Volume 4 Number 5 (September 2019)

Evaluation of Allelopathic Property of Lantana camara Vegetative Parts on Seed Germination Attributes of Maize [Zea mays L.]

E.N Ngonadi, C.W Worlu, S.O Onyeyirim

Some weeds that have been reported to have allelopathic potentials are always found in association with field crops. This association might be inhibitory or stimulatory, some of these weeds however have the potentials of becoming invasive under certain cropping system and environmental situations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the most effective aqueous extract from three vegetative part of Lantana camara on seed germination of maize. An in vivo, experiment was conducted to study the effect of water extract of leaf, stem and root of Lantana camara on the germination of maize, in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Three concentrations (10%, 20% and 40%) of each ground plant parts were studied with distilled water used as control. The aqueous extracts of the plant parts and control were used to germinate seeds of Maize (DTE-YSTR) in petri-dish with 5ml of extracts administered to each petri dish. Data were collected on number of germinated seeds daily, from 3 Days after Sowing (DAS) to 8DAS. Also length of plumules and radicles were measured and recorded at 8 DAS on five randomly selected germinated seeds. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and the means separated using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that germination percentage, mean radicle length and mean plumule length decreased with increasing concentrations. Reduction in germination, length of radicles and plumules was more pronounced in the leaf extract.

Crop Diversification among Rural Farm Households in Kwande Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria

Z. T. Nyiatagher, P. A. Abiyong, N. U. Aniah.

This study analysed crop diversification among rural farm households in Kwande Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The study drew a sample of 360 rural farm households through a multi-stage sampling technique from 12 communities in four districts of Kwande LGA (Ikyurav-ya, Turan, Nanev and Shangev-ya) and the primary data obtained were analysed using the descriptive statistics, Simpson index and Tobit regression model. Results indicated that an average farm household head was 42.8 years old and had 4.2 years of schooling. Ninety three percent (93 %) of the farm households diversified their cropping activities with 51.7 percent diversified into three or more crops. The Tobit regression results revealed that there were marginal increases in crop diversification with increase in farm size, gender, access to credit, membership of co-operative and educational level but crop diversification decreases as farmers grow older in age and farming experience. Policy implications were drawn for provision of functional social amenities and encouragement of the rural farmers to join cooperative societies for easy access to loans that promote crop diversification and hence improve the standard of living of the rural populace.

The effect of sugarcane stillage on the yield of butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) grown at Tambankulu Estates, a semi-arid region in the north eastern Lowveld of Eswatini.

Dlamini M. V., Manyatsi A. M, Simelane S. B.

An experiment was conducted to compare the effect of sugarcane distillery waste (stillage) and chemical fertilizer (N:P:K; 2:3:2 (22)) on the yield of butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) grown under rain-fed conditions at Tambankulu Estates in the north eastern Lowveld of Eswatini. The experiment was run for a period of two years. Three levels of fertilizer, 43 kg, 86 kg and 129 kg and three levels of stillage 296 liters, 585 liters and 876 liters were applied to plots each measuring 450 m2.Yield (fruit weight) and fruit size (fruit length and diameter) characteristics were measured at harvest. Data was subjected to the analysis of variance as per the design of the experiment. Yield and fruit length showed highly significant differences between the factors and levels whereas there were no significant differences in diameter. The highest yield of 960 g/fruit was recorded for stillage when applied at 585 liters followed by the highest concentration of 876 liters that yielded 950 g/fruit. The lowest level of fertilizer yielded the lowest yield of 721 g/fruit, with the two higher levels of fertilizer yielding the same 810 g/fruit. The control treatments with no fertilizer or stillage yielded the same lowest yield on average 550 g. The results of the experiment show that distillery waste (stillage) can be effectively used in the production of butternut squash in place of 2:3:2 (22) fertilizer.

Analysis of Water Quality in the Tabuk River Sub-Watershed, South Barito Regency

Nurul Fazriyanti, M.Ruslan, Erwin Rosadi, Agustiana

The Tabuk River Sub-Watershed is a tributary of the Barito River wich is Located in the Buntok City area of South Barito Regency. The River is Located in a residential area full of river flow Tabuk indicated has increased pollution caused by community activites on the riverbanks such as CWT activities (Cook, Wash, Toilet), Fisheries and tourism. This study aims to analyze the quality of Tabuk river water based on the status of water quality that refers to the decision of the state Minister of Environment No. 115 of 2003, and formulate strategies for controlling the pollution of the Tabuk river flow. The parameters analyzed are physics, chemistry and microbiology, the quality of river water is analyzed at three sampling points during high and low tide conditions. Analysis of river water quality status using the pollution index method. The result obtained are (1) the water quality of the Tabuk River Sub-Watershed for parameters that exceed the Class II water quality standards are TSS, BOD, COD, Total Coliform, Fecal colifirm during tidal or low tide conditions. TSS parameters 382 mg/L at low tide, and 157 mg/L at high tide. The BOD parameter is 61.5 mg/L during low tide, and 9.4 mg/L at high tide. The COD parameter is 83.7 mg/L during low tide, and 74 mg/L at high tide wich indicates a decline in water quality with moderate to mild water quality status. (2) efforts and strategies for the quality of tabuk river water to be in accordance with water quality standard criteria, namely (a) monitoring and maintaining Tabuk river water quality during low tide and tide conditions, (b) controlling domestic and non-domestic waste entering the river sub-watershed Tabuk, (c) establishes the concept of community participation as a reference for each agency that has an interest in carrying out river management activities.

Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Quality of Eggplant

Ransford Opoku Darko, Shouqi Yuan, Francis Kumi, Frederick Quaye

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of deficit irrigation on yield and quality of eggplant. Eggplant cultivated under different irrigation treatment. The treatment imposed included, treatment 1 (100ETc: full irrigation), treatment 2 (90ETc: 10% reduction of full irrigation), treatment 3 (80ETc: 20% reduction of full irrigation), treatment 4 (70ETc: 30% reduction of full irrigation). Eggplant cultivated under different irrigation treatment and were harvested and analyzed for total yield, fruit shape, pH of the fruit, moisture content, protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus. Deficit irrigation had significant effect on the protein content, carbohydrate content and fruit moisture. Results of the study showed that deficit irrigation had no significant effect on phosphorus and fruit shape. Also, deficit irrigation reduced disease incidence in eggplants while ensuring an improvement in fruit firmness and the overall marketable yield. The study concludes that a reduction of 10% ETc in the cultivation of eggplant would produce optimum and quality fruits thereby saving irrigation water.

Addition of Different Nitrogen Sources on the Cocoa Pod (Theobroma Cacao) fermented with Pleurotus Ostreatus

Junaidah, Nuraini, Ade djulardi

This research was aimed the composition of the substrate, inoculum dose and fermentation time suitable for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus on cocoa pod substrate mixtures with different nitrogen sources (tofu waste, soy milk waste and rice bran) of the cellulase enzyme activity, laccase enzyme activity, crude fiber decreased, and crude fiber digestibility. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (RAL) 3x3x3 factorial with 2 replications. Factor A is a substrate composition with a ratio of 80% cocoa pod and 20% for tofu waste, soy milk waste, and rice bran. Factor B is an inoculum dose of 6%, 8% and 10% with Factor C is the fermentation time of 7, 9 and 11 days. The results of the analysis showed that an interaction of the substrate composition and fermentation time with Pleurotus ostreatus which had a significant effect (P

Soil Chemical Properties and Chilli (Capsicum Frustescens L) Yields Following Ameliorants derived from Taliwang Pond- Sidemen and Biocompost Application on the Dryland Farming System of Western Sumbawa, Indonesia

Erlina Azizah, Taufik Fauzi, Sukartono

A field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Taliwang Pond sidemen (TPS) and biocompost application on the soil chemical properties, growth performance and yield of chilli on the dryland farming system in Belo village, Jereweh Sub-district, Western of Sumbawa, Indonesia from February to May 2019. The experiment was set up using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisted of two factors namely sidement (0 t ha-1 as S0 and 40 t ha-1 as S1) and biocompost (0 t ha-1 (K1), 10 t ha-1(K2), 20 t ha-1 (K3), 30 t ha-1(K4) and 40 t ha-1 as K5) with three replications. The results of study showed that the application of both TPS and biocompost improved soil fertility status (C, P and K) and increased growth and yields of chilli. It was recorded that the application of both TPS and biocompost at rates of 40 t ha-1 resulted in the highest yields of chille as results soil fertility improvement. The highest yied was reach two times as compared to the control (plot with no soil organic ammendement).

Investigating local climatic factors that affected pineapple production, in Lampung Indonesia

Tumiar Katarina Manik, Purba Sanjaya, Onny Chrisna Pandu Perdana, Dudy Arfian

In Indonesia, pineapple is one horticulture commodity which has high potential in international fruits trade, therefore the plantation should maintain its high yield and good fruit quality. One cause that determined pineapple yield was water availability even though pineapple could resist dry period. Irrigation is always needed in pineapple plantation, however, this is a costly treatment and high irrigation level has not always lead to significant increases in crop productivity. This study aimed to investigate the possible factors that determined pineapple productions in Indonesia biggest pineapple plantation in Indonesia using all climate factors available. Some statistics methods were used to utilize the available climate data to analyze the rainfall probability, rainfall frequency distribution, evapotranspiration estimation, water balance, water use efficiency and weather impacts on fruit qualities. The results showed that water from average annual rainfall should be adequate for the pineapple water needs, however there were months had water deficit and needed irrigation. Low evapotranspiration rate reflected dry soil which could be the results of high air and soil temperature. This high temperature also affected on fruit qualities. It is suggested to conduct researches on how pineapple productions and qualities that plants under shading trees.

Influence of different stages of corpus luteum on ovary size, oocytes grades and follicular population in Indian buffaloes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different stages of corpus luteum on ovary size, oocytes grades and follicular population. A total of 109 buffalo ovaries were collected from the slaughterhouse and transported to the laboratory for determination of ovaries weight, length, width, thickness, follicular population and oocytes grades. The results obtained revealed that the effect of types of CL on ovary weight and size showed a significant difference in the type of CL groups with ovary weight and ovary size. Ovaries having CL in late-stage showed the highest mean of ovary weight, length, width and thickness over the CL in the early and middle stage. Moreover, the results showed no significantly different in the type of CL groups with follicular population and oocytes grades.

Identification of adequate Sahel climate prediction models based on CMIP5: Mali case

Hamidou Diawara, Vladimir A. Lobanov

In this work, a multi-model of evaluation of future normals of temperature and rainfall for Mali was built. For this, the normals of temperature and precipitations of twenty (20) climate models out of the forty-two (42) in the CMIP 5 were compared individually with those of seventeen (17) stations for the temperature and thirty (30) stations for precipitations. The objective function used is the standard deviation, which is even smaller than the model is more efficient. The standard deviation of normals for all models with observations exceeds 10% of the average of precipitations over the territory, however, for the temperature 85.0% of the models (17 out of 20) give standard deviations representing less than 10% of the territorial average of the latter. This which allowed classifying the models, their intrinsic performance for each element of the considered climate. The analysis has shown that most models occupy very different range from one classification to another. Thus, a general classification was made which has shown that the most efficient multi-model for temperature and rainfall are different but the one giving the best approximation for the whole of the two elements (with a minimum of standard deviation) is composed of the models of the Institute Max-Planck of the German meteorology, this is MPI-ESM-LR and MPI-ESM-MR. The performance of this multimodel, compared to that of each of the two models composing it, second rank for temperature and first for precipitations..

The Study of the Rate of Infiltration and Soil Permeability on Different Land Cover in Watershed Maluka Province of South Kalimantan

Badaruddin, Syarifuddin Kadir, Ahmad Yamani, Nurlina

Infiltration is part of the hydrologic cycle, namely the process of entering water from the surface into the soil. Infiltration is affected by vegetation, slope and soil type. This study aims to analyze the amount of capacity and volume of infiltration in open land, shrubs and rubber plantations in the watershed Maluka. This research method using the formula Horton with point observation using a purposive sampling by observing the various land closure. The results showed that the highest infiltration capacity value on the secondary forest land cover of 5,945 mm/hour and the lowest is the reeds with a value of 0,687 mm/hour. The value of the highest volume of infiltration in the secondary forest of 3,249 mm³ whereas the lowest on the Palm of 0,153 mm³.

Effects of Water Deficiency on Phosiological Traits, Grain Nutrition Quality and Yield of three Maize (Zea mays L) Genotypes

Salifu Mahama, Fulop Lajos Doka

Water deficit or drought has an adverse effect on crop production, and it is one of the limiting factors of world food security. A field experiment was conducted on different maize genotypes in University of Debrecen to assess the impact of water deficit on the physiology, grain nutrition and yield of three maize genotypes. The studied treatments were full irrigation and non-irrigation. The irrigated treatment did not significantly affect grain yield and starch content. Grain protein, moisture content SPAD and leaf area index(LAI) were significantly affected by irrigation. There was significant yield difference between the hybrids and grain nutrition quality was also affected by hybrids difference at LSD 1%. For good nutritional quality grain from the studied genotypes, the researchers propose (P 9911) Genotype under similar environmental condition.

Analysis of the Profitability of Okra production among Small holder Okra farmers in Akinyele Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria

Osalusi C.S., Akanni-John Rachael, Okeke E.N, Ogunsola J.O

The study was carried out to analyse the profitability of okra production among small holder okra farmers in Akinyele local government area, Oyo state. Multi-stage and purposive sampling technique was used in data collection. A total of 75 respondents were sampled. Statistical tools such as frequency distribution, production function and budgetary analysis were used in analyzing the data for this study. The result shows that most of the respondents were male (90.7 %) and married (73.3%). The major problems faced by the respondents in the study area include, inadequate transport facilities, weather condition and high cost of input. The estimated costs and return of Okro producers realized per okra farmer per annum were N161,137.00 and N 77,317.76 respectively. Okra farming is lucrative in the study area with profitability index of 56.38 and a rate of return on investment of 117.50% and operating cost ratio of 38.59%.

A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Small Ruminant Cases Presented to the State Veterinary Hospital, Ibadan Nigeria

Wahab Y. A, Akinlabi E. Y, Raheem K. A

A five-year retrospective study was conducted using clinical case record of sheep and goat presented for treatment at State Veterinary Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria between July 2013 and June 2018. A total of 520 small ruminants were presented within this period.Simple descriptive frequency statistic was employed to determine disease prevalence. Out of the 520 small ruminants presented, 360(69.2%) were sheep and 160(30.8%) were goat. The most frequently diagnosed diseases in these animals were endoparasitism (31.3%), viral infections (18.3%), bacterial infections (15.6%), reproductive conditions (8.3%) and musculoskeletal disorders (7.7%). Prevalence of diseases among small ruminants revealed that endoparasitism (22.5%), viral infections (12.3%), bacterial infections (10.2%),musculoskeletal disorders (6.3%) and reproductive conditions (5.2%) were the most prevalent in sheep while endoparasitism (8.8%), viral infections (5.96%), bacterial infections (5.4%) and reproductive conditions(3.1%) were most prevalent in goats. The study has shown that endoparasitism, viral infections, bacterial infections and reproductive conditions are the leading problem ravaging small ruminants. Therefore, there is need for urgent intervention with special interest towards ensuring proper animal management to control the effect of these agents. It is recommended that livestock farmers should adopt best management practices that will minimize the vulnerability of small ruminants to disease. More so, there should be mass vaccination campaign against preventable diseases like PPR.

Growth response of pre-sprouted seedlings of sugarcane in the presence of the bacterium Herbarspirillum frisingense

The objective was to evaluate the effect of bacterium Herbaspirillum frisingense on growth of the seedlings pre-sprouted from sugarcane. After you select the varieties of sugarcane, the necessary treatments of nodal segment obtained from reeds, to germinate and be transplanted to the cells half in soil substrate of gully and other half in soil ofgullies more Jatropha pie, where was subsequently applied doses of bacteria (9,33x107 ufc.ml-1). Five months after this process, plants were harvested and evaluated the dry mass of shoot and root dry mass. Data were analyzed by Tukey, a 5%, where he met difference for root dry mass in relation to the presence of bacteria and to dry pasta from the shoot to the type of substrate. No statistical difference was observed between cultivars, even these being different cycles. In relation to interaction varieties vs. bacteria statistical difference was observed between the cultivars to root dry mass. The presence of the bacteria inside the plant tissues of seedlings of sugarcane was beneficial for the plant, promoting a greater root growth. The soil substrate of gully more Jatropha pie turned out better for the cultivars in general.

Effectiveness of broadcast Agricultural Programmes on Agricultural Development among Farmers in Akoko South West Local Government Area of Ondo state, Nigeria

Ogunsola J.O, Ogunsola A.J, Alarape A.B, Oloba O.G, Osalusi C.S

The study assessed the effectiveness of broadcast agricultural programmes on agricultural development in Akoko South-West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used in selecting 140 respondents for the study. Specifically, socio-economic characteristics, source of information and perception of broadcast agricultural programmes were examined. Data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire and were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The results of the study revealed that majority (82.6%) of the farmers are married and more than half of them are male (57.0%). Television (91.9%), Radio (89.9%) and farmers association (82.6%) were revealed to be the major sources of information. The results also shows that farmers have a highly positive (62.9%) of the effect of broadcast agricultural programmes on agricultural development. The results of the hypothesis shows a significant relationship between age (p=0.034), education (p=0.015) and income (p=0.026) and the perception of farmers on broadcast agricultural programmes. The study concluded that broadcast agricultural programmes is effective in ensuring agricultural development in the study area and recommended that policies should be made to make broadcast stations more effective and more adoptive to agricultural programmes.

Analysis of the Relationship of Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction at PT. PLN (Persero) Kotabaru Area

Sigit Hari Wibowo, Emmy Sri Mahreda, Muhammad Husaini, Wahyuni Ilham

This study aims to determine and analyze the Quality of Service through variable assurance, empathy, age, gender, education, occupation, length of subscription, and power customer on customer satisfaction at PT. PLN (Persero) Kotabaru Area. This type of research uses explanatory research types. The object of research in this study is PT. PLN (Persero) Kotabaru Area. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling using the Slovin formula, where the number of samples was 400 people. Data analysis in this study used Correlation Analysis. Correlation Test research results prove that the empathy variable has the highest correlation that is equal to 0.586, is at the level of "Medium", this means that the empathy variable of PT. PLN (Persero) Kotabaru Area to customers makes customers feel satisfied with PT. PLN (Persero) Kotabaru Area.

Adoption Behaviour of Beneficiary and Non-Beneficiary (FLD) Farmers of Green Gram Cultivation Khargone District of Madhya Pradesh

India produces variety of pulses including chickpea 39.00 per cent, pigeon pea 21.00 per cent, green gram 11.00 per cent, black gram 10.00 per cent, lentil 7.00 per cent, field pea 5.00 per cent and other of around 14.00 million tonnes annually from an area of around 23.63 million hectares, with an average yield of around 650 kg per hectare, which is one of the largest producing country in the world. The major pulses producing states are Madhya Pradesh 23.00 per cent, Uttar Pradesh 18.00 per cent, Maharashtra 14.00 per cent, Rajasthan 11.00 per cent, Andhra Pradesh 9.00 per cent and Karnataka 6.00 per cent where pulses are predominantly grown as rainfed crops. The Front Line Demonstration (FLD) is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection technologies and its management practices in the farmers' field under different agro-climatic regions and farming situation. the impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra in terms of adoption of improved agriculture production practices, a sample of 60 non-beneficiary farmers was selected from control villages. Thus, a total of 120 farmers will be selected as respondent for the study purpose. Out of total beneficiaries, 45.00 per cent had medium adoption level, followed by 33.33 per cent had high and only 21.67 per cent had low adoption level of green gram production technology

Evaluating micro-propagation of Kashan damask rose, Yasooj aromatic rose and their hybrid

Sahar Mirzaei, Abbas Ghamari Zare, Sonia Jafary

According to the value of damask rose and aromatic rose, crossing of Kashan damask rose × Yasooj aromatic rose has high importance in terms of its essential oil performance, rose water quality and its usage as a medicinal plant. With considering propagation problems of this plant, mass reproduction with tissue culture can help in a short time. Samples of crossed plant and their parents were collected from Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. After pre-sterilization and sterilization, explants were established on the MS medium. When length of explants became around 2 cm, were transferred to MS medium with 3 different treatments for shooting and it was indicated that best shooting treatment for all 3 genotypes was MS medium with IBA (0.1 mg/l), 2ip (0.5 mg/l) and BA (0.5 mg/l). G22 genotype produced better shoots, so it was established on 8 different rooting treatments and finally MS media with IBA (2 mg/l) showed best result (100%). Then explants of (G22×G4) and G4 genotype also were established on the best rooting media and produced 28% and 0% roots, respectively. All the rooted plantlets were transferred to plastic pots containing cocopeat+ perlite+ vermicompost with the ratio of 2:1:0.5 and placed in the laboratory for compatibility. Totally it was concluded that between 3 genotype (crossed (G22×G4), damask rose as the paternal line (G4) and (G22) aromatic rose as the maternal line), G22 had highest results of micro-propagation, G4 had lowest results and crossed plant (G22×G4) was in the interstitial situation.

Fig molasses: Processing Essentials and Organoleptic Properties

Local varieties of fig fruits (genus Ficus) are classified by their morphological characteristics mainly color of outer layer versus color inside. This has resulted in three categories, namely green outer layer with both white and red color inside and with outside and inside red color. Fig molasses produced following a traditional Lebanese recipe, using overripe-fresh-figs, was scrutinized to assess technical details such as fig molasses per fig conversion values (FMFCV) (kg/100kg figs) and organoleptic properties. Part of the prepared figs had pH adjusted to around 4.2 using citric acid. Concerning FMFCV there was no significant differences between molasses produced using the different fig cultivars. Water was added to the strained figs and a second extract was produced. FFMCV recognized from the first straining was significantly higher than that value recorded from the second straining. There was no significant difference between the two products concerning pH, water activity and ash content. Fig molasses produced from pH-adjusted figs had a significantly higher FFMCV, lower pH and higher ash content compared to those produced from non-pH-adjusted ones; however, no significant difference water activity was detected. Concerning organoleptic properties there was no significant difference between all the fig molasses produced. The use of the overripe figs shows how traditional methods have innate food waste reduction concept. Lower pH, higher FFMCV and no significant difference in the sensory attributes favor the use of the citric acid in the recipe since in would increase the production efficiency and would prolong the product shelf life.

Radiation use Efficiency in Rice Crops under Different Numbers of tillers and Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications

Sugiono, Husni Thamrin Sebayang, Agus Suryanto

The most important in agricultural activities is the utilization of solar radiation energy, nutrients and water. Plants with enough water and nutrients, Under optimal conditions, nutrition and water are fulfilled, the crop efficient use radiation is determined by the interception of light and the pattern of spread within the plant canopy.Setting number of tillers will affect distribution of radiation in rice. In addition to the radiation use efficiency by setting different number of tillers, nitrogen fertilizer, Urea, is very influential on the growth of plant organs. The aim of the research was to study the effect of different number of tillers and nitrogen fertilizer application on solar conversion energy in rice crops. The research design used a split plot design in which dose of nitrogen fertilizer as the main plot and different number of tillers as subplots. The results showed that urea at doses of 100 and 150 kg ha-1 was able to provide RUE of 1.37 and 1.39%, which is higher than 0 and 50 kg ha-1 .Result conversion efficiency treatment number tillers 10 and 15 per plant is 1.34, increase by 1.37% compare treatment number tillers 5 per plant.

Assessing the impact of Farming Systems and Land use change on Dryland plant Biodiversity: A case study of Mwala and Yatta sub Counties in Machakos County, Kenya

Mutua U.M, Kisangau D, Musimba N

The study focused on assessing the impact of farming systems and land use change on dryland biodiversity and documented the views, knowledge and practice of the farmers on the role of biodiversity in the semi-arid midlands of Eastern Kenya. A descriptive survey design was employed to collect data on famers’ views, knowledge and practices from 120 respondents from four locations in Mwala and Yatta Sub Counties in Machakos County. Nested Quadrat method was employed to determine levels of loss of plant live forms in the cultivated and uncultivated areas in the four locations. The collected data was then analyzed using simple descriptive statistical such as percentages, frequency and means. Other methods used in the analysis included Logistic regression, Pearson Chi-square and t-tests. The study established that Households in the study areas understand the benefits of non-crop tree species (100%) and therefore grow the tree species (72%) and also conserve the indigenous species (88%). Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis further showed that the age and level of education of the respondents were the strongest statistically significant factors affecting the farmers’ knowledge on above ground biodiversity and its relevance to crop production (p < 0.005). It was also established that mixed farming system was the main farming system practiced by 98% of the households in Mwala and Yatta sub counties, with crops and livestock on the same farm. It was established that average population of plant live forms (grass, shrubs and trees) in the study sites was found to be significantly different between cultivated and uncultivated zones in the four locations (p

The Influence of Pesticides on the Biology and Physiology of the Land Snail Bulimulus tenuissimus (Orbigny, 1935)

Some terrestrial gastropods are agricultural pests and are exposed to toxic products capable of causing physiological and biological alterations. The action of some herbicides and molluscicides has been studied on freshwater snails, but there are few studies of terrestrial species. This study analyzed the biological and physiological responses of Bulimulus tenuissimus exposed to the natural molluscicidal latex of Euphorbia milii var. hislopii and the synthetic herbicide Roundup® Original. A total of 210 snails were divided and exposed for 24 hours to the products (latex or herbicide in concentrations of 1,000 ppm and 100,000 ppm) and type 2 water. Of this total, 150 exposed animals were analyzed biochemically after 24 hours, and the others were observed during 30 days for analysis of the mortality rate. After 24 hours, some snails presented escape mechanisms such as epiphragm formation, cephalopedal mass retraction and burial. The latex did not cause metabolic alterations but the herbicide altered the carbohydrate metabolism of B. tenuissimus, reducing energy substrates in the sites analyzed (hemolymph, digestive gland and cephalopedal mass). Regarding the protein metabolism, there was no alteration after exposure to both analyzed substances. After 30 days of exposure, higher mortality was recorded for the groups exposed to the herbicide. These findings suggest that B. tenuissimus is resistant to the molluscicidal latex of Euphorbia milii var. hislopii more than the herbicide Roundup® Original.

Effect of Invasive Pest Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera; Pseudococcidae) in Cassava

Nila Wardani, Aunu Rauf, I Wayan Winasa, Sugeng Santoso

Heavy damage by the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccua manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hempiptera: Pseudococcidae) caused symptoms of bunchy top, shortened and distorted nodes, leaf drops, and inhibition of plant growth. The consequences of these pests can cause yield losses of 80%. This study was to determine the development of P. manihoti and cassava yield loss. Field observations indicated that symptoms of bunchy top appeared as early as 8 weeks after planting (wap) and rose quickly started 16 wap, at the same time with the advent of the dry season (May-June). Level of infestation developed faster on variety Jimbul; at 18 wap all plants had bunchy tops. While on varieties Roti and Manggu, 100% infestation occurred at 30 and 36 wap, respectively. There was a correlation between early infetation with plant height ang yield. Cassava plants infested during early stage were shorter and the yield lower, compared to those infested at further stages. Lower yields of variety Jimbul (0.94 kg/tree) than variety Manggu (3.16 kg/plant), was thought to be related to heavy infestation which occurred during early stage.

Productivity of Small-Scale Yellowfin Tuna Fishing in West Region of Ceram District, Moluccas Province, Indonesia

Ruslan H.S Tawari, Domu Simbolon, Haruna

Analysis on factors which influence productivity of fishing businessis an essential matter to increase fisherman income. This research aims to: 1) Analyze factors which influence productivity of small-scale yellowfin tuna fishing business, 2) Establish structure model of small-scale Yellowfin tuna fishingbusiness productivity. The analysis on factors which influence development of yellowfin tuna fishing in West Region of Seram District uses Structural Equation Model (SEM). The result of the analysis shows that Fishing Operations Material (BOP) is the primary factor which contributes 88% influence. Furthermore, Fishing Operations Unit (UOP) factor has 26% influences. Yet, Fishermen Resources (SDN) does not have any influences on small-scale yellowfin tuna fishing business. Parameter of FishingGround (DRP) has 91% influences and Fishing Season (MSP) has 79% influences on yellowfin tuna fishing business productivity. Productivity structure of small-scale yellowfin tuna fishing has trust level of 99%. Hence, this model of small-scale yellowfin tuna fishing productivity has well accuracy and may become reference model for tuna fisheries management especially sustainable small-scale yellowfin tuna.

Correction of Vaginal Prolapse in a Pregnant EWE: A Case Report

Wahab Y. A., Olayinka S.O., Olofintuyi O.K., Raji L.O., Tijani K.A.

This case report describes a successful correction of vaginalprolapse in a pregnant ewe in her last trimester. The prolapse was noticed some days following abrupt change in feed. On physical examination, the sheep was depressed and recumbent with intermittent straining. Epidural anaesthesia was achieved via administration of lidocaine into the first intercoccygeal space. The swollen and edematous prolapse was cleaned and decontaminated using mild potassium permanganate, after which the prolapse was repositioned and purse string suture was applied on the vulva for retention purpose. The animal was placed on antibiotics for 5 consecutive days to prevent secondary bacterial infection and the suture material was removed on the 8th day with no signs of recurrence. The sheep delivered precisely a week after the suture was removed with no complications. In conclusion, this report has shown detail of a successful correction of vaginal prolapse in a pregnant ewe.

Minapadi-Sri Pattern on Rice Cultivation with IR42 Varieties

Nalwida Rozen, Aswaldi Anwar, dan Nilla Kristina

Food needs of Indonesia's population is still dominated by rice. Meanwhile, the conversion of irrigated rice fields seems unstoppable. This fact should be addressed by policy and the application of technology for rice production so that it is still possible to meet the national food need while increasing the income of rice farmers. The experiment on Minapadi-SRI pattern of rice cultivation with variety IR42 conducted. SRI (the system of rice intensification) is the formation of phyllochron 12 times and many phytomers. The experiment was conducted from April to September 2017 at Sungai Bangek village, Balai Gadang, Koto Tangah, Padang, West Sumatera. The objective of the study was to get the best technology for food production which is profitable. A Randomized Block Design with split plots was used with two water levels (20 cm and 10 cm) and three trench widths (50 cm, 75 cm and 100 cm). Data were analyzed using the F test at the 5% level and the Honest Significant Difference test at the 5% level. Observation of the yield and yield components of rice crops; height of plants, number of tiller/clump, number of productive tiller/clump, panicle length, number of grains/panicle, number of pithy rice/panicles, weight of 1000 grains, and yield/plot were made. The result of this research is that 10 cm inundation with 50cm wide trenches are better for rice plant growth and yield/plot.

Integrated Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation and Phosphorus Application on Tissue Content, Symbiotic and Phosphorus use Efficiency in Soybean Production

S Mulambula, G. K Gathungu , H.O Ndukhu , F.O Ogolla

Soybean (Glycine max) is an important legume crop that is cultivated all over the world as livestock feed, food for human consumption, soil fertility improvement and industrial products such as candles and paints. However, Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrient have been attributed to the decline in soybean yields. Furthermore, scanty information is documented on P-efficient soybean genotypes, which are a sustainable P management strategy for enhancing symbiotic efficiency(SEF) and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). As a solution, field experiment was conducted at Chuka University farm to evaluate the integration effect of rhizobium inoculation (R) and P on tissue nutrient content, SEF and PUE in soybean production in Meru South Sub County. Two cultivations (Trial I and II) were done in 2018.Treatments included; three rates of R (0, 100 and 200 g ha-1), three rates of P (0, 20 and 30 kg- ha-1), either applied alone or integrated and soybean genotypes (SB19 and SB24). Both Trials were laid out in a randomized complete block design in split-split plot arrangement with each treatment replicated thrice. Genotypes were assigned main plot, R subplots and P in sub-subplots. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance using the Scientific Analysis System SAS and significantly different means separated using Tukeys test at(p≤0.05). The results showed significant difference in N and Ptissue content, SEF and PUE for SB19 and SB24 genotypes in both Trials at(p≤0.05). The highest N tissue content of between 1.73% and 9.10% was observed when integration of R and P were applied at the rate of 200 g and 30 kg for SB19 and SB24 in both Trials. While R and P at the rate of 200 g and 30 kg per ha showed the highest P content of between 849.6 ppm and 955.0 ppm in both Trials. The highest SEF recorded was 207% and 261%, and 201% and 227% in Trials I and II, respectively. The PUE was highest when R and P was applied at the rate of 200 g and 30 kg per ha for SB19 and SB24 soybean in both Trials. Integration of R and P at the rate of 200 g and 30 kg ha-1 and adoption of either SB19 or SB24 showed a potential in enhancing soybean cultivation.

Assessment of Rhizobia Strains Isolates of Soils around Lake Victoria Basin for their Effectiveness in Nodulation and Symbiotic Efficiency on Soybeans and Bambara Groundnuts

O. Benson Onyango, O. Fredrick Ogolla

The symbiotic Biological nitrogen fixation (SBNF) is a sustainable and low-cost alternative to expensive and inaccessible inorganic fertilizers. However, SBNF is underutilized in soils of Lake Victoria basin due to insufficient information on local rhizobial strains diversity and their N-fixation efficiency. This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of rhizobium strains isolates of Kisumu, Port Victoria, Kendu bay and Karungu soils within Lake Victoria basin in nodulation and symbiotic efficiency on soybeans and bambara groundnuts. Two bambara seeds of groundnut landraces; Kakamega Cream (KAKC) and Busia Brown (BUSB) used in this study were collected from farmers in Kakamega and Busia counties respectively. Screen house experiment was performed at Kenya Forestry Research (KEFRI) in plastic pots with four seeds of each cultivar which was later thinned to two plants. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used. Experiments data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Genstat 16th Edition and significant means separated using Least Significant Difference at [LSD5%] and Dancun Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Result indicated highly significant (p

Advanced Anaerobic Digestion and Associated Process for Zero Discharge Biowastes Treatment

V B Manilal, B Chitrajit, R S Dipin Nath

Anaerobic digestion is an attractive option for the treatment of organic wastes because of the net energy gain from the process to offset part of the operational cost. Invariably management of discharges from the anaerobic digester requires further processing and most of the known methods are either expensive or complex to practice. A complete solution to the problem of biowastes treatment is discussed in this paper through an improved anaerobic digestion process where no additional water is to be used in the operation, and the conversion of the digestate to solid manure. The tubular anaerobic digester employed in the study could remove nearly 90% of the volatile solids and produce biogas of around 550 litres/kg VS loading. The management of digester discharge was studied by following a method of evapouration drying by mixing with pre-dried discharged digester slurry to maintain combined moisture level below 60%. The average evapouration rate of moisture by this method was 211.6 ±16.6 g/kgTS/day under ambient conditions.

Introducing the genetic improvement of olive trees in Morocco by crossbreeding

EL Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B, El Hereich A, Sedra My H

The genetic improvement of the olive tree by crossing is a new work in Morocco and even in the olive countries of the Mediterranean. The objective of this work is to improve the performance of our selected Moroccan variety (Haouzia) by crossbreeding with European variety (Frontoio) with high-performance traits relating to the quality, quantity of fruit, oil and resistance to verticilliose. The result show Rate of fruit set is 63% as well as the fruiting rate of 50%.

Quality Improvement of Durian Waste and Tofu Waste Fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus

Victor Yaman Laoli, Nuraini, Mirzah

This study was conducted to determine the dose of inoculum and the duration of fermentation that is appropriate for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus on a mixed substrate fermented of durian waste and tofu waste (DWTW) on crude fiber content, crude protein content and cellulase enzyme activity. This research was designed using Factorial Completely Randomized Design 3x3 with 2 replications. Factor A consisted of the dose of inoculum A1 (6%), A2 (8%), A3 (10%) and Factor B consisted of the duration of fermentation namely B1 (7 days), B2 (9 days), B3 (11 days). The variables observed were crude fiber content, crude protein content and cellulase enzyme activity. The results of the analysis showed that there was an interaction between the inoculum dose and the length of DWTW fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus which had a significantly different effect (P

Exploration and Characterization of Local Glutinous Rice Germplasm (Oryza sativa L. Var. Glutinosa) three Regencies in west Sumatra

Feri Hendriawan, Nasrez Akhir, Yusniwati

The purpose of this research was to identify and characterize the morphology of local glutinous rice germplasm three regencies in West Sumatera. This research was conducted in May – August 2019 in three regencies of West Sumatera. The result of this research indicate that glutinous rice plants can grow to a height of 1086 meters above sea level with a coordinate point 0°33’27” South Latitude and 100°32’28” East Longitude. The highest plants are found in white glutinous rice ‘Puluik Tinggi’ that is 150,03 cm and the lowest plants are found in black glutinous rice ‘Puluk Itam’ that is 90,6 cm. Observation of the highest amount of leaves found in white glutinous rice germplast ‘Pulut Putih’ as many as 60,4 strands/clumps while the smallest amount of leaves obtained in white glutinous rice germplasm ‘Anak Ulek’ as many as 51,3 strands/clumps. The fastest harvest period in white glutinous rice germplast ‘Pulut Putih’ during 120 days and the longest harvest period in white glutinous rice ‘Kuku Balam’, ‘Puluik Tinggi’, ‘Puluk Putih’ and red glutinous rice ‘Puluk Sirah’ during 165 days. There are 2 germplasm that has the highest similarity coefficient that is 42 % between white glutinous rice ‘Anak Ulek’ dan ‘Pulut putih’, this means that both germplasm have a close kinship.

Effectiveness of tuba root extract (Derris elliptica L.) against pest antifeedant Silkworm Crocidolomiabinotalison Plant mustard (Brassicajuncea)

Alfrits Komansilan, Ni Wayan Suriani, Helen Joan Lawalata

Application of extract tuba root bioactive (Derris elliptica L.) as a natural insecticide on the Crocidolomiabinotalis caterpillar on mustard plants ( Brassica juncea L.) has been carried out. The test results indicate that there are differences in antifeedant activity of the Crocidolomiabinotalis caterpillar on mustard plants ( Brassicajuncea L.) which is significant (significant) at various levels of concentration. The research was carried out in several stages, starting from the tubal root extraction stage, phytochemical testing, preparation of caterpillar tests, testing of antifeedant activity. As the treatment is the level of methanol concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm. The parameter observed was the percentage of Feeding Reduction (FR). The test results showed the antifeedant activity of Crocidolom he binotalis caterpillars, which is best at concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm because it is able to inhibit the feeding power or Feeding R eduction of caterpillars test 30.16% and 44.00 %

Assessing the quality of water used by the community of Madlangamphisi in the Hhohho region of Eswatini

M. V. Dlamini, A. M. Manyatsi, K. A. Dlamini

Clean water is necessary for communities. However, in some communities water is obtained from various sources which potentially can cause a health hazard. The research was conducted to assess the quality of domestic water used by the community of Madlangamphisi area in the Hhohho district of Eswatini. A questionnaire and physical water sampling were used to collect both the qualitative and quantitative data reported in this paper. Water samples to determine the quality of water used for domestic purposes in the area were taken from the common sources, the community borehole and the Nkomazi river. The samples were tested for microbial water quality and the Eswatini Water Services Corporation drinking water guidelines used as the bench mark. A total of 169 households out of 300 households were randomly selected to participate in the survey. The majority (51.5%) of the households used water from the river, 24.9% used water from the borehole, 18.3% depended on rainfall and 5.3% used water from seasonal streams. Water analysis results revealed that water from the river was polluted, as it contained 8/100 ml of faecal coliforms (E. coli) which was higher than 0/100 ml recommended in the benchmark. The water from the borehole did not contain E. coli. The majority (56.2%) of the households did not purify the water before use, 27.2% added bleach, 12.4% used boiling and 4.1% used treatment sachets for purifying the water. The study concluded that Madlangamphisi community faced a serious risk of water borne diseasese specially faecal coliforms (E. coli).The study observed that there is a need to introduce a rural water supply scheme in the area to solve the water quality problemsto avoid a potential outbreak of diseases.

Mechanism of Indigenous Rhizobacteria Isolate Growth Inhibition of Ganoderma boninense

Imam Rifai, Yulmira Yanti, Nurbailis

Basal stem rot (Ganoderma boninense) is the main disease of oil palm. Previous research results obtained 7 isolates of rhizobacteria indigenous which have the best ability to control G. boninense in oil palm seedlings and increase growth. The purpose of this study was to characterize the ability of PGPR and biocontrol of indigenous rhizobacteria isolates and inhibitory testing of G. boninense in vitro. Characterization methods include (Phosphate solubility, siderophore production, chitinase activity, hemolytic activity and dual culture test). The results showed four isolates of RZ1A 2.1, RZ2E 2.1, RZ1E 2.1, and RZ2B 1.1 were able to dissolve phosphate. only isolate RZ2B 1.1 produced siderophore. Two isolates produced chitinase RZ1E 2.1 and RZ2E 2.1. All isolates did not produce hemolysis. The best three isolates were obtained from RZ1E 2.1, RZ2E 2.1 and RZ2E 1.2 which have inhibitory properties against G.boninense.

The Effect of Time Shoulder (Topping) toward Growth and Results of Chocolate Seeds in Shadowing Conditions

Nursamsidar, Kisman, I Wayan Sudika

This study aims to determine the effect of shoots of some brown soybean strains on shading stress conditions on growth and yield. The study was conducted in December 2018 - March 2019 Sekarbela District, Mataram. The experiment used a completely randomized two-factor design (CRD). Factor 1 is the strain (G) consisting of G1 = KH9, G2 = KH14, G3 = KH1 G4 = Dena, G5 = Anjasmoro. Factor 2 is the prune time (T) consisting of T1 = without pruning, T2 = pruning 3 MST, T3 = pruning 4 MST, T5 = pruning 5 MST and T5 = pruning 6 MST. The results showed that the KH14 brown soybean strain had better growth characters compared to the KH9, KH1 and yellow Dena and Anjasmoro varieties of soybean. The brown KH1 soybean strain showed high yields and components such as the weight of 100 seeds and the weight of the seeds of the plantings which was higher than other strains. Prune time affects the character of growth and yield of soybean plants. Prune time 3 MST showed the highest character of growth (plant height, number of productive branches, number of books), as well as yields and the highest yield components did not differ with the age of pruning 5 MST. There was no interaction between the prune time factor and soybean strain on the growth character and soybean yield

Tropospheric Ozone Monitoring in Pune City

Certain levels of stratospheric ozone are essential for existence of life. On the other hand, it has been proven that even very low levels of tropospheric or photochemical ozone damages plants and materials such as rubber and have harmful effects on the human respiratory system. With increasing industrialization and the tendency of majority of industries to congregate in areas which are already heavily industrialized, the problem of air pollution has begun to be felt in India. Short-term studies conducted by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur have confirmed that cities like Calcutta, Mumbai, Delhi and Pune are facing the impact of air pollution on a steadily increasing level. The present study deals with ground level ozone concentration at different sites in Pune. The sites have been categorized as residential cum commercial (Nalstop), commercial (Swargate), industrial (Bhosari), mixed land use (Karve Road), and area outside Pune (PimpriChinchwad Municipal Corporation). The average concentration of ozone in Pune as measured during the study period ranges from 0.39 ppmv to 3.36 ppmv. Bhosari has recorded maximum average concentration of ozone whereas Karve road shows the minimum average concentration of ozone.

Effect of Supplementation of Rumen-Protected Amino Acids to Barki Sheep on Some Blood Parameters

Younis F. E., Reda A. Abd-Elazem

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a traditional diet with rumen-protected (RP) either methionine (MET) or lysine (LYS) or their combination, on some physiological responses of ewes. Twenty-four adult Barki ewes were used were divided into four groups (6 ewes for each). The first group (Control) was fed only the control diet. The second group (LYS) fed the control diet and rumen-protected LYS (6g Lysi pearl /kg concentrate i.e. 3g /animal/day). The third group (MET) was fed the control diet and rumen-protected MET (14g Smartamin/kg concentrate i.e. 7g /animal/day). The fourth group (MIX) was fed the control diet and mixture of 3g LYS and 7g MET/animal/day. The experiment lasted for six months. Blood total proteins, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were detected. Total lipids (TL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and some plasma essential and non-essential amino acids were also analyzed. Supplemented ewes, especially with mixed LYS and MET, showed higher levels of TL, HDL, LDL, but lower creatinine. Treatment resulted in increased plasma Arginine, Lysine and Glutamine, while Leucine and Proline decreased. Other measured parameters were not affected.

Characterization of some local varieties of fig tree (Ficus carica L.) in Oued Laou region of Morocco

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

A Prospection was conducted at the Oued laou region of Morocco in order to evaluate the existing genetic resources and collect the local fig cultivars of the zone. As a result, a total of 121 different accessions were collected and studied for preliminary variety identification, which was confirmed on the basis of biometric observations. Several synonymies and homonymies were detected. A total of 13 different cultivars were identified. Comparison of the ecotype shows the high significatif difference. Conservation of the local cultivars is highly recommended.

Impact of Fertilizer Usage on Crop Productivity at Siguidolo

Djeneba Dembele, Mamadou Ballo, Abdou Ballo, Bocar dit Sire Ba

On a poor soil, fertilizers application is the best ways to meet crop need and restore the lost nutrients. However, its application is constrained in Mali due to the low access to fertilizers by smallholder farmers, resulting in low crop production. Today, make available to farmer’s fertilizer and information needed for its proper use is an essential asset for sustainable agriculture and food security. Before, assessing the existing fertilizer usage and it impact on yield is a prerequisite. A study was done to characterise fertiliser management practices at Siguidolo and assess the impact on millet and sorghum yields. Thus, normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI) and visual interpretation were used to estimate vegetation cover as sources of organic matter (OM). Investigation was doneto get information about manure production and areas occupied by crop production. Geographic Information System and Survey was done to obtain information on fields, fertilizer used and yields. The results showed low vegetation cover (0.02 to 0.24) indicating low source of organic matter. The mean manure produced was 14373kg/ha/year while 69300kg was recommended. Organic fertilizers and integrated organic and mineral fertilizers occupied greater area. About 24.1% of the area did not received fertilizer. The extremely low fertility areas tended to receive more nutrient application. Indications are that, even in those areas where fertilizers were applied, the right quantities were seldom used. Low yield for millet and sorghum was recorded ranging from 414.66 kg ha-1 to 703.80 kg ha-1 for millet and 404.12 kg ha-1 to 448.04 kg ha-1 for sorghum.

Feasibility of Pole-and-Line Fishery: Comparison of Milkfish (Chanoschanos, Forskal) and Anchovy (Stolephorussp) as Live Bait

Achmad Cahyo Rinaldi, Sri Suro Adhawati, Achmar Mallawa

This study was conducted from May to July 2019 in Bitung City, North Sulawesi Province using pole-and-line vessels in Bitung Fishing Port (PPS Bitung).The method used in this study is a survey method with case studies. Some of the analyzes used: (1) comparative descriptive analysis; (2) business analysis; (3) criteria analysis for investment.The objectives of this study are to compare the level of financial feasibility anddetermine the level of difference between pole-and-line fishing businesses that use milkfish seed and those that use anchovy. The calculation results of business analysis of pole-and-line businesses that use milkfish seed and anchovy are based on the criteria of the businesses in gaining profits and a fast payback period, with an ROI value greater than the capital expense. Investment feasibility is based on the criterion value of an investment, that is NPV>0, Net B/C > 1, and IRR value > 10% interest rate so that pole-and-line business units that use either one of those live baitsmeet the requirements, especially business units that use anchovy. However, milkfish seed still deserves a development as an alternative bait, especially in the condition in which anchovy is difficult to find.

Insects from light trap: Do they represent total diversity?

Joshua Matata Kimondiu, A R V Kumar, K.N. Ganeshaiah

Insects collected in the light traps over a period of two years in the agroecosystems of GKVK campus represented 13 of the 21 orders of India. Among these orders collected, five orders viz., Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera were the most predominant. We compared the relative proportions of these five speciose orders with those expected at national and at global levels to test if the light traps collections can be used as a surrogates of national and global diversity of these groups. We found that while orders Coleopteran and Hemipteran insects are over represented, those of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera are under-represented. We discuss the possible reasons for these differentia representation.

Effect Inhibitor Packlobutrazol of Against Type and Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) Weeds in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Plant

Rohmi Suwinda, Warnita Warnita, Irawati Chaniago, Zul Irfan

The research aimed tostudy determine the effect of plant growth regulator and dominance Paclobutrazol against this type of weeds in potato fields. Weed identification is done by using squares method using a rectangular plot with a size of 1 x 1 m and then the data were analyzed using the formula SDR. The results obtained are 21 species of weeds that grow at the age of 0 WAP (before if the land), 4 WAP (before application Paclobutrazol) and 8 WAP (after application Paclobutrazol). Dominace most in before if the land is Pennisetumpurpupoides with a value of SDR 41.10%, in the period of 4 WAP Chips are Ageratum conyzoides L dominace’s with a value of SDR 24.58% and weeds Setariabarbata land dominace’s research in the period 8 WAP Chips with value SDR 26.78%.

Constraints of paddy production in Western Terai of Nepal

Chetana Basyal, Sarthak Ghimire, Bipin Panthi, Sudarshan Basyal

Paddy is important crop of Nepal, which have significant role in food security and supporting livelihood of the Nepalese population. Although Nepal has harvested the record production in recent year, but it is still far behind to substitute the import. Various strategies are required to be developed to make Nepal self-sufficient in rice. The objective of this paper is to identify the various constraints of paddy production in Nepal. This study utilizes the primary data collected through semi-structured questionnaires. A total 120 paddy growing household were surveyed in Kapilvastu and Rupandehi district (60 in each district) for the study. Study identifies, that among the various constraints faced by farmers major constraints are lack of improved varieties, inadequate supply of chemical fertilizer, lack of proper farm equipment and dependence on monsoon rain for successful crop.

Elaboration of a key to the determination of indigenous figs in North-West Morocco

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

Morocco, with its pedoclimatic potential, is a natural habitat for the fig tree, especially the autochthonous fig tree are the genetic diversity remains to be highlighted. In this work a study has been made of the characters that best differentiate autochthonous figs from northwestern Morocco. To establish our determination key, we proceeded to a hierarchy of characters to use. For this, we have based essentially on the practical aspect of the characters, that is to say the characters easy and obvious observation and whose different states are also easy to observe and appreciate.

Differentiation of autochthonous figs from northwestern Morocco with morphological criteria

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

The importance varietal diversity of fig tree in the traditional agro ecosystems of the Riffian Mountains remains ignored. To evaluate it, a prospection and characterization were carried out in North West of Morocco. Seventy-five morphological parameter traits were used to characterize the fig accessions. In the first way of hierarchical clustering, the fig accessions were distributed into three main groups. The groups were very heterogeneous and include many clusters separate under tow or more clusters. Thus, it could be concluded that there are a wide range of variability within the cultivated fig accessions under current study. This diversification could enrich the genetic base of this genus and required more studies to achieve the maximum usefulness from this diversification.

Use of physiological criteria to differentiation of indigenous figs from northern Morocco

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

This work is a contribution to the differentiation of cultivars of autochthones figs prospected in Northwestern of the Morocco. 96 ecotypes of fig trees prospected in northern Morocco and about 49 indigenous figs well identified. Hierarchical classification showed that the different accessions were a great variability. This diversification could enrich the genetic base of this genus and required more studies to achieve the maximum usefulness from this diversification. Physiological results will be useful in characterizing and to create the first reference and catalogue of the fig accessions.

Effects of container shape on seedling growth of Hevea brasiliensis

Chen Xianhong, Wang Jun, Lin Weifu

Effects of container shape on seedling growth of Hevea brasiliensis at different growth stages were observed to provide reference for rubber nursing. Rubber seedlings were planted in different shape containers with same height and volume. Then leaf whorl, stem diameter, plant height, tap root length, amount of first lateral root, root weight, shoot weight and root- shoot ratio were investigated at 90, 180 and 360 days after transplantation, respectively. The results showed that the optimal selection of container shape is the prism at 90 days, while the cube at 180 and 360 days. At 90 days, leaf whorls and root weight in prisms were significantly 10.3%, 11.3% more than in cylinders, plant height 13.4%, 20.6% higher than in cubes and cuboids, shoot weight 67.1%, 58.8%, 14.5% heavier than in cubes, cuboids and cylinders, respectively. At 180 days, stem diameter in cubes was significantly 16.4%, 10.9% bigger than in cuboids and prisms, plant height 16.5% higher than in cuboids, tap root length 18.5% longer than in cylinders, numbers of first lateral root 22%, 25%, 56.5% more than in cylinders, prisms and cuboids, shoot weight 23.5%, 40.4% and root weight 19.9%, 19.5% heavier than in prisms and cuboids, respectively. At 360 days, plant height in cubes was significantly 11.7% higher than in prisms and tap root length 14.7% longer than in cylinders. Based on specific surface area of containers and the growth at all days, the optimal selection of container shape is the cube and then the cylinder.

Increasing Yield Components of Several Promising Lines of Red Rice through Application of Mycorrhiza Bio-Fertilizer and Additive Intercropping with Soybean in Aerobic Irrigation System

Wayan Wangiyana, I Gusti Putu Muliarta Aryana, Ni Wayan Dwiani Dulur

This study aimed to examine the effect of application of a bio-fertilizer containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and additive intercropping with soybean relay-planted between double rows of rice on growth and yield components of various promising lines of red rice grown in aerobic irrigation systems on permanent raised-beds. The field experiment, carried out on farmers' riceland in Beleke village of Gerung district in West Lombok, Indonesia, from May to September 2018, was designed according to Split Split-Plot design with three blocks and three treatment factors, i.e. intercropping (T0= without; T1= with soybean) as the main plot factor, red rice promising lines with 4 genotypes (G1= MG4, G2= MG10, G3= AM4, G4= AM10) as the sub-plot factor, and AMF bio-fertilizer (M0= without; M1= with AMF) as the sub-sub-plot factor. The pre-germinated red rice seeds were planted on permanent raised-beds, with a base spacing of 25x20 cm, which was then modified into a double-row pattern of 20x20 cm within the double-row and 30 cm between double-rows. The results indicated that application of the bio-fertilizer “Technofert” containing AMF significantly increased growth and yield components of various promising lines of red rice, especially in relation to filled grain number and grain yield per clump, but significantly reduced percentage of unfilled grain number. Additive intercropping with soybean that was relay planted between double-rows of rice (one week after seeding rice) also significantly increased grain yield of the red rice genotypes. Among the four selected genotypes, grain yield of AM10 was the highest, especially when bio-fertilized with AMF and intercropped with soybean.

Bacterial Degradation of Contaminated Soil using Organic Manure

Fadina Olubunmi, Solaja Olatunde, Abiodun Abiodun, Adetoyi Helen

Soil contamination is the presence in soil of unwanted impure materials from human activities. Many techniques of remediation of contaminated soils have been developed such as physical, chemical, photo degradation etc. Biological treatments offer the best environmental friendly method for remediating hydrocarbons and other contaminated soils because it utilized the capability of the indigenious micro-organisms in the environment to break down the hydrocarbons and heavy metals into innocuous substances. This study investigated the abilities of bacterial isolated, identified from organic manure and determine the total petroleum hydrocarbon degradative potentials. 2kg of soil was thoroughly mixed with 200ml and 400ml of spent oil to give 5% and 10% (w/w) each of organic manure ,poultry litter(PL),cow dung(CD) and mixed poultry litter and cow dung(MPLCD) was individually introduced into each spent oil contaminated soil and the rate of biodegradation was observed for a period of 12weeks.The percentage of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) loss was significantly higher in the soil contaminated with 5% spent oil amended with MPLCD(40.46%) followed by PL (35.53%) and CD(27.70%) while 32.42% loss only was recorded in the soil contaminated with 10% spent oil and amended with MPLCD while PL was 30.04% and 25.60% for CD. The hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria isolated band identified includes Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Microccus and Staphyloccus. The amendment spent oil contaminated soil with organic manure enhances the rate of degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon. These additives can best be suited to remove or neutralize the contaminants in the soil.

Bacterial wilt resistant gene searching in Eggplant (Solanum melongena) and its two wild relatives

Fatema Tuz Zohura, Md Ekramul Hoque

Eggplant is an important vegetable in all over the world. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major disease of eggplant. Near about 32% crop loss occurred due to this disease. The wild relatives of eggplant viz. Solanum villosum and Solanum sisymbriifolium showed resistant against bacterial wilt disease. Hence, attempted was made to search the resistant gene of bacterial wilt in three Solanum spp. Some total of 16 different bacterial wilt resistant molecular markers RAPD (OPB-17, OPG-05, OPH-07) UBC (176, 205, 317) SSR (STM0007, emh01J23, emb01N07) SCAR (me1, me2, me4, me5) and SRAP (SCU176-534, SCU176-1190F1R1, SCU176-1190F2R2) were screened to identified the resistant DNA fragment. Only one primer UBC#176 showed amplification in target DNA. The primer UBC#176 gave DNA amplification in target position at 350 bp in the species of Solanum villosum. The obtained DNA fragment showed maximum 79% homology with Solanum lycopersicum cultivar I-3 chromosome 8 which has GeneBank Accession No. CP023764.1. Alternative approach was made to identify resistant gene of bacterial wilt disease. Total RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. The synthesized cDNA was used as template to find out the resistant gene. But none of the gene specific primer was amplified using cDNA as template. Further study was needed to find out the bacterial wilt resistant DNA fragment in wild type.