment diets D2 and D3 ZnSO4.7H2O was added @88.4 and 176.8mg/kg, while in D4 and D5 ZnSO4.7H2O was added @88.4 and 176.8mg/kg along with 1% DL Methionine as additional, respectively. Crude protein content in the experimental diets ranged between 36.68 - 39.14%, while zinc concentrations in diets (D1 to D5) were recorded 31.80, 57.40, 61.60, 56.60 and 62.80 mg kg-1, respectively. Highest growth w.r.t. net weight gain was recorded (4.01g) and SGR (0.92%), feed conversion ratio (2.42) and protein efficiency ratio (1.08) was also recorded highest in fish fed with diet D5. Moisture content (%) in fish flesh ranged between 77.20 – 78.90, protein 14.80 – 16.70, lipid 1.75 – 2.73, ash 1.82 – 2.61 and carbohydrate 1.13 – 1.92% among the fish fed with diet D1 to D5. Zinc concentration was recorded significantly high in muscle (36.90 mg kg-1), liver (60.40 mg kg-1) and bone (109.56 mg kg-1). The present study indicates that Zn uptake in different tissues has been significantly improved due to addition of methionine in the formulated diets in young ones of common carp.

Urban Tree Planting: Implication on Sustainable Forest Management in Idi-Shin, Oyo State

Olawuyi E. B.

The role of urban tree planting cannot be overemphasized as it design features in an urban area. However, the act of sustaining the continuous urban tree planting within and around the urban residents has become a challenge. Therefore, this study aim at investigating urban tree planting and it implication on sustainable forest management in Idin-shin area. Idi-shin was purposively selected for this study. A total of 2,963 people resides in the area and this was computed by projecting the population from the 1991census result obtained from the National Population Commission of Oyo state. Furthermore, 2.5% sampling intensity was used to select 74 respondents for the study. Primary data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the logistic regression analysis. Results showed that majority of the respondents were between 32-50years with 32.4%, female (56.8%), married (50.0%), had tertiary education (54.1%) and most of them were civil servants (32.5%). It was also revealed that most (90.5%)of the respondents have idea on urban tree planting; this they(28.4%) got from watching television although these information comes on occasional basis (64.9%). Majority (56.8%) of the respondents have planted trees before and 81.9% of them confirmed that tree planting is not difficult, as such 72.7% agreed to engage in tree planting in their residence. Mango tree was the most common tree species planted in the residence of Idi-shin. Tree planted prevent wind (TPPW) and urban tree serve as shade (UTSS) was the most significant benefits of urban tree planting with odds-ratio of 3.18 and 2.13 respectively. Therefore, proper urban planning and community involvement in urban tree planting are important for sustainable forest management to be realized.

Analysis of Exchange Rate and Interest Rate Policy Instrumentsâ€™ Dynamics on Agricultural Growth in Nigeria

Ochalibe A. I., Okoye C. U., Enete A. A.

This research analyzed the dynamics of exchange rate and interest rate policy instruments on agricultural growth in Nigeria for the period 1980-2018. Specifically the study examined the causal relationship between exchange rate and agricultural growth; analyzed the instantaneous and compound growth rate of exchange rate, interest rate and agricultural growth. and examined the impact of exchange rate and interest rate policy instrument on agricultural growth. Data were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistics Data Base; and Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical data (FAOSTATS). From the findings, There exist a unidirectional relationship between exchange rate and interest rate with agricultural growth (P

The Productive Parameters and cost benefit Analysis of growing Rabbits Fed cooked Bambara groundnut meal in the semi- arid zone of Nigeria

Usman Y., Husa, H., Yusuf S. Z., Dunya A. M., Njiti M.M

A ten-weeks feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of replacing groundnut cake (GNC) with cooked Bambara nut meal (CBNM) on the performance of growing rabbits. Thirty mixed breed (New Zealand White X Dutch) of rabbits six to seven weeks of age with average initial body weight of 604.50 g were caged individually and allotted to five (5) dietary treatments. Each treatment had six (6) replications. The rabbits were given diets and clean drinking water ad libitum throughout the period of experimentation. In diets 1(control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 CBNM replaced GNC at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively. The productive parameters measured include; feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio. All data collected in the course of the experiment were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the completely randomized design (Steel and Torrie, 1980) and where applicable Duncan’s multiple range test, was used for mean separation, while analysis of economics of production was carried out based on the prevailing market prices of feed ingredients at the time of study. The cost per kilogram of each test diet, the cost of feeding rabbits on the test diets throughout the period of the experiment and the cost per kilogram of weight gained by the rabbits were used in assessing the economics of replacing different levels of groundnut cake with cooked Bambara nut meal. Daily feed intake was significantly (P0.05) among treatments groups in weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and Use of CBNM as replacement for GNC resulted into a savings of at least ₦46.00 when 100% CBNM and up to ₦72.00 when 50% CBNM was used instead of GNC in growing rabbits’ diets. It was concluded that CBNM can replace up to 50% of the GNC in the diets of growing rabbits for optimum economic benefit.

Carcass and Nutrient Digestibility Trial of Growing Rabbits fed Cooked Bambara Nut Meal as Replacement for Groundnut Cake in a Semi-arid Zone of Nigeria

Usman Y., Husa H., Yusuf S. Z., Dunya A. M., Njiti M.M

A ten-weeks feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of replacing groundnut cake (GNC) with cooked Bambara nut meal (CBNM) on the performance of growing rabbits. Thirty mixed breed (New Zealand White X Dutch) of rabbits six to seven weeks of age with initial body weight of 604.50 g were caged individually and allotted to five(5) dietary treatments. Each treatment had six (6) replications. The rabbits were given diets and clean drinking water ad libitum throughout the period of experiment. In diets 1(control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 CBNM replaced GNC at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively. The parameters determined werenutrients digestibility and carcass components. All data collected in the course of the experiment were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the completely randomized design (Steel and Torrie, 1980) and where applicable Duncan’s multiple range test, was used for mean separation.There were no significant differences (P>0.05) among treatment groups in terms of nutrient digestibility except for Nitrogen-free extract (NFE). There were no significant difference (P>0.05) among treatment groups for all carcass parameters measured except for the dressed weight, dressing percentage; and racks expressed as percentage of slaughter weight. The retail cuts as percentage of slaughter weight differ significantly (P0.05) among treatment groups.

The Influence of Climate Variation on Abiotic Plant Stress: A Review

F. G. Ngasoh, E. A. Jandong, P. A. Dauda, R. Ismaila

The increase in the carbon-dioxide (CO2) present in the atmosphere as a result of human activities affects the ambient temperature, and rainfall pattern in terms of season, duration, intensity of sunshine, increased drought periods, waterlogging, and increased evapotranspiration. This influence negatively the development, yield and quality of the plants grown under this condition. The quests to produce stress tolerant/resistant plants and increase crop productivity have led to the study of plant stresses, their response to different stress type and stress management procedures in plants. This paper has discussed in details the different abiotic stressors in plants and how they are being influenced by climate variation, the response of these plants to different abiotic stresses or a combination of stresses, and its management.

Adoption of Improved Cassava Varieties by the Women Farmers in Akinyele Local Government area of Oyo State

Aluko O.J., Shaib-Rahim H.O, Ogunwale O.G

The study investigates adoption of improved Cassava varieties by women in Akinleye Local Government area of Oyo State. 92 respondents were selected using multi stage sampling techniques. Data on sources of input used, adoption of cassava varieties and problem been faced in process of adoption of improved varieties were collected through structured interview schedule. The data was later analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. The findings revealed that most ( 29.3% )of the respondents were between age 30 to 40years, 27.3% of the respondents, had no formal education while 43.5% had 5 to 10 years’ experience in cassava farming. The relationship between socio-economic characteristics such age, educational level, farm size, years of farming, labour and adoption level of respondent were determined using chi-square. Inferential statistics shows that there is no significant relationship between age, marital status, secondary occupation and adoption (P>0.05) while education, household size and adoption show significant relationship (P< 0.05). It was observed that most women farmers are late adopters of improved cassava varieties developed by the research institutes in the country. It is recommended that women should liaise with research institute for proper information on current improved cassava varieties in the country.

Impact of Liberalization on Indonesian Food Security: An Error Correction Model Approach

Siti Arifah Purnamasari, Masyhuri, Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo, Jamhari

This study aims to examine the impact of trade liberalization in South East Asia on Indonesia's food security and to analyze the factor that determines food security in Indonesia. Error Correction Model (ECM) approach was used to analyze time-series data from 1980 to 2016. The result is trade liberalization that marked by the implementation of the AEC (ASEAN Economic Community), trade barriers elimination among ASEAN member countries, and trade openness affected food security in Indonesia in the short-run and long run. In the short run, food security was significantly influenced by rice availability, consumption growth, openness, rainfall, and AEC implementation. While, rice availability, rainfall, and AEC implementation was influenced by food security in Indonesia in the long run

Modelling of Orthometric heights from Multi-Networks of GNSS/Precise Levelling in FCT, Abuja

Oluyori P. D., Ono M. N., Eteje S. O.

The geoid is used as a transformation linkage between ellipsoidal heights (h) determined from DGPS observations and orthometric heights (H). Widespread acceptability and adoption of GPS in local geospatial data acquisitions require the development of a local geoid model (N) for use to obtain orthometric heights in the absence of a national geoid model. Geoid model can be developed by gravimetric approach; global geopotential model (GGM); geometric technique among others. The conventional approach to GPS measurements is the use of one base reference station for field measurements. It has several drawbacks e.g. in signal range/coverage, accuracy degradation of results, etc. Based on Grashof's law of stability of triangles, this study was therefore based on dual reference base stations to improve on DGPS signal range and stability of results. Pro-online matrix solver was applied to the least squares observation equations of the two modelled FCT surfaces (multi - quadratic and bicubic) to determine polynomial coefficients. The geoid undulation was computed and orthometric height generated for production of a topographical plan at 1m contour interval for elevation data in surveying, engineering and environmental applications. Skill =1 and bias = 0 were computed to confirm the predictive capability of the models and that no bias/errors were introduced into the respective modelling exercise. Diagnostic test also confirmed the viability and feasibility of providing vertical datum surface for FCT by this approach. Standard deviation (σ) as accuracy indicator was computed and the multi-quadratic model with σ =11cm was the better geoid surface for modelling of orthometric height in the FCT by the geometric method.

Relationship between Polynomial Geometric Surfaces Terms and Observation Points Numbers and Effect in the Accuracy of Geometric Geoid Models

Eteje S. O., Oduyebo O. F., Oluyori P. D.

The application of the geometric method of local geoid model determination which requires the fitting of geometric surfaces to known geoid heights to enable geoid heights of new points to be interpolated involves the use of least squares technique for computation of the models' parameters. The selection of polynomial geometric surfaces depends on the size of the study area, the variation of the geoid heights and the number of measurement points. The accuracy of the geometric geoid model increases as the number of observation points approximates the number of geometric surface terms. But in most cases, the number of observation points is not considered. To this effect, this paper presents the relationship between geometric surfaces terms and observation points numbers and effect in the accuracy of geometric geoid models. A total of 23 points of known local gravimetric geoid heights were used. Two polynomial geometric (third and fifth degrees) surfaces were fitted to the geoid heights at various observation point numbers and compared to determine the relationship between the number of model terms and that of observation points and effect in the accuracy of the models. Least squares adjustment technique was applied to obtain the model parameters. The differences between the models and the known geoid heights of the points were computed and used to obtain the RMSEs as well as the accuracy of the models. The obtained results showed that the accuracy of the polynomial geometric geoid models tends to the highest as the number of measurement points approximates the number of the model terms and in a unique solution where the number of observation points is equal to the number of the polynomial geometric model terms, the model accuracy is highest. The paper recommends that the geometric method of local geoid model determination should be strictly applied in small areas. Where the method will be applied in considerable large areas, higher degrees polynomial geometric surfaces with a larger number of terms approximating the number of observation points should be applied. This will enable a proper fit of the polynomial surface to the known geoid heights, as well as high accuracy to be obtained.

Effect of different media on mycelium growth of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. invitro condition

Prem Pandey, Shankar P. Gaire

An invitro experiment was conducted to study the effect of different culture media on mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in Plant pathology Laboratory of Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal. The pathogenic isolate of S. rolfsii was isolated from symptomatic tomato and maintained in PDA. Seven different culture media viz. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Chickpea Dextrose Agar (ChDA), Bean Dextrose Agar (BDA), Carrot Dextrose Agar (CDA), Papaya Dextrose Agar (PpDA), Czapek Dox Agar (CzDA) and Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) were prepared and 5-mm diameter mycelial plugs from the margins of 3-days old S. rolfsiiculture was transfer in the middle of each media plate. The radial mycelial growth was measured at 2 days interval for 14 days. Chickpea Dextrose Agar (ChDA) had significantly higher mycelia growth, which was superior than Potato dextrose agar (PDA). Papaya fruit, carrot root, chickpea grain and bean grain can be the common cheap source of carbon in industrial development of culture media.

Population Dynamics of Mackerel Scad (Decapterus macarellus) in the Banda Sea

Frentje D. Silooy, Agustinus Tupamahu, O.T.S Ongkers, Haruna

Mackerel scad is a one of small pelagic fish that has important economic value in the waters around Ambon Island. This study aims to determine population dynamics including the length distribution, growth, gonad maturity, mortality and the rate of exploitation of mackerel scad in the waters around Ambon Island. This research was conducted during the period of September 2016 to July 2017. Total fish samples analyzed were 2534 individuals. The total length (TL) of fish caught during the eleven months of the research ranged from 9.0 - 31.9 cm with an average length of fish caught of 20.11 cm. Growth curve formed with the equation: Lt = 33.35 [1-exp0.560 (t + 0.2799]. Gonad I maturity level was 8.13-10 16%, TKG II (gonad II maturity level) was 46.49-49.11% , TKG III (gonad III maturity level) was 16.54-18.93%, TKG IV (gonad IV maturity level) 24.34-26.02%, and TKG V (gonad V maturity level) was 0.07-0.21%, F value was 1.36/year with the rate of exploitation (E) of 0.53/year, the total mortality rate (Z) = 2.58/year and the natural mortality rate (M) = 1.23/year.

Comparative Study between Three Sudanese Wheat Varieties Grown in Wad Madani, Sudan

The objective of this study is to assess and compare the chemical composition of grain and flour of three Sudanese heat tolerant wheat varieties grown in Wad Madani, Sudan, namely; Imam, Gumria and Zkia. Heat stress in sub-Saharan Africa is a major constraint on wheat production. Heat-tolerant wheat varieties, developed by scientists at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and Sudan’s Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), are helping farmers to adapt this situation, bringing higher and more stable yields. Farmers across the wheat-producing regions of Sudan are now achieving up to sixty\ha over successive growing seasons. Proximate analysis was performed by determining of the moisture content, crude protein, ash content, crude fat, crude fiber and carbohydrates content. Rheological analysis was performed by determining of wet, dry and index of gluten, and alpha– amylase activity. The results showed that Wheat moisture content was highest in Zkia (7.69) followed by Gumria (7.55) and Imam (7.35). Flour moisture content was highest in Gumria (8.6) followed by Zkia (8.3) and Imam (8.1). Wheat protein content was highest in Gumria (14.098) followed by Zkia (13.699) and Imam (13.566). Flour protein content was highest in Gumria (11.92) followed by Imam (11.837) and Zkia (11.837). Wheat ash content was highest in Gumria (1.66) followed by Zkia (1.48) and Imam (1.45). Flour ash content was highest in Imam (1.1) followed by Gumria (1.01) and Zkia (0.90). Wheat oil content was highest in Gumria (2.90) followed by Zkia (2.40) and Imam (2.01). Flour oil content was highest in Gumria (2.03) followed by Zkia (1.80) and Imam (1.71). Wheat crude fiber content was highest in Imam (1.90) followed by Gumria (1.70) and Zkia (1.50). Flour crude fiber content was highest in Gumria (1.18) followed by Zkia (1.08) and Imam (0.95).Wheat carbohydrates content was highest in Imam (73.724), followed by Zkia (73.231) and Gumria (72.092). Flour Carbohydrates content was highest in Zkia (78.83) followed by Imam (76.303) and Gumria (75.26). Rheological analysis such as wet gluten of wheat was higher in Imam (38.5) followed by Gumria (34.8.) and Zakia (34.1), similar to the flour, Imam (36.2) was higher followed by Gumria (34.4) and Zakia (33.71), dry gluten of wheat was higher in Imam (15.2) followed by Gumria (11.3) and Zakia (10.3), similar to the flour, Imam (14.1) was higher followed by Gumria (10.8) and Zakia (10.4), Gluten index of wheat was higher in Imam (75.8) followed by Zakia (62.0) and Gumria (60.6), similar to the flour Imam (72.2) was higher followed by Gumria (63.0) and Zakia (60.3), Falling no. of wheat was higher in Gumria (586) followed by Zakia (578) and Imam (5378), while in flour Imam (680) was higher followed by Zakia (636), and Gumria (427). In conclusion all the three varieties are largely identical to standard of Sudanese Standard and Metrological Organization (SSMO 037/2007).

Effect of Zinc Heavy Metal on Stress-Related Genes in Tomato (Solanumlycopericum L.) Plants

Ekrem Bolukbasi, Mehmet Karakas

Heavy metal pollution is a major environmental problem all over the world. It is known that high concentration of heavy metals in soils and waters cause genotoxicity and damage to most of the functional biomolecules. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular changes in tomato (Solanumlycopericum L.) genome under heavy metal of zinc stress.Zinc is a microelement which should be taken in very less amounts by plants, animals and humans. In plants, zinc in low concentration is essential for root and stem elongation, RNA levels, the cell’s ribosome content and protein formation mechanism. But at high concentrations, it is toxic for plants like cadmium, lead and copper.In this current study, the molecular response of tomato (Solanumlycopericum L.) plants to zinc stress was examined by transcript accumulation analysis of two stress-related genes: (i) MT2 (metallothionein) gene, coding for a metal-binding protein and (ii) GR1 (glutathionreductase) gene, a marker of enzymatic ROS scavenging mechanism. A quantitative Real-Time PCR experiment was performed with MT2 and GR1 genes using RNA isolated from tomato roots or shoots treated for 24h with zinc at concentrations ranging from 20 to 1280ppm. Results showed that the genes were over-expressed in zinc-stressed tomato. The highest relative fold change value was measured on GR1 for both root and shoot indicating the activation of the oxidative stress enzyme to tolerate zinc stress.

Study Food Habits of Fishes in Tempe Lake

Muh.Hatta, Nur Asia Umar, Sri Mulyani, Ida Suryani

This study aims to analyze and classify the food habits of fish with economic value in the waters of Lake Tempe in several different types of fish. The research was conducted in February, March, April, and June 2017 at Tempe lake in South Sulawesi. The research method used is the method of field observation and observation in laboratory. Several samples of fish species observed were 25 Snakeheadfish (Channa striatus), 30 Goldfish (Cyprinus carprio), 40 Snakeskin fish (Trichogaster pectoralis), 40 Javabarb fish (Barbonymus gonionotus), 40 As many as 40 Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and 40 Damselfish (Anabas testudineus). The types of organisms found in the fish's gastric are then identified by using the 1979 Yamaji plankton identification book, and then calculating the frequency of occurrence to classify the food habits of fish. The results showed that Snakeskin fish and tilapia fish were classified as herbivore fish based on gastric contents analysis found in phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus, aquatic plants, insects, other benthic invertebrates and worms. Goldfish and Damselfish are classified as omnivoro fish based on gastric contents analysis obtained by water plants, phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobentos, detritus, insects, molluscs, worms, eggs or fish larvae and other invertebrate larvae. While Javabarb fish are classified as planktivor fish based on gastric contents analysis found phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic plants, insects, and other invertebrate larvae. Fish Snakehead fish classified as carnivore fish based on gastric contents analysis found zoobenthos, fish, shrimp, crustaceans, worms, frogs, and nekton. Based on the measurement of water quality parameters shows that the carrying capacity of the environment as a habitat is still very supportive for the growth of fish in the waters of Tempe lake.

Impact of Fiscal Policy Instrumentsâ€™ Dynamics on Resource Sustainability in Nigeria

Ochalibe A. I., Okoye C. U., Enete A. A.

This research examined the impact of fiscal policy instruments on agricultural resources sustainability in Nigeria for the period 1980-2018. Specifically the study examined the causal relationship between fiscal policy instruments and resource sustainability; analyzed the instantaneous and compound growth rate of government expenditure, debt policy instruments and agricultural resources sustainability and; examined the impact of government expenditure and debt policy instrument on resource sustainability. Data were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistics Data Base: and Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical data (FAOSTATS). From the findings, there exist a unidirectional relationship (P

Maize/ Joint Velch Intercropping and N Fertilization Effects on Striga Infestation and Maize Grain Yield in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

Bassey M.S, Ibrahim P. A, Mohammed, A.K, Musa Isah, Hadiza A.B, Ngonadi E.N

The parasitic weed Striga poses a serious threat to cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa. For many years, technological packages for the control of this weed were proposed and implemented on farmers’ fields. A study was conducted in 2012 and 2013 to determine maize/ Jointvetch (Aeschynomenehistrix) and N fertilization effect on Striga infestation and maize yield. The intercropping trial consists of six treatments, four inorganic N fertilizer levels of 0, 60, 90, 120 kg ha-1, alternate hill and same hill intercropping of A. histrix. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Alternate hill and same hill intercropping significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Striga infestation with respect to Striga shoots per m-2 and plot, Strigareation score and enhanced maize grain yield. There was a significant decline in the level of damage by Striga on maize in plots that received 60 – 120 kg N ha-1. Alternate hill and same hill intercropping had maize grain yield of 3295 kg ha-1 and 2616 kg ha-1 which were significantly higher than those obtained without inorganic N application (306 kg ha-1). Inorganic N application had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on grain yield. Lowest grain yield of 306 kg ha-1 was obtained without inorganic N application, which was significantly (P

Antibacterial Activity Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina of Mangrove Fruit Extraction on Vibriosis of Mangrove Crab Larvae (Scylla Serrata Forsskal)

Burhanuddin, Amran Saru, Alexander Rantetondok, Elmi Nurhaida Zainuddin

The stability of mangrove crabs (Scylla serrata Forsska0l) production were still constrained, especially the high mortality in the larval stage caused by vibriosis infection in the form of vibrio bacterial attack, so natural extracts as antibacterial such as R.stylosa and A.marina were needed. The purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity R.Stylosa and A.marina of mangrove fruit extracts through in-vitro as the cause vibriosis of mangrove crab larvae. (Scylla serrata F). On fruit sample and extraction of active ingredients R.Stylosa and A.marina fruit were the initial stages of the study, then continued with bacterial isolation, soaked calculation of% and antibacterial activity test for antibacterial on vibrio bacteria. The results of the soaked calculation of% R.stylosa at the concentration of 2 mg / disk / 50 μl, the highest obtained in metanol was 12.92% and A.marina was 8.61% in metanol; The results of antibacterial activity based on inhibition zone area, for the highest R.stylosa in solvent metanol (11.40 mm) , in V.harveyi bacteria, then followed by 7.18 mm in V. alginolyticus bacteria, then 7.03 mm in V.paraemolyticus bacteria, where as the results of antibacterial activity based on inhibition zone area, for the highest A.marina in the Chloroform solvent (21.09mm), in V.harveyi bacteria, then followed 19.08mm in V. paraemolyticus bacteria, and 11.80mm in V.alginolyticus bacteria. Obstacle zones obtained categorized as moderate to very high (> 11- 20mm) based on the description at Zainuddin (2006) so that they met the requirements to be applied through in-vivo.

About the use of Longitudinal data Analysis in Forage Legumes Breeding: A Review

Daniela Popim Miqueloni

Forage breeding is more complex than that practiced in other plant species. In addition to assessing the effect of superior genotypes through animal performance, there is a need to evaluate genetic materials over time, which requires the use of appropriate tools and statistical methods so that all effects of the environment are captured and analyzed due to the perennial character of these species. Another significant factor with regard to forage legumes is the analysis in pure or mixed stands, which may facilitate the conduction of trials in the first case and improve the adaptive ability evaluation of species with associated plant and the environment effects in the second case. In this context, the interaction of the genotype with the environment, which differs for the temperate and tropical legume species, is discussed from the point of view of the longitudinal data analysis by application of the mixed model methodology, also considering the employment of mixed pastures in the tropical region of the globe.

Breeding and testing single-cross maize hybrid QT55 in provinces in the North, South Central and Central Highlands of Vietnam

Le Quy Tuong, Le Van Ninh, Nguyen Tuan Khoi, Le Quy Tung, Bui Bao Thinh

In many places around the world, population growth and climate change have been posing huge challenges to agriculture. There are increasing demands for food products in both quantity and quality. As a result, it is essential to develop new hybrid maize varieties with high yield, quality and resistance. In this study, single-cross maize hybrid QT55 was created from a combination of two maize hybrids (D4 x D54). This hybrid maize was tested in some provinces in the North, South Central and Central Highlands of Vietnam. Study results show that in comparison with control maize cultivars, QT55 was a medium early single-cross maize hybrid (medium growth time) with the yields from 69.44 to 75.38 quintals ha-1 and ranged from 60 to 100.2 quintals ha-1 during intensive farming. Additionally, QT55 demonstrated higher resistance to stalk borer and other diseases such as the banded leaf, sheath blight and stalk rot. It is less likely to fall, cold tolerant and drought tolerant are better. Single-cross maize hybrid QT55 was best planted in Spring and Autumn-Winter crops (in Northern provinces) and Winter-Spring, Summer-Autumn crops (in South Central and Central Highlands).

Efficacy of Different Glyphosate rates of Application on Weed Infestation in Citrus Orchards

Hajjaj B, El Oualkadi A

Citrus weeding trial was conducted during the 2019 growing season. The aimof this study is to investigate the effect of three glyphosate rates of application on weed infestation in citrus orchards. Dominant weed botanical families belong to: Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae,Solanaceae, Poaceae and Primulaceae.Results showed that glyphosate applied at 1080 g/hectareand 720 g/hectare provided good weed control. Glyphosate rates of application at 1080 g/hectare and 720 g/hectare recorded respectively 88.07% and 81% of weed density reduction compared to weed density in the control plots and 93.36% and 77.41% of weed dry biomass reduction compared to weed dry biomass in the control plots.Glyphosate rates of application at 1080 g/hectarerecorded 95% of visual weed control notation compared to weed infestation in the control plots.Glyphosate applied at 360 g/hectare showed very low efficacy and is not recommended in chemical weed control program in citrus orchards.

Utilization of Sludge Waste as Fertilizer for Chili Plants: Observed from Technical, Economical Aspects and Farmers' Perceptions

Aditya Arifianto, Agus Budianto

PT. X was an industrial company that engaged in chicken slaughterhouse and meat processing and its derivatives, with a continuous production process that produced a variety of waste ranging from Liquid, Solid, and others. Moreover, for the type of liquid waste produced by PT. X, was treated with a Wastewater Treatment Plant which was one of the facilities in PT. X. The second stage was to make a comparison between Sludge, chicken manure, and rice husk. Furthermore, there was a variation of the ratio: the first 1: 1: 1 and the second 2: 1: 1 where two were the number of sludge. Application of fertilizers was carried out on chili plants. From the test results, it showed that there was an increase in productivity between 30% - 42.8% in chili plants. Therefore, the cost of fertilizing in one crop of chili with compost processed by Sludge IPAl of PT. X was equal to Rp. 1,500 per stem in a single planting period. As for the NPK Mutiara fertilizer, the cost incurred for fertilizing in a single chili planting period was Rp. 4,050, - per stem of chili plants. While the result of the questionnaire towards the attitudes of farmers showed sufficient value, hence, the fertilizer processed by IPAL sludge had a good chance to be accepted by the community, especially chili farmers.

Effect of Cowpea Seeding Density on Growth Parameters and Grain Yield of Maize in a real Crop Situation in Northern CÃ´te d'Ivoire.

Soil depletion and degradation as well as climate variability are responsible for the decrease in agricultural yields and the poverty of the rural population in northern Côte d'Ivoire.The present study was conducted in a participatory manner with two (2) food producer groups from the villages of Kolokaha and Sohouo (Korhogo Department) to determine the density of semi cowpea seeding that maximizes the growth and yield of maize.In this perspective, three densities of cowpea tested in this system of association with pure maize culture during two growing seasons with two improved maize varieties and a local variety.This is the T0 treatment: pure corn culture; T1_SNL: corn + semi-cowpea in interbedded line; T2_SNLDI: corn + semi-cowpea in double line; T3_SNQ: corn + semi-cowpea staggered.The results show that improved varieties of maize produce more and grow faster than the local variety. At each of two study sites, there was no marked effect of cowpea seeding density on plant height and grain yield per unit area.Although the three association modalities are efficient, SNL and SNLDI association models, which are confirmed as the most competitive, can preferably be recommended in a rural environment. However, the study of the use of cowpea with corn could be considered to allow a better use of the soil resources and consequently an improvement of the productivity of the associated crops.

P-Available Enhancement Mechanism through Combinations of Organic Matters and Incubation Period in Psammentic Paleudults Soil

Fauzi, E.M. Harahap, H. Hanum, R. Adiwiganda

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the availability of phosphorus (P) is important for improving soil productivity Psammentic Paleudults. This research aimed to determine the mechanism for increasing phosphorus availability due to the application of various organic matters and incubation period in the Psammentic Paleudults soil from Labuhan Batu Selatan District, Sumatera Utara Province. This research was conducted at the Research Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, using Factorial Completely Random Design with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. Factor 1 was organic matters (20 tons/ha) consisting of Control, Tithonia diversifolia Compost, Durian Skin Compost, Empty Fruit Bunches Compost, Chicken Manure, Tithonia diversifolia Compost + Chicken Manure, Durian Skin Compost + Chicken Manure and Empty Fruit Bunches + Chicken Manure. Factor 2 was the incubation period consisting of 1 week incubation, 2 weeks incubation, 3 weeks incubation and 4 weeks incubation. The results showed that the combination of Tithonia diversifolia compost with chicken manure was able to increase P-available soil higher and reduce Al-P and Fe-P content.Organic matters incubation for 3 weeks reduced soil Al-P and Fe-P content. The interaction of compost Tithonia diversifolia+ chicken manure with 3 weeks incubation was the best treatment increasing soil P-available and reducing Al-P and Fe-P content in Psammentic Paleudults soil.