Volume 4 Number 6 (November 2019)

Assessment of the local varieties of the fig (Ficus carica L) tree in Moukrisset area of Morocco

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

In Morocco, the cultivation of the fig tree has an ancestral character, the villagers of some production areas claim that its culture is very old and that the dried fruit traded with cereals, coming from Gharb. Its cultivation, which once covered a number of flat lands, is currently limited to hills, sloping land and housing. The aims of our study were to identify and characterize the richness of fig tree. For that the prospection of fig tree plants was carried out in Moukrisset region of morocco during the period from 2015 to 2016. A total of 300 accessions were sampled, studied and identified by used the biometric analyses. As a result of the study a total of 30 different fig varieties were identified. Several synonymies and homonymies were detected. Comparison of the ecotype shows the high significatif difference.

Effect of different Gamma radiation doses on the growing of the Achmrar local fig variety Ficus carica L. in Morocco

EL Oualkadi A, Mouhib M, Ait Taleb B, Hajjaj B

This research was carried out in order to determine GR50 dose which reduces the growing of 50% as compared to control and give rises to mutation at the fig tree which were irradiated with five different Gamma doses (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy). The bud cutting irradiated with different doses were prepared and then rooted in greenhouse for three months. Results showed that chlorophyll leaf content decreased with increasing radiation doses, 44, 60 mg.g-1 to 24,53 mg.g-1 for control and 100 Gy doses respectively. Is was also found that average leaf area and stomatal conductance values deceased compared to the control its varied for the leaf area 65,75 cm2 for control to 23,95 for the 100 Gy doses, and for stomatal conductance to 557,68 mmol/m2s control to 75 mmol/m2s for 100 Gy doses. As a result, GR 50, dose was found as 62 Gy for fig variety.

Application of ampelographic parameters to differentiate native Vitis vinifera L. cultivars

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

This study was conducted in three vegetation successive periods (2015, 2016) to determine ampelographic characteristics of the 39 grapevine accessions prospected in the Northwestern of Morocco by ampelographic criteria using OIV descriptors. The data were processed by multivariate statistical procedures. The integration of the obtained data with ampelographic data would be very important for the accurate identification of the Moroccan cultivars and can become a significant tool for the certification of quality grapevine produced in specific region.

Use the qualitative parameters from grapes and grapes berries to identify the native vitis vinifera in Morocco

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

We have used qualitative parameters to characterize and identify the native cultivars vitis vinifera in Northwestern of Morocco. Thirty nine accessions of locale grapevine were selected for this study and for each tree fifteen grape and fifteen grape berries were describe using ampelographic descriptors OIV. The table of ampelographic modalities shows a variation within the parameters studied between the different tree and inside the tree of the same variety. This variation gives us a preliminary idea of the diversity of the tree from local accessions of grapevine how deserves to be preserved and protected. Our results showed a significant variation of the shape of berries not only between the varieties but also inside the same variety.

Screening of Indigenous Rhizospheric Cyanobacteria as Potential Growth Promotor and Biocontrol of Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis on Chili

Yulmira Yanti, Hasmiandy Hamid, Zulfadly Syarif

The use of microbial inoculants as biofertilizers and/or antagonists of phytopathogens provides a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Cyanobacteria are a remarkable group of prokaryotes, which are known to exist independently and in symbiotic/facultative associations with a diverse range of members of the plant. Cyanobacteria inoculation had been reported to enhance the growth, nitrogen fixation and yields. Although, their establishment and role in plant growth promotion and biocontrol activity is poorly known. This research purposed to isolate and screen the best indigenous cyanobacteria from chili rhizosphere to promote growth rate and control R. syzygii subsp. indonesiensis on chili. The study consisted of three parts: (i) isolation and multiplication of the cyanobacteria from soil rhizosphere, and screening through Hypersensitive response (HR) on Mirabilis jalapa for pathogenicity test, (ii) in planta screening of selected cyanobacteria isolates (from second’s step) to increase growth of chili seedlings, and (iv) in planta evaluation of selected cyanobacteria isolates for the control of bacterial wilt disease and promote growth of chili. Cyanobacteria isolated with BG-11 medium and incubated in room temperature with 12/12 h light/dark cycle. 49 cyanobacteria had isolated from chili rhizosphere. All isolates also showed suppression of disease development caused by R. syzygii subsp. indonesiensis. BCBY 3.1.3, and CBY 5.1 showed suppression of symptom appear (60.00 day post inoculation (dpi) compared to control (.38.667 dpi) and also suppressed disease severity (1.67) compared to control (3.00). The two strains which have best ability to increased growth rate also have best ability to fully suppressed disease development with no symptom appear until last day of observation.

Discrimination the accessions of grapevine cultivars Taferyalt with phyllometric parameters

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

The northwestern region of Morocco is rich in native vine cultivars where the problem of synonymy and homonymy is very common and causes the spread of varieties or the color of the fruits. The name of the grape cultivar Taferyalt has become inseparable from the name of the northwestern region where the cultivar is met under different names. In front of this situation, we tried to classify the accessions which have the same ampelographic character but with the different names (synonyms) or which showed several names which are given to the same variety (homonyms). The results of the phyllometric analyzes confirmed that these accessions are different.

Diversity of the Local Varieties from grapevine Tree in the Northwestern of Morocco

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

The culture of grapevine in Morocco is ancestral and preserves a particular importance in the traditional agroecosystems of the Riffian mountains. But the importance of varietal diversity remains ignored. These study was carried out to evaluate this diversity, for that a investigations and investigations were carried out in north-west of the country. The stations were selected according to the importance of the orchards of grapevine tree in the agroecosystem. A complete description morphological, physiological and pomological relating the tree and the fruit was carried out. The culture of grapevine in the area of study show a great diversity with 21 listed native varieties. One notes a great confusion of denomination on the level of the prospected varieties. This problem can be with several causes and mainly with the errors of appreciation of the characters or the differences of local names which vary from one locality to another.

Use phyllometric parameters to discriminate the Moroccan Native vitis vinefera cultivars

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

The aims of this study is to use the phyllometric parameter to identify the autochthonous cultivars in north oust of morocco. Eighty six phyllometric parameters were measured/ calculated on 585 leaf samples from thirty nine grapevine cultivars, gathered during several years, from different traditional vineyard in Northwestern of Morocco. The leaves were scanned and images were analyzed using SuperAmpelo. Principal component analysis was performed to discriminate different accessions of cultivars. The results show a heterogeneous distribution of different accessions. This can be explained by the existence of the problem of synonymy and the homonyms frequently encountered in local varieties. In this study we tried to value these native cultivars by using the phyllometric approach. These varieties could be a valuable tool for improving local economies.

Characterization of grape berries of same local varieties in Morocco

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

Ampelography is the first step in grapevine selection, in establishing the relationship between grape cultivars. In this study grape berries collected from grapevine grow in the Northwestern of Morocco. A total of 15 grape berries from 39 accessions were characterized using OIV descriptors. We calculate the Average quantitative parameters of the all berries collected. The analysis of variance for the quantitative parameters of the berries shows that the ratio Long/Width of the berries is the only character that shows the significant variations. A highly significant correlation of length with width and weight can be observed with respectively 0.860 ** and 0.873 **. Principal Component Analysis with Quantitative Berry Parameters show some trees of the same variety are grouped together but they are no a clear structuring of trees according to their varieties; this may be due to the problem of synonymies and homonymies generally very common in local varieties.

Influence of Drying Methods on the Drying Characteristics and Nutritional Quality of Fermented Locust Beans

Olalusi A.P., Omosebi M.O., Agbola O.Y.

This study was designed to give the drying characteristics of fermented locust beans using different drying methods. The production of good quality of fermented locust beans is essential, having known its rate of spoilage. Different methods have been used over time and this has probably affected the quality of stored fermented locust beans. This study is meant to guide the producer in selecting the best drying method to be used for processing of fermented locust bean. Three different drying methods were used: the mechanical (convective) dryer, indirect (cabinet) solar dryer and sun drying. The mechanical (convective) drying experiments were conducted for four air drying air temperatures at 45°C, 55°C, 65°C and 75°C at air velocity of 0.9 m/s. During the drying process, the weight loss was measured at 30 min intervals for all the drying methods. The result was used to determine the moisture content, moisture ratio and the drying rate. The lowest moisture content was at the mechanical drying (75°C) due to the high air temperature than the other drying methods. The constant rate and the falling rate were observed at the early hours of the drying for the mechanical drying method. The drying rate also varies with the drying methods. The mechanical drying at air temperature of 55°C at air velocity of 0.9 m/s of the fermented locust beans gives the best quality.

Effect of Relay-Planting Several Legume Species at Various Ages of Rice on Growth and Yield of Red Rice Grown Together with Legume Crops under Aerobic Irrigation System

Arifuddin, Wayan Wangiyana, I Gusti Putu Muliarta Aryana

This study aimed to examine the effects of relay-planting several species of legume crops at various ages of rice plants on growth and yield of red rice grown together with legume crops in pot culture under aerobic irrigation systems. The pot experiment was carried out in a plastic house from August to December 2018, designed according to the Complete Randomized Design with three replications and two factorial treatment factors, namely legume species (s1= peanut var. Hypoma-3, s2= mungbean var. Kenari, s3= soybean var. Dering-1), and ages of red rice when the legume crops were relay-planted (u1= relay-planting at 1 week after seeding rice (WASR), u2= 2 WASR, u3= 3 WASR, and u4= 4 WASR). The results indicated that the ages of rice when the legume crops were relay-planted showed more significant effects on growth and yield components of the red rice compared with the legume species did, but there were no interaction effects between the two treatment factors tested. Among the various ages examined, relay-planting legume crops when the red rice age was 3 weeks resulted in the highest growth and yield components of the red rice examined, in which the mean values of tiller number (26.2 tillers/clump), panicle number (20.4 panicles/clump), filled grain number (1030 grains/clump), and grain yield (26.88 g/clump) were highest compared with relay-planting legume crops at other times. Among the species of legume crops examined, mungbean var. Kenari grown together with the red rice resulted in the highest average of red rice grain yield (25.99 g/clump) as well as the highest harvest index (47.01%) compared with the other legume species.

Spatial Distribution and Habitat Utilization of Reptiles in a Mediterranean Area (Castel di Guido, Rome, Italy)

Antonio Pizzuti Piccoli, Alessia De Lorenzis, Irene Luchenti, Lavinia Canestrari

The purpose of this study is to describe, for the LIPU Castel di Guido Oasis, within the Castel di Guido Farm, on the Roman coast, the different spatial distribution of the different species of reptiles that coexist in the area. The work also defines correlations between the presence of animals and the various environmental and vegetation types present. In the study area, Testudo hermanni is a species that has the feeding areas, as well as the deposition areas, in the prairies adjacent the plant formation of the Mediterranean maquis(within 5 meters). Hemidactylus turcicus and Tarentola mauritanica seem to have a localization exclusively in the context of anthropic structures. Chalcides chalcides and Podarcis siculus appear to be confined to prairie areas, while Podarcis muralis is associated with the presence of trees of high-trunk plant associations. For Lacerta bilineata, a correspondence is outlined for the areas with arboreal shrubby vegetation, especially close to more humid habitats. Among the snakes Hierophis viridiflavus appears to be an ubiquitous species, with the frequentation of different habitats in the same percentage; more localized appear Vipera aspis and Elaphe quatuorlineata, the first more linked to wooded areas with the presence of bushy and shrubby vegetal coverings, the second is often associated with the simultaneous presence of forests and water collections. In general it is confirmed, as regards the snake community, the importance of ecotonal and transitional zones. The work also highlights how the study area is important for the conservation of reptile populations in the Roman area.

Physicochemical, heavy metals and microbial pollution of surface and ground water in bodija Municipal Abattoir and its Environs

O.K. Adeyemo, I.G Adeyemi, O.O Odunsi

Surface and ground water pollution is a major problem beclouding most developing nation and the poor method of abattoir effluent waste disposal system being one of the major causes of such pollution. The effluent disposal system of the abattoirs portends environmental and health hazards to the abattoir and its environs and therefore necessitating this study. This study was designed to assess physicochemical parameters, heavy metal concentrations and bacterial constituents of selected wells within Bodija municipal abattoir which serves as the main source of water used for meat processing. Samples of water from the wells in the abattoir and some wells in the neighborhood were collected and analyzed according to standard laboratory procedures. The results obtained revealed the order of mean of heavy metal concentration in sampled abattoir wells (WA) as Fe (0.67±0.26) > Mn (0.27±0.26) > Pb (0.16±0.08) and the order in sampled residential wells (WR) as Pb (0.64±0.33) > Fe (0.54±0.22) > Cu (0.35±0.021) > Mn (0.20±0.03). Abattoir wells had significantly higher coliform and enterobactericeae counts than the residential wells. Virtually all the figures obtained were considerably higher than the permissible standard for drinking water. The public health implication of these findings is especially important because of re-emergence of water borne disease. This survey also indicates that the health status, social and environmental qualities of residents of Bodija abattoir neighborhood will severely be affected.

Statistical Prediction of Mineral Constituents in Cultivated Cucumber Crops Contiguous Cement Factory

C. Jemila Roshini, B. Christudhas Williams, R. Mary Suja

Cement dust influence soil characteristics as well as morphological, anatomical, bio-chemical and physiological characteristics of plants. The change in morphological characteristics of plants due to cement dust pollution directly affects bio-chemical and physiological characteristics of plants, which in turn indirectly express their effect on morphological changes. Calcium content in the cucumber cultivated soil are positively correlated 0.86*(A2-A1) at 0.05 level of significant, 0.98** (A3-A4) showed 0.01 level of significant; cucumber leaves are positively correlated 0.86*(A2-A1) at 0.05 level of significant, 0.98** (A3-A4) showed 0.01 level of significant and cucumber fruits are positively correlated 0.90*(A2-A1) at 0.05 level of significant and 0.98** (A3 -A4) showed 0.01 level of significant.

Paraquat and glyphosate action on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in Olive Orchards

Hajjaj B, El Oualkadi A

A weed control trial was conducted in order to investigate the effect of two herbicides, paraquat and glyphosate, on Cyperus rotundus infestation in olive orchards. Treatments consist on two glyphosate rates of application and two paraquat rates of application. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each block contained five elementary plots, four plots of which were treated with the herbicides and the untreated plots serving as control. Observations were carried out at 30 and 90 days after application of herbicides. Results showed that treatment with glyphosate at 1080 g/ha and Paraquat at 400 g/ha recorded 100% of visual efficacy rating on C. rotundus at 30 days after treatment. At 90 days after treatment, glyphosate at 1080 g/ha showed the best efficacy recording 80% of visual efficacy rating on C. rotundus. However, paraquat at 800 g/ha showed weak control of C. rotundus recording only 50%. Glyphosate at 1080 g/ha recorded 78.6% of C. rotundus dry biomass reduction at 90 days after treatments. Paraquat at 400 g/ha, paraquat at 800 g/ha and glyphosate at 540 g/ha recorded weak efficacy varying from 34.7% to 53.5 % of C. rotundus dry biomass reduction at 90 days after treatments. Glyphosate at 1080 g/ha could be recommended to olive farmers when C. rotundus infestation is dominant.

Influence of tillage and straw mulching on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in Olive Orchards

Hajjaj B, El Oualkadi A

A weed control trial was conducted in order to investigate the effect of tillage and straw mulching on Cyperus rotundus infestation in olive orchards. Tillage was applied on six olive trees and straw mulching was applied on six olive trees. Observations on C. rotundus were carried out 30 and 90 days after treatments after application of tillage and straw mulching. Results showed that the average tillage efficacy recorded 80.3±3.5% of visual efficacy rating at 30 DAT, which is higher than the efficacy of straw mulching that recorded an efficacy of 57.8±3.4%. The average tillage efficacy recorded 71.8±3.4% of visual efficacy rating at 90 DAT, which is higher than the efficacy of straw mulching that recorded an efficacy of 43.8±4.8%. C. rotundus infestation increased at 90 days after tillage compared to 30 days after tillage. The average tillage efficacy recorded 62.3±3.5% on C. rotundus dry biomass reduction at 90 DAT, which is higher than the efficacy of straw mulching that recorded an efficacy of 34.8±5.3%. Thus, frequent tillage could be recommended to prevent C. rotundus re-infestation in Olive Orchards.

Effect of persistence in soil of Sulfosulfuron on fababean, chickpea and lentil grown in rotation in semi-arid area

Hajjaj B, El Oualkadi A

A trial was conducted in greenhouse during 2009-2010 growing season in Chaouia semi-arid area of Morocco in order to study effect of Sulfosulfuron persistence in soil on fababean, chickpea and lentil grown in rotation. Three food legumes were grown in greenhouse pots: fababean, chickpea and lentil. Food legumes seeds were sown in five filled with soil taken from a plot that had been treated the previous year with Sulfosulfuron. Results showed that the highest Sulfosulfuron phytotoxicity was observed on lentil recording 60.8% of phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity observed on chickpea and fababean pots registered 41.6% and 37.6%, respectively. Thus, intensive tillage is recommended to farmers of Chaouia semi-arid region of Morocco when fababean, chickpea and lentil crops are grown in rotation after cereals, which had been treated with Sulfosulfuron.

Sour Apple Concentrate: processing essentials and organoleptic properties

Ossama Dimassi, Ghenwa Aboul Hosn, Raymond Akiki, Mohamed Rached

The aim of this study is to have a new apple-based product with relatively long shelf life. Sans Pareille, Malus domestica, ‘mouwachah’ was harvested prematurely and sour-apple-concentrate was produced following a traditional Lebanese recipe used to produce pome-granate sauce (PS). Part of the prepared SAC had Salt added (SACSa), another citric acid (SACCA) and both Salt and Citric Acid (SACSaCA). The higher the Brix the significantly higher the density and total caloric content and significantly lower water-acitivity. There was no significant difference in caloric value on Dry-Matter basis. Furthermore, SAC and SACSa had significantly lower pH only at 75oBrix. Within SACCA and SACSaCA pH at the 75oBrix is significantly the lowest compared to pH values at 55 and 65oBrix. The higher the Brix-level the significantly higher the Titratable Acidity (TA) in all products except in SACSaCA where it was significantly higher only at 75oBrix. Within the same Brix level, TA of SAC and SACSa did not differ significantly, while TA was significantly lower than TA of SACCA and SACSaCA. These products were compared to traditional products PS and grape-verjuice. In terms of aroma, appearance, texture, taste, sourness, sweetness, overall-acceptability and average score of the Sour Apple concentrate products, except for SACSaCA, scored significantly higher than PS and grape verjuice. Within the Sour-Apple-Products the 75oBrix score significantly the lowest. These results showed that Sour apple concentrate with 65oBrix with addition of salt or citric acid but not both.

Variability and Heritability of Sigah Brown Rice Mutants (M3) in Vegetative Phase

Siska Kurniawati, Irawati Chaniago, Irfan Suliansyah

This research aims to obtain information on genetic diversity, variability, and heritability of Sigah brown rice mutants (M3) in the vegetative phase. This research is conducted from March to September 2018 in the irrigation area of Sungai Sapih, Kuranji, Padang, where the area is 48 meters above sea level. The materials used in this study are M2 rice seeds (13 early maturing mutant lines and 10 tall plant mutant lines + number of tillers), and the original plants of Sigah genotype as a comparison (control). The analysis of genetic diversity, heritability, and variability are tested on plant height, number of productive tillers, and percentage of productive tillers. The selection method used in this study found that there are 8 early maturing mutants and 7 tall plant mutants + number of tillers. The line of early maturing mutants number 89 and 76 have wide diversity range in the term of the character of plant height, number of tillers, and number of productive tillers in the vegetative phase. Further, line 4, 19,134 of tall plant mutants + number of tillers have a wide variety of tillers too.

Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed Diets Containing Prosopis Africana Seed Coat Meal Treated with PolyzymeÂ®

Odeh M.O., Attah S, Abang F.B.P

The study evaluated the effect of prosopis Africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the performance and carcass characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens that were fed for a period of 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that all the productive parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments except mortality that was not affected (P > 0.05). Carcass parameters, carcass cut and internal organs were not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatments however, GIT parts were affected (P < 0.05) by the diets. Performance indicators and carcass characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence recommended for adoption.

Microplastic in Cymodocea rotundata Seagrass Blades

Syeiqido Sora Datu, Supriadi, Akbar Tahir

Microplastic known to contaminate all ecosystem in the ocean , including seagrass bed. Leaf is one of the important parts of seagrass. The presence of ephibiont that attached to the surface of the seagrass leaves, causes the leaves’ surface texture becoming rough, enabling microplastic entrapped in it. To assess the extent of microplastic accumulation, seagrass samples were collected from Barrang Caddi Island. Of the 15 seagrass blades harvestedin Barrang Caddi Island, there are 23 total items of microplastic observed, comprises91% of microfibers and 9% were microfragments.

Beach Tourism Development Strategy in Coastal Area District Tete Bone, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Ida Rachmaniar Ramli, Ahmad Bahar, Wasir Samad

The aim of this study was to determine the potential for coastal tourism and Tete Beach tourism development strategy.This research was conducted in August 2019. The collection of data such as water quality, the feasibility of coastal tourism, and interviews. Data analysis using Travel Suitability Index (IKW). Zone Capability (DDK) and the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT). Results of the research suggest that the potential of the Tete Beach Tourism relatively accordance withthe number of visitors to ± 128 / day cooperation between local communities, the government and the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) is an author suggested a strategy for the development of nautical tourism in Tete Beach.

Effect of the gamma Radiation on Vegetative Development of the Native Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in morocco

El oualkadi Aicha, Hajjaj Badr, Mouhib Mohammed, Sbaghi Mohammed

This study was conducted at the Larache experimental field, CRRA Tangier. For the discrimination of irradiated and control grapevines, 14 characters and 10 replicates for each parameter were used for this study according to the OIV code. The characters were evaluated in different organs of the plant, the twig and the mature leaves. The results showed a differentiation between irradiated and control grapevines. 23% of the irradiated grape varieties had a drop branch while only 3% of the control varieties showed this type of branch. 7% of the irradiated grape varieties showed a copper coloring of the upper face of the leaf whereas no control plant showed this coloration. 40% of the irradiated grape varieties showed a slightly longer petiole compared to the median vein in comparison with 7% of the control varieties having the same character. 43% of irradiated grape varieties showed a tooth shape with a mixture of two straight sides and two convex sides while most control grapes (57%) showed a tooth shape with two straight sides. It was also observed that some irradiated grape varieties (10%) showed the shape of the superior lateral sinus with slightly overlapping lobes and 3% of the irradiated grape varieties showed a form of the lateral sinus superior very widely open while the latter two forms are absent in groups of control grapevines. The irradiated grape varieties showed a higher density of main hairs compared with irradiated grape varieties. For the qualitative parameters it has been observed that the length of the teeth in the irradiated plants is never very short whereas in the control plants the length can be short and very short. The length of the tendrils and the length of the internodes are higher in the irradiated plants than in the control plants.

Use the biometric parameters to characterize the local fig (Ficus carica L) in Tafza area of Morocco

El Oualkadi A, Hajjaj B

In objective to identify and characterize the richness of fig tree in limited area of northwest of morocco, abroad prospection was carried out in northwest Morocco. It included zones located in Tafza region as well as in the provinces of chefchaouen. A total of 130 accessions were sampled, studied and identified by used the biometric analyses include in European program GEN LMBO 029. As a result of the study a total of 13 different fig varieties were identified. Several synonymies and homonymies were detected. Comparison of the ecotype shows the high significatif difference, the conservation of the local cultivars is highly recommended.

Access to Agricultural Information among Rural Farmers â€“A Case of Ido Local Government Area Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Akanni O.F., Ojedokun C.A., Olumide- Ojo O., Kolade R.I, Tokede A.M.

The study examined the level of access to agricultural technology information among rural farmers in Ido Local Government, Ibadan, Nigeria. Primary data were collected with the aid of pre-tested questionnaires and 100 respondents were selected through a two stage sampling procedure. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square was used to test the hypothesis.The result of the analyses indicated that (29.1%) falls within the active age bracket of 40-60years, more than half (61.6%) had no formal education, 70.9% were male and 68.6% were indigene of the study area. Majority(58.1%) of the respondents had a little information about weather and climate, 48.8% had no information about tillage while (50%) had a lot of information about weed control and fertilizer. Most of the farmers had little information about government related information (4.7%), market related (7%) and harvesting techniques(8.1%). 50% of the respondents in the study area strongly agreed that source of information is constraint in agricultural production while 3.5% strongly disagreed about the source of information being a constraint. The hypothesis test revealed that there is significant relationship between marital status (< 0.05), education level (< 0.05) and the level of access to agricultural information in the study area. Based on the result, the study recommends that information should be disseminated to the farmers in the language that they understand and also, adult education should be encouraged in the study area to keep farmers informed towards on agricultural production practices.

Benefits of forest legislation enforcement on the Status of Onigambari Forest Reserve

Kolade R.I., Adejumo A.A., Oke D.O., Ogunsola A.J.

Forest legislation enforcement is a fundamental strategy needed for the regulation of use and development of forest reserves. Effective law enforcement is necessary for continued production of goods and services. However, gaps have been noticed in the forest legislations’ enforcement in the study area. Simple random sampling was used to select 93 forest dwellers from 3 purposively selected adjoining communities in Onigambari forest reserve: Onigambari (28), Busogboro (38) and Onipe (27). Samples were drawn in proportionate to sizes. A set of questionnaire was used to obtain data on factors responsible for weakness in enforcement of forest legislations and various benefits being derived by the host community dwellers from the use of forest reserve irrespective of the existence of forest legislations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logit regression at α0.05. Respondents were 42±13.7 years, mostly male (75.9%) and married (81.9%). The identified factors responsible for weakness in enforcement of forest legislations included low activities of extension agents (77%) and lack of effective supervision by the representatives of the State governments (Managers). Benefits being derived by the forest dwellers were achievement of sustainable forest production, employment generation and attention to road network with odd-ratios, 62.18, 2.10 and 1.70 respectively. The study substantiate the existence of weakness in enforcement of forest legislations in Onigambari forest reserve and also revealed an array of benefits being derived by the forest dwellers. Therefore for continuity and improvement in the goods and services provided by the reserve, it is necessary for the government to build institutional capacity so as to fostering better enforcement of forest legislations and compliance.

Extraction of Catechins from Areca catechu L. Peel with different Solvent Type for Feed Additive of Broiler

Syintia Dwi Agustina, Yose Rizal, Ardi, Maria Endo Mahata

Catechins are secondary metabolites compound of flavonoids group that is naturally produced by plants and have health benefits as cholesterol-lowering, antioxidant, antimicrobial in mice.Rapid growth in broilers is often followed by high-fat growth as well, thus causing a high cholesterol content in the broiler's meat especially in thigh meatand wings.Feeding extract catechin in broiler as feed additive will reduce cholesterol or fat in broiler’s meat. The catechins could be extracted by maceration method, so far there is no information about the type of solvent and extraction method for extraction of catechin from Areca catechu peel. The aims of this study to obtain the best combination of solvent type and maceration duration in extracting of catechins from betel nut peel. Areca catechu peel used in this study is a green-colored fruit peel, which washarvested from betel nut seeds in Batu Balang village, Lima Puluh Kota District, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This study was performed by using Factorial Experimental in Completely Randomized Design withtwo factors. The first factors was solvent types (water with an initial temperature at 80oC, acetone distillate, and ethyl acetate distillate) and the second factors wasmaceration duration (6 hours, 12 hours, and 18 hours), each combination treatment was replicated 3 times.The variables observed were percentage of water content, percentage of yield, and percentage of total catechins. The results showed there was a significant interaction (P 0.05) on percentage ofwater content. Both type of solvent and maceration duration were significantly (P

Ridolfia segetum Moris (false fennel) response to different rates of application of Metsulfuron Methyl

Hajjaj B, El Oualkadi A

High infestations of Ridofia segetum can cause wheat crops yield reduction. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Metsulfuron Methyl on R. segetum infestation in a soft wheat crop. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each block contained 4 elementary plots, 3 plots of which were treated with three rates of application of Metsulfuron Methyl and one untreated control plot. Trial were conducted in Ouazzane region of Morocco in January 2018. Treatments were carried out with a knapsack sprayer with the nozzle delivering a 3 bar jet. A quadrant of 1m x 1m was used to calculate percentage of R. segetum density reduction and biomass reduction. R. segetum dry biomass were determined using an oven at 75 ° C for 48 hours. Then, weighed with a precision balance. Results showed that treatments with Metsulfuron Metsulfuron Methyl at 6 g/ha and 9 g/ha gave the best control of R. segetum infestations recording respectively 92.5% and 94.6% of R. segetum density reduction and 92.7% and 94.6% of R. segetum dry biomass reduction. Metsulfuron Methyl at 3 g/ha recorded the lowest efficacies 61.9 and 48.8% respectively on R. segetum density reduction, and R. segetum dry biomass reduction.

Antibacterial Activities of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Langsat Fruit (Lansiumdomesticum) against Phatogenic Bacteria and Spoilage Bacteria

Helen J. Lawalata, Mariana Rengkuan, Utari Satiman

Langsat fruit (Lansiumdomesticum) sample collected from 4 district in Minahasa, North Celebes. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolates were found at that samples. The study aim to examinedthe antibacterial activity of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Langsat fruit sample against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (Gram Negatrive Bacteria) and spoilage bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (Gram Positive Bacteria) using agar well diffusion method.The isolation result obtained 42 isolates of LAB namely 10 isolate were obtained from Southeast Minahasa district, 8 isolates were obtained from the southern district of Minahasa, 12 isolates were obtained from from the Minahasa district, and 12 isolates were obtained from North Minahasa district. Fourty two isolates LAB identified as Lactobacillus genera based on profile matching method were effective against bacteria indicator (pathogenic and spoilage bacteria). The antibacterial activity showed through the formation of a clear zone around well that containing LAB isolates. The diameter inhibition of LAB isolates ranged from 3,0 – 17,0 mm. Overall, the isolated LAB showed the remarkable inhibitory effect against both Gram positive (spoilage bacteria) and Gram negative (pathogenic bacteria). However, the spectrum of inhibition was different for the isolates tested. These results suggest that this potent isolates could be used as a natural biopreservativesagent.

Avena sterilis L. (wild oat) response to Clodinafop-propargyl in wheat crops in Morocco

Hajjaj B, El Oualkadi A

Avena sterilis is problematic weed that affects wheat production. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Clodinafop-propargyl on A. sterilis infestation in a soft wheat crop. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each block contained 4 elementary plots, 3 plots of which were treated with three rates of application of Clodinafop-propargyl and one untreated control plot. Trial were conducted in Ouazzane region of Morocco in January 2018. Treatments were carried out with a knapsack sprayer with the nozzle delivering a 3 bar jet. A quadrant of 1m x 1m was used to calculate percentage of A. sterilis density reduction and biomass reduction. A. sterilis dry biomass were determined using an oven at 75 ° C for 48 hours. Then, weighed with a precision balance. Results showed that treatments with Clodinafop-propargyl at 60 g/ha and 80 g/ha gave the best control of A. sterilis infestations recording respectively 96.1% and 99.4% of A. sterilis density reduction and 98.2% and 99.7% of A. sterilis dry biomass reduction. Clodinafop-propargyl at 40 g/ha recorded lower efficacies 75.3% and 80.1% respectively on A. sterilis density reduction, and A. sterilis dry biomass reduction.

Increased Oscillatoria sp. Population on Integrated Cultivation Ponds of Rice and Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Idle Land

Sahabuddin, Andi Sahrijanna, Hidayat Suryanto Suwoyo

Tiger shrimp culture that is maintained integrated with rice on idle land because of sea water intrusion has been tested in 2018 through the Innovative Adaptive Technology of Brackish Fisheries (INTAN-AP) pioneering from the Fisheries Research Center of the Human Resources Research Agency. There were 5 pond of rice fields used in the experiment in July-December 2018 in Oring Countryside, Lawallu Village, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi. Rice seeds of INPARI 34 and 35 varieties were kept in the paddy fields and PL 45 tiger shrimp were cultivated in the caren field, while re-fertilization was carried out using N, P, K fertilizers while shrimp were given commercial feed during cultivation based on weight gain per sampling. Plankton sampling was carried out in tiger shrimp ricecultivated land, every 7 days using plankton net mesh size No. 25, and then analyzed at the plankton laboratory in Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension in Maros. Then the data is calculated the abundance of the population then discussed descriptively. The results found that the population of Oscillatoria sp phytoplankton increases every time they conduct sampling until it reaches the peak of its population, along with the period of fertilizer application and the increase in the amount of feed given to tiger shrimp. The highest population peak at the 7th sampling in the pond 5 was 25,316 cells / L and in the pond 4 when the 6th sampling was 22,300 cells / L.

Effect of Clodinafop-propargyl on Phalaris paradoxa L. (awned canary-grass) in wheat crop

Hajjaj B, El Oualkadi A

Phalaris paradoxa is problematic weed that decrease considerably wheat crop yields. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Clodinafop-propargyl on Phalaris paradoxa infestation in a soft wheat crop. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each block contained 4 elementary plots, 3 plots of which were treated with three rates of application of Clodinafop-propargyl and one untreated control plot. Observations concerned Percentage of Phalaris paradoxa density reduction and biomass reduction. Results showed that treatments with Clodinafop-propargyl at 60 g/ha and 80 g/ha gave the best control of Phalaris paradoxa infestations recording respectively 96.2% and 98.5% of Phalaris paradoxa density reduction and 95.5% and 99.3% of Phalaris paradoxa dry biomass reduction. Clodinafop-propargyl at 40 g/ha recorded lower efficacies 77.1% and 82.3% respectively on Phalaris paradoxa density reduction, and Phalaris paradoxa dry biomass reduction.

Lolium rigidum Gaudin (annual ryegrass) response to different doses of Clodinafop-propargyl in wheat crops

Hajjaj B, El Oualkadi A

Lolium rigidum is a harmful weed specie in wheat crops. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Clodinafop-propargyl on Lolium rigidum infestation in a soft wheat crop. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each block contained 4 elementary plots, 3 plots of which were treated with three rates of application of Clodinafop-propargyl and one untreated control plot. Observations concerned Percentage of Lolium rigidum density reduction and biomass reduction. Results showed that treatments with Clodinafop-propargyl at 60 g/ha and 80 g/ha gave the best control of Lolium rigidum infestations recording respectively 95.1% and 96.8% of Lolium rigidum density reduction and 92.5% and 64.6% of Lolium rigidum dry biomass reduction. Clodinafop-propargyl at 40 g/ha recorded lower efficacies 65.7% and 61.9% respectively on Lolium rigidum density reduction, and Lolium rigidum dry biomass reduction.

Composition of Vernoniaamygdalina and its Potential Health Benefits

Philippa C Ojimelukwe, Nuria Amaechi

Vernoniaamygdalina is a perennial shrub. It is a vegetable, commonly used in foods and traditional medicine in tropical Africa. Traditional users report that this plant possesses observable health benefits. It contains many nutrients and phytochemicals such as iodine, alkaloids, anthraquinones, edotides, sesquiterpene lactones and steroid glycosides. These bioactive compounds are associated with the plant’s health benefits. This review is a comprehensive update on the composition of V. amygdalina, linked to its food and medicinal uses. Traditional medicinal uses not yet supported by scientific evidence have been indicated. Clinical studies to substantiate the health-promoting effects of this plant product are lacking. More animal models experiments are required to prove the potency of this plant product. Grey areas where research is required to promote effective use of this plant product are indicated. Metadata for the health benefits of this plant product is based on inferences from compositional analysis and animal bioassays. There is a need to establish these claims in humans. Sources of information for this review were obtained from online search engines. The searches were restricted to information available as primary or secondary sources and effort was made to keep to only recent literature. Very important literature before that was not recent was also included. There is only very little information on the food uses of V. amygdalina which has been related to potential health benefits. There are a lot of claims on this plant-based on ethnomedicine and traditional uses. Vernoniaamydgalina is rich in nutrients and phytochemicals and this invariable account for its positive influence on health. Compounds associated with its anticancer effects, antioxidant properties, antimalarial properties, anti-inflammatory properties, antimicrobial properties and hypolipidaemic effects have been identified but most mechanisms of action have not been elucidated in humans.

Effects of Composting on Growth and Uptake of Plant Nutrients and Soil Chemical Properties After Composting with Various Comparison of POME

Effects of Composting on Growth and Uptake of Plant Nutrients and Soil Chemical Properties After Composting with Various Comparison of POME aims to find out the provision of compost with various comparisons of POME in improving soil chemical properties and to know the treatment of compost types with various comparisons of POME to Plant Nutrient Growth and Uptake research this will be carried out in the Research will be carried out in the Bangun Bandar PT. Socfindo, Serdang Bedagai district, Dolok Masihul sub-district with a height of ± 25 m above sea level. The research will be carried out in January - August 2018. As for the method used The mixture of soil and compost samples that have been incubated for 1 month is taken from each sample as much as 1 kg and analyzed the nutrients in the laboratory by the wet decstructive method pH H2O 1: 2.5 , N-Total (Kjeldahl destilation), C-Organic (Walky and Black titration), P-Bray II (spectrophometer) and CEC (Ammonium acetate pH 7). Plant Height (cm), Plant Bump Diameter (cm), Weight Measurement , Wet and Dry Weights, Weights, Dry Roots, Nisbah, Roots Results of the study Compost giving with various comparisons of POME 1: 1.3, 1: 1.9 and 1: 2.6 improves the soil chemical properties: total N incubated for 1 month. The compost treatment with various POME 1: 2.6 comparisons gave the highest results. The compost treatment with various POME comparisons significantly affected plant height, plant tuber diameter, canopy wet weight, canopy dry weight and root canopy ratio, leaf P nutrient content, Ca levels leaf and plant nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca, Mg). In general the treatment of compost with various POME 1: 1.9 comparisons showed the highest results.

Solid waste management in Kulhudhuffushi, Maldives; Most suitable solution for the Crisis

Saifulla Aboobakur, M.B Samarakoon

This research is to find the most suitable, applicable and practical solution for the collection, transfer, transport and disposal of municipal solid waste in Hdh.Kulhudhuffushi of Republic of Maldives. This research was aimed to find the most suitable solid waste disposal method, along with the proper collection system, transfer and transport mechanism. The research covers waste generation sources as, households, businesses, restaurant and institutions. The annual maximum waste generation was from households, with 4,107 tonnes of waste per year. Average generation rate was 1.13 – 1.55kg per capita per day. The total waste generation rate was 5,643.89 tonnes per year. The highest portion of solid waste was kitchen/food waste with 2,181.93 tonnes per year. The total composition of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste was 68% and 32% respectively. Hence, method of composting was selected over incineration, due to the huge (98%) amount of moisture and low volatility of biodegradable waste. Since, the land ok Kulhudhuffushi dump site is smaller in size mechanical composting was preferred. The non-biodegradable waste would be stored in bunkers and transferred to the incineration plant quarterly each year. The collection facility would be separate collection with rear loading dump trucks as well as multi compartment dump trucks scheduled to collect waste twice a week. For the efficiency of the collection process the town was divided in to three zones with equal number of households, and thereby the collection crew can complete one round of collection within three days’ time.

Assessment of Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia

Gebissa Yigezu, Mulatu Wakgari, Muluken Goftishu

Potato is an important tuberous vegetable crop in Ethiopia. However, its production is constrained by arthropod pests, nutrient depletion of soil and diseases. Among arthropod pests, two-spotted spider mite (TSSM, Tetranychus urticae) is one of the major arthropod pests affecting potato production and contributing to low yield in eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia. To tackle this problem, the survey was undertaken to assess the distribution, farmers’ management practices and their perception of TSSM on the irrigated potato. The data were collected from ninety-six potato producers during the dry season in Haramaya, Kombolcha, Kersa and Metta districts of Eastern Hararghe Zone by interviewing, observing and recording from October to March in 2018/2019. The meteorological data were obtained from the National meteorological agency, Jijiga station. The number of TSSM/potato plants, prevalence, incidence and severity levels of potato were analyzed using three-stage nested design. Farmers’ perceptions and practices were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, while the relationship of weather factors and altitude with the status of TSSM was analyzed using SPSS software program version 16.0 and determination of Pearson correlation was done using SPSS statistical software. This assessment confirmed that TSSM was found in all the districts with variation in number per potato leaves, incidence and severity levels. The highest incidence (37.88%), severity (3), number of TSSM/potato (39) per plant was scored from Haramaya district and the lowest was recorded from Kombolcha district. Based on the observation and response of the respondents, the TSSM was mostly prevailed in autumn (44.79%) but was the lowest in spring seasons (6.25%). It severely affected the potato production at flowering stages (44.2%). But the lowest damage was at seedling stage (7.4%). Data on farmer’s perception also showed that 60% of them recognized TSSM on potato plants. The linear correlation coefficient indicated that the incidence (r=-0.546, Y=-0.548X+38.7), number of TSSM/potato plant (r=-0.847,Y=-0.06.232X+38.24) and severity level (r=-0.431,Y=-0.0221X+2.805) was decreased as rainfall intensity increased. The studies suggested that provision of resistant variety of potato, chemical pesticides, water supply will help the farmers to increase the production and productivity of potato by decreasing the yield losses due to TSSM. Further research on the seasonal abundance, effect of microclimate, natural enemies and management practices on the population dynamics of TSSM in the major potato growing areas of eastern part of Ethiopia was suggested from the study.

Weighting of water resources vulnerability factors in the context of global environmental change in the Sebou basin: case of Fez, Ifrane and Meknes perimeters (Morocco)

Water resources are at the center of all developments, whether it is a society or a living organism. It is rightly noted that the state of water resources around the world is no longer, what it once was because of the strong pressures resulting from global environmental change and human activities. Undertaking vulnerability assessments of water resources is a necessary and rapid need to spatially delineate the areas likely to be impacted. The main purpose of this study is to identify with water resource management experts a set of factors considered relevant, and to know the relative contribution of each factor in terms of vulnerability. To this end, the opinions of 32 water resource management experts were collected in order to define and weigh the factors of water resource vulnerability in the Sebou basin. The result of this survey shows that 25 factors divided into 5 components (hydrology, pollution, socioeconomics, environment, and eco-environment) of vulnerabilities are likely to affect the state of water resources in the area. The application of multiple factor analysis under R software for data processing to reduce dimensions has shown that 15 out of the 25 factors are the most important in terms of water resource vulnerabilities according to experts' opinion. The weights of these 15 factors and the 5 components of water resources vulnerability are different from each other, which highlights the relative nature of water resources vulnerability. This can help water managers to be more effective and relevant in water resource vulnerability analysis tools.

The Effect of Neem Leaves Powder (Azadiractha Indica A. Juss) and Storage Time to Rejected Corn Quality

Imbang Purnama, Montesqrit, Harnentis

This research has aimed to determine the level of neem leaves powder (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and the optimal storage time of rejected corn to decrease aflatoxin content, percentage of water content, and percentage of moldy seeds. This research uses a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) 6 x 4 factorial with three replications. Where factor A is the level of neem leaves powder (0, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%) and factor B is the storage time (2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks). The analysis showed that there was no interaction (P> 0.05) between factor A and factor B to the content of aflatoxin, percentage of water content and percentage of moldy seeds, but respectively for factor A and factor B had a very significant effect (P

Variation of carbon and major nutrients contents in two types of soil under stone bunds management in cotton-based cropping systems in the Sudanese zone of Burkina Faso

In Burkina Faso, soil fertility decline is a major constraint in cotton-based farming systems. In this area, most of the soil fertility management are mainly focus on soil amendment with organic manure and the used of mineral fertilizers. In addition to these techniques, the present study on the use of stones bunds was conducted at Gombélédougou in order to limit erosion and improve availability of fertilizers provided to plants. Gombélédougou is in the district of Koumbia in Sudanese zone of Burkina Faso. About 605ha covering six (6) soil types were managed using stone bunds established along the contour lines. The spacing between the stone rows was 2.5 m. Concerning additional soil fertility management, it consisted in crops rotation (cotton//cereals); the application of mineral fertilizer at the dose of(110 ± 25 kg/ha for NPK (14-23-15) and 52.5 ± 15 kg / ha for urea (46%)) and organic manure (1787.50 ± 1390.96 kg / ha). The indicators for assessment of the effects of the stone bunds were evaluated using the variation of the carbon and of the major elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) contained in soil as well as the overall evolution of the fertility of these soils. The results showed that the stone bunds in combination with current fertilization techniques increased the soil carbon level by 0.04% and 0.15%, respectively in Lixisols (FLIP) and Cambisols(BEF) in one hand, and in the other hand, Nitrogen contents decreased from -0.01 to -0.02% and those in Phosphorus from -1.21 to -2.61 mg/kg in these soils. The stone bunds reduced significantly the transfer of sediments and nutrients from upper to the down slopes. As consequences soil fertility was improved in thelixisols located at the up slops at the detriment of Cambisolin the down slop. These results show that the stone bunds are more effective when producers combine an appropriate technique of organic (compost) and mineral fertilization.

Study of Morphology and Physiology of Rice Seed IR Variety 42 (Oryza Sativa L) against aged moving with the SRI (The System of Rice Intensification) Method

Muhammad Alfatih, Dr. Ir. Nalwida Rozen, Prof. Dr. Ir. Aswaldi Anwar

Germination is one of the main processes in plant development, where the age of seedling greatly influences the success of the process. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological and physiological changes of rice seeds in various seedling transplants in the SRI method. The study began from September to October 2018 at the Andalas University Seed and Plant Physiology Laboratory and the Agricultural Product Technology Laboratory of the Andalas University. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design, where the treatments are 0 days of seedlings, 7 days of seedlings and 14 days of seedlings. The difference in radicle length and grain weight difference for each age moved by IR 42 seedlings SRI method.moving seeds can change the morphology of seeds from seed that looks dull marked by the presence of brown spots becoming fresh, shiny, but there are still a few brown spots. Changes in physiology of the age of IR 42 seedlings moving SRI method, the changes that occur is a decrease in the protein content of seedling age 0 days and 7 days after germination from 2.2181% to 0.8356% for four times the analysis process was carried out and the age of seedling 7 days after germination from 1.303% to 1.2588% for two times the analysis process was carried out, then there was a decrease in the content of starch analysis of seedling age 0 days and 7 days after germination from 15.4546% to 10.2812% for four times the analysis process carried out and the age of seedling transplants 7 days after germination from 11.9816% to 7.6806% for two times the analysis process was carried out, then there was a decrease in sugar content analysis of seedling age 0 days and 7 days after germination from 0.0771% to 0% for three times the analysis process was carried out and the age of seedling 7 days after germination was 0%.

Rice wheat cropping system in Nepal: Issues concerning sustainability

Suraj Lamsal, Rabin Khadka

Rice wheat cropping system has been widely adopted in Nepal since very long, but much less been studied about the sustainability aspects of this practice. South Asian countries-, as well as other rice-growing countries, have already experienced different ecological and environmental impacts of the long-term rice-wheat system. Also,climate change seems to inflict the rice-based farming system to a varied extent depending uponagroecological regions. In the meantime, the growth in yield of rice is plateauing to less than 1.5% although productivity is well below other South Asian countries. With the heightening consumption of agrochemicals and its subsequent impact on air, water and soil have to be taken into consideration. Rice-wheat system being heavy consumer of nutrient and waterraises question about the sustainable consumption of resources. The increasing dominance of hybrid varieties posses’ threat of extinction of local landraces of rice. Apart from environmental and agronomic issues it also maybe affected by socio-economic issues of Nepalese farming families. Extensive studies are yet to be done, but practices like conservation agriculture and sustainable intensification practices are found to make system more resilient. The aim of this review is to discuss such issues associated with sustainability and propose some probable sustainability measures.

Effect of the corn-cowpea association on the organic carbon dynamics of the soils of two plots in real culture in northern CÃ´te d'Ivoire

Declining soil fertility is a major factor in low agricultural production and increases food insecurity in northern Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of this study is to understand the real influence of cowpea in the corn-cowpea association modalities on the evolution of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents in the soil on the scale of plot compared to control soils without cowpea and fallow more than 30 years. In this perspective, two farmer field plots were conducted in a participatory manner with two groups of corn producers in the localities of Kolokaha and Sohouo (Department of Korhogo) in order to assess the effect of the semi density of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) on the initial physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. In the open field, four (4) treatments corresponding to corn in pure culture (T0); corn + cowpea interposed online (T1-SNL); corn + cowpea in double intersected line (T2-SNDLI) and corn + cowpea staggered (T3-SNQ) were tested in three (3) completely randomized blocks with three repeats. Thirty-two (32) composite soil samples from natural fallows and T0, T1-SNL and T2-SNDLI treatments were taken and analyzed in the laboratory. The results show a clear improvement in the organic carbon and nitrogen levels, and above all an increase in the soil pH in the plots in associated crops. The combination of corn and cowpeas is an alternative to good soil fertility management and could be recommended in rural areas.

Pig Droppings: A Potential Biostimulatory Candidate for Bioremediation of Diesel Oil-Polluted Soil

The effectiveness of pig droppings (PD) in enhancing bioremediation of diesel oil-polluted soil was investigated gravimetrically and spectrophotometrically for a period of 42 days. Polluted soil was amended with 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w) of PD. Loss of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), microbial growth and germination indices were all monitored throughout the study period. At the end of 42 days, there was significant oil loss of 48.54% in the amended soil. Hydrocarbon-utilising bacterial (HUB) counts were higher in the amended option ranging from 4.2 x 106 ±0.69 to 10.9 x 106 ± 0.41 CFU/g. The HUB isolated from the oil-contaminated soil were identified tentatively as Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas putida, Micrococcus variant, and Corynebacteriumsp and Staphylococcus sp. Similarly, fungal counts ranged from 3.0 x 105 ±0.21 to 10.9 x 105 ±0.33 CFU/g. Aerobic fungi isolated wereAspergillusniger, Aspergillusflavus, Fusariumsp, Cladosporiumsp and Penicilliumsp. Germination index of 53.4% was recorded in the amended option. Oil loss and microbial growth were significantly higher ((P≤ 0.05) in the amended option than the control option. Pig droppings, therefore can offer a good alternative in bioremediation of diesel oil-polluted soil.