http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us February 2020 Ecotourism is a form of tourism undertaken to view and / or encounter wildlife in a range of settings. One of such eco-destinations in which wildlife can be viewed is salt licks. The study was undertaken at Borgu sector of Kainji Lake National Park. Data collection was carried out using systematic random sampling for the selection of salt lick sites, direct and indirect fauna observation using transect lines to determine the level of site utilization. Secondary data from the park management and laboratory analysis of salt lick, soil samples to detect the mineral compositions and richness of the licks as relevant to ecotourism activities in the park was examined. Observation revealed that the iron concentration (a trace element) is high in salt lick 1 (332.33), while the lowest was recorded in salt lick 6 (36.36).It was also revealed that the content of calcium (a major element) is high in salt lick 1 (4.22), with the least recorded in salt lick 6 (0.40). It was perceived that salt lick 3 and 4 were least utilized during the dry seasons. It is important to know that the mineral content of salt lick sites can be a factor affecting its utilization by fauna resources. It was observed that, turn-out of tourists visiting the park fluctuates; as a result of anthropogenic activities and other limiting factors.The overall benefits derived from salt licks for wildlife health,majorly through herbivores are crucial in maintaining a healthy wildlife community for their reproduction and survival. http://ijeab.com/detail/salt-lick-potentials-in-ecotourism-management-of-borgu-sector-kainji-lake-national-park-nigeria/ Wahab M.K.A, Alarape A. A., Halidu S. K., Idowu I. A. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-110201925-Saltlick.pdf Accurate estimation of sediments is important in river structures. The amount of suspended sediments is mostly determined by measurements from observation stations, sediment key curve, artificial intelligence modeling methods. In this study, the estimation of the sediments content was performed by using hydro-meteorological parameters such as river flow, air temperature and precipitation measured between 2011-2017 at Omaha Station in Nebraska. For the estimation of sediments amount, Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) methods were used. These models were compared by using correlation coefficient (R), mean absolute error (MAE) and root of mean square errors (RMSE). When the measurement and model results were compared, SVM and GRNN models gave consistent results in the estimation of sediments content in rivers. Nevertheless, the SVM method showed slightly better correlation and lower error performance than the GRNN method. http://ijeab.com/detail/forecasting-of-river-sediment-amount-using-machine-model/ Fatih ÃœNEÅž, A. Burhan KARAEMÄ°NOÄžULLARI, Bestami TAÅžAR http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-112201922-Forecasting.pdf The 2014 IPCC report reiterated the importance of local farmers’ perceptions about climate change. A growing number of scientists supports that farmers’ in-depth understanding of climate change hazards and their active participation in mitigation actions are key to improving adaptation. This paper attempts to analyze smallholder rice farmers’ perceptions and knowledge about climate change hazards in the Upper East Region of Ghana mainly by looking at the national climatic data and the results of the questionnaire survey we conducted. The climatic data were further analyzed through the Mann-Kendall trend test to find relations between actual rainfall and temperature changes with farmers’ observations. Our analysis on perceptions shows that more than 60% of the respondents experienced climate hazards in the forms of increasing temperature, decreasing rainfall and changing planting time. This result is also supported by the Mann-Kendall trend test. The change in planting time is attributable to the increasing coefficient of variation of the annual rainfall from 16.5% (1996-2005) to 28.1% (2006-2015). It is also due to substantial rainfall deviations within the Region in May, from 1,000 mm in the decade between 1996 and 2005 to 500 mm in the following decade (2006-2015). We argue that farmers’ observations are largely reliable particularly in observing changes in rainfall patterns. Their observations can also supplement insufficient local meteorological records to better understand local climate change conditions in Western Africa. http://ijeab.com/detail/how-reliable-are-farmers-perceptions-about-climate-change-a-case-study-in-the-upper-east-region-of-ghana/ Abdul-Razak Zakaria, Kenichi Matsui http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-112201926-HowReliable.pdf A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) coupled to response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of autoclaving conditions on the antinutritional factors, functional properties, digestibility and hardness of hard-do-cook common beans. Results indicated that autoclaving conditions did not change the functional properties (water solubility, water absorption index and oil absorption capacity) of the autoclaved hard-to-cook beans. Nevertheless, the autoclaving process was able to reduce the content of trypsin (59.8%) and α-amylase (42.2%) inhibitors as well as the amount of resistant starch (45.9%), which improves the nutrient bioavailability. In addition, compared to unprocessed hard-to-cook beans, the autoclaved seed presented higher protein and starch digestibility and lower hardness, enhancing the nutritional and textural quality of the seeds. These results evidenced that autoclaving may be an interesting alternative to enable the use of hard-to-cook beans as whole grain or component in food preparations. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-autoclaving-on-the-nutritional-quality-of-hard-to-cook-common-beans-phaseolus-vulgaris/ Karla A Batista, Wendell J Pereira, Bruna R Moreira, Cassio NS Silva, Kátia F Fernandes http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-10120206-Effectof.pdf The study was conducted to assess the effect of Participation in Community and Social Development on rural Livelihood enhancement in North West, Nigeria. Multistage sampling techniques were used to select CSDP beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries for the study. Data were collected from a total of 360 respondents using structured questionnaire. Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result showed that the age of the majority of respondents fell between 29-38 years for the beneficiaries and 39-48 years for the non-beneficiaries. Majority of the respondents were married (80.28%) from the pooled data and were male (81.11%). Approximately, 56.67% had one form of education or the other with beneficiaries more distributed in formal education. The major occupation for both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries was farming (69.17%). With regards to CSDP participation, majority (85.6%) of the beneficiaries participated in project planning stage, 65% in project preparation stage, 71.6% participated in project implementation stage while 61.7% participated in project monitoring and evaluation stage. Participation level was rated high as majority (47.78%) of the beneficiaries participated in at least ten out of sixteen project cycles. Probit analysis showed that sex, marital status, education, monthly income and work experience were statistically related to the decision to participate in CSDP by the respondents. The double difference values was observed to be ₦92, 981.7 implying that productive assets increased more across the beneficiaries in comparison to the non-beneficiaries in the course of time. Crop farming (36.7%), cattle trading (28.3%) and livestock farming (26.9%) where the major livelihood activities of the respondents as indicated from the pooled data. Improvement in living standard, community cohesion, increased school enrolment, reduction in water borne diseases and reduction in the distance covered to school and health centers were some of the benefits beneficiaries derived from CSDP as a result of their participation. Among the major challenges facing the beneficiaries while participating in CSDP includes high cost of materials, complex protocol, payment of counterpart funds and abandoned projects. Others were lack of professional medical personnel, poor maintenance culture and possibility of elite culture. The study concludes that CSDP is promising and therefore needs to be sustained. It is therefore recommended among others that CSDP and other non-governmental organizations should encourage non-benefiting communities to participate in the project through adequate sensitization and outreaches. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-participation-in-community-and-social-development-project-on-rural-livelihood-enhancement-in-north-west-nigeria/ S.H Sidi, A. Hashim, B.Z Abubakar, O.J Ladebo, A.A Uthman, F.J Yelwa http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-112201931-Effectof.pdf The study was conducted in Zamfara State, Nigeria to assess the role of local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in community development. A questionnaire was administered to 200 randomly selected beneficiaries of NGOs activities. Another questionnaire was administered to 58 purposively sampled officials of local NGOs for the study. Descriptive such as (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics like t-test and correlation were used to analyze the data collected from the field. The study revealed that, local NGOs contributes significantly to community development in various ways such as through community self-help efforts; training and re-training of community members and awareness creation and sensitization of community members. It was revealed that, these efforts resulted to many improvements such as increased enrolments of children in schools; improved health care service delivery; and increased agricultural yields. The research has shown that, beneficiaries provide water; labour and venue during execution of community development efforts. The study identified problems militating against smooth running of NGOs activities: inadequate funds and personnel; low level of beneficiaries ‘commitments; and low level of government support. It was recommended that, government, individuals and development partners should provide more financial, technical and human resources support to NGOs in order to make them effective and efficient in delivery of community development services. http://ijeab.com/detail/role-of-local-non-governmental-organizations-ngos-in-community-development-in-zamfara-state-nigeria/ A Hashim, S.H Sidi, B.Z Abubakar, B.F Umar, H.M Aliero, F.J Yelwa http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-112201925-Roleof.pdf Application of vermicompost in crop production results in improved soil chemical properties. Studies relating to use of vermicompost as alternative to synthetic fertilizers have gotten considerable attention as the demand for organically produced agricultural products increases. Goat manure has been reported to be rich in nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. However, preparation and utilization of goat manure-based vermicompost in organic garlic production in the study area is scanty. Thus, farmers have solely relied on chemical fertilizers in garlic production which is a health and environmental hazards and causes ground and surface water pollution due to nitrate leaching. In Manyatta sub-county of Eastern Kenya, farmers use synthetic fertilizers in garlic production which is not sustainable despite having readily available goat manure which can be composted for use. The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate effectiveness of goat manure-based vermicompost for organic garlic production in Manyatta sub-county, Kenya. Goat manure-based vermicompost was prepared at KALRO Embu station, Embu County between July–November 2018. The vermicompost obtained was dried, screened and filled into bags and was used for growing garlic. A sample of goat manure-based vermicompost was analysed for chemical properties and the results showed that it had very high total N (1.79%), very high available P (52 ppm), very high exchangeable K (1.75 Cmol Kg-1) and it was moderately alkaline (pH 7.73). Hence, goat manure-based vermicompost is recommended in the organic production of garlic in Manyatta sub-county of Eastern Kenya. http://ijeab.com/detail/preparation-and-evaluation-of-goat-manure-based-vermicompost-for-organic-garlic-production-in-manyatta-sub-county-kenya/ Gichaba V. M, Ndukhu H. O, Muraya M, Odilla G. A, Ogolla F. O http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10120205-Preparation.pdf The study was conducted to analyze the effect of credit on crop output of rice farmers in Benue state, Nigeria. Random and stratified sampling method was used to select 236 respondents in the study area. Out of the selected respondents only 208 responded and submitted the administered well-structured questionnaires correctly. Therefore, the study was based on 208 primary data collected from registered Savings and Credit Cooperative (SACCO) members in the three Local Government Areas of Benue State. In this study the year 2011 was used for before credit was obtained and 2015 for after credit was obtained. Descriptive statistics Foster –Greer –Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measure and double difference estimator was used to analyze the data collected. The analysis showed that 60.2 % and 67.5% which is majority are male beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of credit respectively. The active age of the rice farmers were 31-40years and 41-50years for beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively. The result from poverty severity index showed that 3% of the beneficiaries constitute the poorest after obtaining credit and 5% of the non-beneficiaries constitute the poorest also in the same year 2015. The result of the double difference estimate showed that the SACCO credit had a positive effect on the crop output of the beneficiaries of the credit with crop output mean value of 1176.84kg. SACCO executives and the Government should develop strategies that will bring in more funding, loans and grants to the cooperative consequently enhance availability of credit to members. This will help members who are smallholder farmers to become big estate farm holders. It is also possible that more credit availability to members is a key to poverty reduction due to its positive effect on the crop output as seen in the study. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-the-effect-of-credit-on-the-crop-output-of-rice-farmers-in-benue-state-nigeria/ Okolo Samson Ayegba, Olotu Olafemi Ayopo http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-101202016-Analysisof.pdf Tuberculosis remains a global concern in many countries because it is a contagious disease and become the second largest killer after HIV / AIDS. In suppressing the number of deaths from TB disease are increasing from year to year we conducted this test target antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is immunogenic by using molecular biology techniques. This study aims to the purification of recombinant proteins MTSP11 and MPT63 measuring the concentration of purified protein as a candidate serodiagnostic active tuberculosis. E. coli cells carrying the recombinant plasmid pQE30 Xa-Rv 3204 and pQE30 Xa-Rv 1926 cultured in LB medium containing ampicillin, then, do cell lysis. Further characterization of proteins and the last stage is the measurement results of protein purification. The results obtained are MTSP11 protein has a molecular weight of 11 kDa while the MPT63 protein size of 16 kDa. The result of the calculation using the formula showed that the concentration of MTSP11 0.165423045mg / mL and the concentration of MPT63 is 0.155164115 mg / mL, the concentration of purified protein is best found in the last washing results by using the elution buffer. http://ijeab.com/detail/comparison-the-concentration-of-purification-antigen-mtsp11-and-mpt63-as-serodiagnostic-active-tuberculosis/ Ian Imanuel Fidhatami, Rosana Agus, Muh. Nasrum Massi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-101202025-Comparison.pdf This research aims to looking for 2 candidates from the new probioticlactic acid bacteria fermented food origin. This study uses seven isolates were isolated from whey, cassava, and fish budu. 7 isolates have been tested potential as a producer of glutamic acid but not known as a candidate probiotic petensinya. This study uses a completely randomized design, each repeated 3 times with 5 stages of the research are: 1) Testing capability isolates at low pH (pH 2.5); 2) testing the ability of isolates in bile (0.3 and 0.5%); 3) Viability isolates 4) Testing capability isolates in killing the pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis). The results showed the 7 isolates can be used as a probiotic candidates with the results of the resistance to pH 2.5 for 3 hours is 63.91-92.75% and the 6 hour incubation is 48,76-72.44%, resistance to bile salt concentration of 0.3% showed resistance to 22.86-83.57% and a concentration of 0.5% showed resistance 18.35-72,77%, 81.05-92.67% viability and inhibitory effect on the bacteria Escherichia coli is 7:33 to 12:01 mm, is 11:11 to 14:05 mm Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis is 12:02 to 18:08 mm. From 7 isolates after penseleksian ability as a candidate probiotic mixture then isolate F6 from durian fermented and isolate C8 from buffalo milk fermented (Dadih) are able to live at pH 2.5 for 3 hours of 92.75% and 86.06%, at 6 hours of 72.44 and 71.42%, the bile salt 0.3% were 83.57% and 78.75% and the concentration 0.5% are 77.17% and 72.77%, with viability were 92.67% and 92.23%, while the ability to kill pathogens such as Escherichia coli was 10.49 and 8.89 mm, Staphylococcus aureus was 14.05 and 13.70 mm, dan Salmonella enteritidis was 18.08 and 14.18 mm. http://ijeab.com/detail/selection-of-lactic-acid-bacteria-lab-origin-of-food-fermentation-probiotic-mixed-as-candidate-for-broiler/ Aprisal, Yetti Marlida, Husmaini, Harnentis http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-101202017-Selectionof.pdf Apiculture is the practice and management of the bees in the hive with the sole aim of producing honey and other products including bee wax, propolis, bee-venom and royal jelly. Apiculture forms a line of productions that makes up agribusiness, but with challenges along the production chain. Little or no work has been done on the activities of beekeepers and the economic benefits of beekeeping in the study area. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the apicultural practices of beekeepers in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to the beekeepers and honey marketers in three Local Government Areas (Akinyele, Ibadan North and Ibadan South East), purposively selected. The questionnaires comprise of two sections: demographics characteristics and apicultural practices of the respondents. The snowball sampling technique was used to select 30 beekeepers from the three Local Government Areas in the study areas. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency table and percentage distribution. The results of the study revealed that 96.7% were male dominated, within the age bracket (36.7%) and mostly married (76.7%). About 63.3% of the beekeepers use bee product as baiting material. At harvesting period, 80.0% of the respondents employ modern smoker for driving away bees while 56.7% stores honey in plastic as it provides suitable conditions for honey preservation. In line with their high education level, 86.7% of the respondents embrace modern beekeeping because of its being less tedious but with maximum output. Requiring low capital, modern beekeeping allows people an increased income resulting in improved standard of living. Many of the respondents, however, faced the problem of theft and bee sting,thus women were reluctant in practicing beekeeping as a means of livelihood. The paper recommended better security against thieves and more training on proper bee handling to minimize bee sting to encourage more people embrace the business with the hope of improved productivity. http://ijeab.com/detail/survey-of-apicultural-practices-in-ibadan-oyo-state-nigeria/ A. A. Alarape, M. K. A. Wahab, P. E. Arira http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-10120209-Surveyof.pdf Coffee is one of the plantation crops that has been developed and has become a commodity that is taken into account in strengthening the country's foreign exchange. The purpose of this study is to identify the similarity of robusta coffee plants at three heights in Merangin Regency, Jambi Province. The study began in October-November 2019 in Merangin District, Jambi Province using the survey method. The value of the coefficient of similarity is at 33 % which indicates that the degree of similarity is small. Heavy wet per 100 pieces of ripe, long bean coffee, as well as weight per 100 grains of coffee robusta scale on levels of water 12%, shows increasingly higher altitude of the place is getting better. http://ijeab.com/detail/similarity-analysis-of-robusta-coffee-plant-coffea-robusta-l-at-three-altitudes-in-merangin-district-jambi-province/ Acep Sopandi, Zulfadly Sayrif, Reni Mayerni http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-101202012-Similarity.pdf Warehouse pest insects can reduce the quality and quantity of corn stored in warehouses. This study aims to examine the diversity and abundance of warehouse pest insects that infest corn in the Sumbawa Regency warehouse. The study was conducted from May to September, located in Sumbawa Regency, covering the East, Central and West regions. The identification of pest insects was carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram. The data is processed and reviewed using descriptive methods. The results showed that warehouse pest insects that infest corn in storage warehouses mostly came from the OrdoColoeptera and Hemiptera. http://ijeab.com/detail/diversity-and-abundance-of-corn-warehouse-pest-insect-in-sumbawa-district-west-nusa-tenggara/ Muhammad Zulkarnain, Muhammad Sarjan, Tarmizi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-101202020-Diversityand.pdf The objectives of this study were to assess agricultural credit acquisition among small scale poultry farmers in Katsina-Ala and Konshisha Local government areas in Benue State, Nigeria. The study adopted the survey research design, using the cross-sectional approach because it involves assessment of agricultural credit acquisition among small scale poultry farmers in the study area. Structured questionnaire was administered to eighty –eight (88) randomly selected respondents in the study area and interview technique was also used to obtained additional information from the respondents whenever the need arose. The study concludes that agricultural credit is adjudged as an important input to increase poultry production and poultry enterprise using loans in the study area is profitable; however the profitability level is a function of the scale of production. The study suggested that government should remove security advancement of collateral conditions that discourages poultry farmers from commercial banks facilities, formal and informal money lenders should reduce the interest rate to one digit for farmers to afford convenient repayment and more borrowers to be encouraged, and lenders should timely approve/disburse fund to farmers for effective acquisition and curtail the protocols involved in credit acquisition. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-agricultural-credit-acquisition-among-small-scale-poultry-farmers-in-katsina-ala-and-konshisha-local-government-areas-in-benue-state-nigeria/ Ashikegh S. A, Prof. Iheanacho A. C, Atser E. A http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-101202013-Assessmentof.pdf The global burden of non-communicable diseases has been rising over the last century, with the leading cause of neurological, metabolic and degenerative disorders. The several studies have reported that the incorporation of prebiotics in human diet is favourable to eliminate the pathological ailments. Since prebiotics occur naturally in plants including leeks, asparagus, onion, wheat, garlic, chicory, oats, soybean and Jerusalem artichoke. Jerusalem artichoke is a perennial tuber contains proteins, mono or poly- unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and excellent amount of soluble dietary fibers such as inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides with negligible amount of starch which is digested with Bifidobacterium. It is associated with expansion of bioavailability of minerals, increase activity of favourable bacteria, ease the digestion of high protein diets, delay fat absorption, deliver roughage, prevent constipation, increase satiety value which results in various therapeutic properties such as antidiabetic, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological properties. It is also used as a functional food ingredient in the design and production of child formulation, chocolates, sugar confectionaries, soups, sauces, meat products, bakery products, nutritional bars, beverages, milk products, dietary supplements and many other food products. Therefore, its remarkable therapeutic effects and various food applications make this tuber very valuable for further investigation in the area of pharmaceutical and food industries. http://ijeab.com/detail/prebiotic-potential-of-underutilized-jerusalem-artichoke-in-human-health-a-comprehensive-review/ Diksha Gupta, Neelam Chaturvedi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-101202021-PrebioticPotential of.pdf A ten-weeks feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of replacing groundnut cake (GNC) with cooked Bambara nut meal (CBNM) on the Heamatology and serum biochemistry of Growing Rabbits. Thirty mixed breed (New Zealand White X Dutch) of rabbits six to seven weeks of age with initial body weight of 604.50 g were caged individually and allotted to 5 dietary treatments. Each treatment had six (6) replications. The diets and clean drinking water were given ad libitum throughout the period of experiment. In diets 1(control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 CBNM replaced GNC at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively. All data collected in the course of the experiment were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the completely randomized design (Steel and Torrie,1980) and where applicable Duncan’s multiple range test, was used for meanseparation. The haematological parameters indicated that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences among treatment groups for PCV, RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC, while Hb differ significantly (P0.05) among treatment groups in total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, cholesterol and glucose. Globulin range of 4.67-11.00 g/l was obtained with significant difference (P0.05) difference among treatment groups. http://ijeab.com/detail/blood-analysis-of-growing-rabbits-fed-cooked-bambara-nut-meal-as-replacement-for-groundnut-cake-in-a-semi-arid-zone-of-nigeria/ Usman Y., Husa H., Yusuf S. Z., Bukar B. S., Dunya A. M. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-101202023-BloodAnalysis.pdf East OKU Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, is a region that has great potential in the agriculture and plantation sectors. Utilization of swamps and tidal swamps is used as an alternative to increasing agricultural yields despite extreme changes in river water flow downstream during the dry season. This study aims to analyze the magnitude of the potential discharge mainstay, and the influence of the magnitude of the flow of the Komering river flow to the availability of water and the availability of optimum discharge in the Lebak Semendawai irrigation area. The total area of 1,218.83 hectares of rice fields, 374.9 hectares is a shallow swamp. Based on rainfall data for the last ten years, it shows that the potential for discharge is 2.67 m3 /sec, while the required water needs is 2.16 m3/sec. (excess water is 0.51 m3/sec). The results of the analysis show that the planned cropping patterns that can be applied are Paddy - Paddy – Secondary Crop. The Komering river water discharge which affected the first cropping rice planting pattern was 62.877 m3/sec, the second rice planting period was 43.41 m3/sec and during the cropping period the water demand could be fulfilled, if it was achieved through pump system with a capacity 1,657.6 liters/sec because the water level of the river from June to November are under the baseline elevation of floodgate on retrieval buildings. Water requirements for the entire irrigation network system in the Lebak Semendawai marsh swamp are 37.22 m3/sec. http://ijeab.com/detail/optimizing-the-irrigation-water-needs-of-lebak-semendawai-swamp-in-increasing-agricultural-production/ Dinar DA Putranto, Sarino, Agus Yuono, Agus Karsa Yudha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-101202028-Optimizing.pdf This study was on Economic of Cashew nut processing in Benue State, Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used to select one-hundred and twenty-five Respondents. Primary data were used, and collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages and mean scores were used; Gross margin analysis was used to analyze cost and returns while linear regression was used to analyse factors influencing cashew processing in the study area. Findings revealed that the mean age of the processors was about 33years, most (60.8%) were females, 49.6% were married and nearly all the respondents had formal education. The mean household size was 5 persons. Mean processing experience was 8 years. Research revealed that cashew processing is profitable in the study area. The cost of labour, cost of purchasing and cost of firewood were found to significantly influenced cashew processing in the study area. It was therefore recommended that government agencies and non-governmental organization should provide inputs resources needed by processors, processors should formed cooperative to access credit inputs, male folks were advised to participate in cashew nut processing as it profitable and processors should seek assistance from the government so as to enable them purchase processing machine. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-economics-of-processing-cashew-products-in-benue-state-nigeria/ Ogah Odey Moses, Ogebe Francis Ozoko, Ukpur Sandra http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-101202018-TheEconomics.pdf The research aims to see the variability value, heritability and genetic progress of the F2 maize population which is the result of crossing BSM0729S3-A with BAP27799-1. The final goal of this research series is to assemble high yielding composite maize. The study was conducted from April to July 2019 on the community fields, Nagari Sitiung, Sitiung District, Dharmasraya District, West Sumatra. The material used was maize seed population F2 (the result of crossing BSM0729S3-A with BAP27799-1) and the two elders were BSM0729S3-A and BAP27799-1. The observed variables were plant height, age of anthesis, age of hair appearing, cob weight without maize husk, cob length, cob diameter, and seed weight per cob. The results of the analysis of the variability values showed that all the observed variables had a wide variability, whereas based on the results of the analysis of the heritability values showed that (except for the length of the cob) all the observed variables had high heritability values. Based on the results of the analysis of the genetic progress value, the plant height variable, the cob weight without maize husk, the diameter of the cob, and the weight of the cobs of seed have a high genetic progress value, the anthesis age variable and the age of hair appearing have a high genetic progress value, while the length of the cob variable has a value low genetic progress. It can be concluded that the selection activities in the F2 population to get high-yielding maize seeds can be carried out effectively and efficiently. http://ijeab.com/detail/variability-heritability-and-genetic-progress-of-maize-population-f2-as-a-result-of-crossing-bsm0729s3-a-with-bap-27799-1/ Supawi, Irfan Suliansyah, Aprizal Zainal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-101202029-Variability.pdf To understand, the parameters in wheat which can be used as criteria for drought tolerance, the present investigation was carried out on eight genotypes to an optimum dose of Polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) for water stress tolerance at germination and seedling stage. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics with three replications under completely Randomized Design,7 different concentration of Polyethylene glycol that were 0, 6%, 8%, 10%,12%, 14% 16% and 18% used in this experiment which were prepared according to weight by volume method. There was a significant reduction in seedling parameters with an increasing concentration of Polyethylene glycol. Based upon the vigor index low treatment of polyethylene glycol decreased the seedling parameters to a lesser extent than high concentration. The maximum difference in all seedling parameters was observed at 14% but as the concentration of polyethylene glycol increased (16% and 18%) there was a greater reduction in the root, shoot length and vigor index as compared to 14% of Polyethylene glycol which had an intermediate effect on seedling parameters. Identifying the drought-tolerant wheat genotypes during the seedling stage by in-vitro screening is a physiological approach which assists breeder for rapid selection of genotypes. Highlights • Reduction in seedling parameters with increasing concentration of Polyethylene glycol • Water stress-tolerant landraces have maximum vigor index • For in-vitro screening, the moderate concentration of Polyethylene glycol should be used http://ijeab.com/detail/in-vitro-screening-of-iranian-landraces-triticumaestivum-l-at-the-seedling-stage-for-water-stress-tolerance-using-polyethylene-glycol-peg-6000/ Amandeep Kaur, Rashpal Singh Sarlach http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-101202032-In-vitro.pdf Weeds are one of several factors that cause decreased shallot production. Weed control is needed to increase production. The experiments to study the effect of weed control on the growth and yield of shallot had been conducted from June 2019 to September 2019 at Kepuharjo Village in Karangploso Sub- District, Malang Regency. The experiment used a randomized block design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The results showed that for treatment of weed-free, weeding at 15, 30 and 45 DAP (Days after planting), application of oxyfluorfen herbicides at a dose of 1.5 l /ha + weeding at 30 DAP, silver black plastic mulch + weeding at 30 DAP and straw mulch rice + weeding at 30 DAP the dry weight of weed significantly decreased. The growth and yield of shallot showed significantly higher with weed free treatment followed by weeding 15, 30 and 45 DAP, application of oxyfluorfen herbicide at a dose of 1.5 l/ ha + weeding at 30 DAP, silver black plastic mulch + weeding at 30 DAP and rice straw mulch + weeding at 30 DAP treatments. The growth and yield of shallot showed significantly lower with the treatment of without weed control compared with the other weed control treatments. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-effect-of-weed-control-on-the-growth-and-yield-of-shallot-allium-ascalonicum-l/ Husni Thamrin Sebayang, Pebrio Adi Prasetyo http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-10220201-TheEffect.pdf Upland rice production in Central Uganda is mainly done by small scale farmers for both food security and income generation. However, they are faced with a number of challenges including drudgery, birds that eat the crop, erratic weather and limited land holdings. Due to the inadequate land available to them, upland rice has to compete with other food crops for land for cultivation. Thus, apart from the conventional mono-crop, alternative cropping systems that enable them to grow rice while simultaneously benefiting from other major food crops are quite desirable to them. This study was conducted to identify suitable upland rice-based intercropping alternatives to enable upland rice farmers to benefit from intercropping. Three experiments were conducted for two consecutive seasons on rice-beans, rice-groundnuts and rice-maize intercrops, each as a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates. Treatments for the rice-beans experiment included sole rice, sole beans, intercrop 1(rice:beans in ratio 3:2), intercrop 2 (rice:beans in ratio 4:2) and intercrop 3 (rice:beans in ratio 4:3). The same was done for experiments on the other two intercrops. Data were collected on plant height, tiller number, grain yield of rice and yield of the three intercrops at harvest. Results indicated that intercropping rice with the three crops leads to more yield benefits as observed from the land equivalent ratios (LERs) obtained (average 1.5).The best intercrop with better yields and higher LERs was intercrop 3 for the rice-legume mixtures and rice-based intercrop 1 for the rice-maize mixture. http://ijeab.com/detail/productivity-optimization-in-rice-based-intercropping-systems-of-central-uganda/ Immaculate Mugisa, Benard Fungo, Stella Kabiri, Godfrey Sseruwu, Ruth Kabanyoro http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-10220203-Productivity.pdf Bioremediation employing the action of microbes alone has been shown to be inadequate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sewage sludge (SS) in enhancing bioremediation of diesel oil-polluted soil. Diesel oil was introduced into the soil at the concentration of 10 % (v/w) and mixed with 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w) of sewage sludge. The remediation of the oil was determined gravimetrically using n-hexane as extractant. Effectiveness of the remediation strategy was assessed by the seed germination toxicity test. At the end of forty-two days, 32.22 % oil loss was recorded in the unamended polluted soil while 58.33% oil loss was recorded in the soil amended with sewage sludge. Hydrocarbon- utilizing bacteria (HUB) counts were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in the sewage sludge-amended options, ranging from 5.3 ±0.9 x 106 to 12.3±0.75 × 106CFU/g soil, as compared to the unamended control soil which gave 1.0 × 106- 3.8 × 106CFU/g of soil. The hydrocarbon- utilizing bacteria isolated from both the control and amended soils were identified tentatively as Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas putida, Micrococcus varians, Corynebacterium sp, Acinetobacter sp and Bacillus licheniformis based on their cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The fungal counts in the SS-amendment options were also higher than was recorded in the control option ranging from 3.8x 105 ± 0.2 to 11.6x 105 ±0.25.Aerobic fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp, Cladosporiumsp and Penicilliumsp. The highest oil loss and germination indices were recorded in SS-amended options. There was a significant difference (P≤0.05) in oil loss and germination index between the unamended control soil and amended soil. http://ijeab.com/detail/selling-points-of-sewage-sludge-as-an-enhancing-agent-of-bioremediation-of-diesel-oil-polluted-soil/ Kingsley Tochukwu Ughamba, Nnabueze Darlington Nnaji, Kenneth Ejike Ogbonna, Chukwudi Anyanwu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-10220205-SellingPoints.pdf In this study, L-arginine (Arg) effects on the seedling growth (fresh weight, radicle length and radicle number), seed germination, mitotic activity, chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus frequency in Allium cepa L. germinated in both salt stress and normal conditions were investigated. In only Arg medium, the radicle number of the seeds was partially reduced compared to the control seeds germinated in the distilled water medium, the fresh weight, radicle length and germination percentage indicated statistically the same values as the control. Besides, the mitotic index in the root tip meristems of A. cepa seeds germinated in the Arg medium alone showed a decrease compared to the control seeds germinated in the distilled water medium, whereas the chromosomal aberrations exhibited a significant increase compared to the control. Moreover, the micronucleus formation increased compared to the control. On the other hand, salt stress significantly inhibited the seedling growth and seed germination of A. cepa. In addition, it significantly reduced the mitotic index in the root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal abnormalities and micronucleus frequency, which is the simplest indicator and the most effective of cytological damage. Nonetheless, the inhibitive effect of salt on the micronucleus formation, mitotic activity, seedling growth, seed germination and chromosomal aberrations significantly decreased with the application of L-arginine. http://ijeab.com/detail/effects-of-l-arginine-on-some-cytogenetical-and-physiological-parameters-of-allium-cepa-l-seeds-exposed-to-salinity/ Dilek ÇavuÅŸoÄŸlu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJEAB-102202013-Effectsof.pdf Rice is the main food crop of the Indonesian population, mostly planted in paddy fields. The speed of population growth is not balanced with a decrease in rice production that occurs due to a decrease in harvested area. This research aims to determine the interaction between distance planting in the jarwo planting system on the growth and yields of lowland rice (oryza sativa). This research was conducted in December 2018 until March 2019 in Andalas Makmur, Parak Karakah, Kuranji District, Padang. The method used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 2 factors governing spacing, consisting of 3 levels, namely J1: Distance planting (20 x 25) cm², J2: Planting distance (25x 25) cm², J3: Planting distance (30 x 25) cm², The second factor of the jarwo planting system consists of 4 levels, namely L1: Jajarlegowo 2: 1, L2 : Jajarlegowo 3: 1 A, L3: Jajarlegowo 3: 1 B, L4: Jajarlegowo 4: 1. In this experiment there were 12 combinations. Each combination consists of 3 groups. The observational data were statistically analyzed by the F test and if the F test count was greater than the F table of 5%, then continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the 5% significance level. The results showed that there was no interaction between planting distances in various jarwo planting systems on growth and yields of paddy (oryza sativa). http://ijeab.com/detail/strategy-for-development-of-rice-sawah-culture-planting-in-jarwo-plants-with-various-modification-of-plant-distance/ Utami Paulina, Auzar Syarif, Aswaldi Anwar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJEAB-102202014-Strategy.pdf It is believable that supplemental essential fatty acids can change the fatty Acid (FA) composition in the milk. Feeding flaxseed to dairy animals improves milk production and milk quality, resulting in healthier milk for consumer. So, the objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of ascending levels of flaxseed in Damascus goat's ration on performance and milk composition. Twenty-four of lactating Damascus goats (39.60 ±0.50 kg weight and 2-3 years old) were divided into three groups (randomly, eight animals each). The basic diet of control group (T1) consisted of 56.67% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and 33.33% alfalfa hay and supplemented with 10% full fat soya, while the other groups were supplemented with 5% flaxseed + 5% full fat soya (T2) and 10% flaxseed (T3), respectively. Inclusion of higher level of flaxseed (10%) in goat’s ration increases dry matter intake (DMI) with the positive effect on digestibility of most nutrients. In addition, rumen fermentation was affected with increased fat supply where levels of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA’s) and ammonia-N (NH3-N) are increased with reduced rumen pH values in animals fed on T3. In this study, significant increase of blood plasma total protein, globulin, albumin, urea and high-density lipoprotein concentration, whereas significant decrease of triglycerides, cholesterol and Low-density lipoprotein concentration in response to higher supplemental fat than T1 and T2. Goats supplemented with higher level of flaxseed recorded higher body weight, milk yield and fat corrected milk (FCM) yield, milk fat, protein and total solid content than the other groups (T1 and T2). In conclusion, higher flaxseed supply in dairy Damascus goat's diets resulted in improved total tract digestibility, feed efficiency and rumen fermentation parameters and milk production, milk composition while reduced blood lipids. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-dietary-incremental-levels-of-flaxseed-supplementation-on-productive-performance-of-lactating-damascus-goats/ Meteab M. I, El-Sayed H. M., Abeer.M. EL-Essawy, Nassar M.S., El-Bordeny N. E. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJEAB-10220208-Effectof.pdf In recent years, rice crop intensification, which has put a lot of pressure and led to a great change in soil resources and its distribution. In Haugiang province of Vietnam, under different land uses, the previous soil map (2008) has changed and out of date. The research aims to update the soil map of the province under different land uses. The collection of 175 soil profile description data, and 51 soil analysis profiles. Soil classification was followed WRB 2006. The results showed that two major soil groups were found, in which four diagnostic horizons (Mollic, Umbric, Plinthic, and Sulfuric); one diagnostic property (Gleyic); and one diagnostic material (Sulfidic) were identified, and 15 soil types were classified. The Gleysols soil group have 14 soil types (hamoGL, hamoGL(hu), monplGL), (moGL(ptip), moGL(ntip), moGL(dtip), (umGL(ptio), huGL(ptio), umpplGL(ntio), umGL(ntio), huGL(ntio), umGL(dtio), (mowsGL(ntip), umwsGL(ntio)) total area of 9,551.32 ha, accounting for 59.34%; while Anthrosols soil group have one soil type (RGah) area of 66,252.91 ha, accounting for 40.66%. Soil map of the province was updated according to WRB 2006, which pineapple, sugarcane crops have a high tolerance of acidity and fruit crops are mainly on Anthrosol soil group, where acid sulfate soils, low in soil pH and base saturation, are dominated. While rice cultivation is dominated on most of Gleysols soil groups, including alluvial and acid sulfate soils. The acid sulfate soils of the study area have low pH, high acidity, high Al content, and low base saturation, in which crops need high tolerance of low pH such as pineapple, sugarcane, fruit crops, but most of the crops should grow on a raised bed for easy to leach soil acidity and toxicity. http://ijeab.com/detail/major-land-uses-on-acid-sulfate-soils-of-hau-giang-province-vietnam/ Vo Quang Minh, Pham Thanh VÅ©, Le Van Khoa, Thai Thanh Du, Le Quang Tri, Tran Van Dung http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJEAB-102202016-MajorLand.pdf The effects of proline on the seed germination, seedling growth (radicle lenght, radicle number and fresh weight), mitotic index, micronucleus frequency and chromosome aberrations of Allium cepa L. germinated under saline conditions were examined in this study. Salt stress markedly inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa L. Moreover, it reduced the mitotic index in the root-meristem cells of the seeds and fairly increased the number of chromosome aberrations and micronucleus frequency which is the simplest indicator, the most effective of cytological damage. On the other, the inhibitive effect of salt stress on the seed germination, fresh weight and mitotic index was significantly decreased with proline application. However, this amino acid was ineffective in reducing of salt damage on the radicle lenght, radicle number, micronucleus frequency and chromosome aberrations. http://ijeab.com/detail/functions-of-exogenously-proline-against-negative-effects-of-salt-stress-in-onion-allium-cepa-l/ Dilek ÇavuÅŸoÄŸlu, KürÅŸat ÇavuÅŸoÄŸlu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJEAB-102202019-Functionsof.pdf This study includes isolation of oil producing algae (Anabaena, Nostoc. Spirulina, Diatom, Volvox, Spirogyra) and subjecting the mixture of algae to the sun dried pulp extract of Tamarindusindica to observe inhibitory effect of secondary metabolites on algal growth. The comparative analysis of inhibiting efficiency was done between the extracts of Tamarindusindica and Azadirachtaindica which proved that the secondary metabolites of Azadirachtaindica are more efficient than the secondary metabolites of Tamarindusindicain inhibiting the growth of algae. 100% and 75% concentration of the crude extracts were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect. Contamination from bacteria and fungi was prevented by maintaining the pH at 8.5. The extract of the sun dried pulp of Tamarindusindica showed inhibitory activity against the above mentioned species of algae. http://ijeab.com/detail/algal-inhibitory-efficiency-of-secondary-metabolites-of-tamarindusindica-and-azadirachtaindica-a-comparative-pilot-scale-study/ Mathews P Raj, Anitha A Abraham, Kasturi Banerjee, Mainak Chakrabarty, Lakshmi Sagar K http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJEAB-102202020-Algal.pdf The physiochemical properties of sediment and water samples from four surface waters in Anambra State were investigated and their seasonal variations compared. These Physicochemical properties include; temperature, pH , conductivity, colour, total suspended solids, total solids or residues ,total dissolved solids, alkalinity, carbondioxide, total hardness, chloride, Nitrate and Sulphate. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to determine the mineral elements of the sediment and water. A total number of 24 samples; 3 samples per sampling station (an average of 8 samples) were examined in this study. The average high iron and zinc content ranged from 6.4-52.55 and 0.70-10.7 respectively, which were greater than the World Health Organization permissible range for drinking water. Other physiochemical seasonal differences observed fell within recommended ranges. Many physicochemical properties (Temperature, Conductivity, TSS, TS, Zn, Cu, Fe) of the sampling stations of the water and sediment increased within the rainy season. This showed that increased rainfall, subsequent soil erosion and surface runoff during the rainy season increased the concentration of ions in surface waters. The‘t’ test analysis showed a significant difference between the average alkalinity values of the rainy and dry season of the water and sediment. http://ijeab.com/detail/physicochemical-analysis-and-seasonal-variations-of-sediment-and-water-samples-from-selected-surface-waters-in-anambra-state-nigeria/ Okaa A .I, Ogu C.T http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJEAB-102202015-Physicochemical.pdf Sugarcane straw (SS) was used in an economic biosystem to evaluate the production of xylanases and cellulases in submerged fermentation (SmF) by axenic and mixed mode from Trichoderma and Aspergillus species. T. reesei QM9414 axenic culture reached the highest xylanase production (90.2 U/mL) and 0.5 FPU/mL of cellulase activity. The evaluation of agro-industrial residues on fibrolytic enzymes production was performed by a D-optimal design, and revealed the best supplementation of 100% SS, while wheat bran and citric pulp showed lower inductive effects on enzymes production. Also, the scale-up in a stirred tank showed the same yield production profile (xylanase ~ 90 U/mL and celullase 0.6 FPU/mL). Xylanase was characterized by an optimum pH of 5-6 and temperature at 50 ºC, and thermal stability was below 50 ºC. The ion Mn2+ (5 and 10 mM) had a stimulatory effect on xylanase activity. The biobleaching application showed that 30 U/g of xylanases during 15 min decreased Kappa number in 9.37. These results indicate SS as an alternative substrate for fungi fibrolytic enzymes production and the xylanase with low cellulase extract as a potential biobleaching application. http://ijeab.com/detail/xylanases-and-cellulases-biosynthesis-by-selected-fungi-in-a-simple-and-economic-bio-system-using-sugarcane-straw/ Tania Sila Campioni, Ana Flávia de Azevedo Carvalho, Franciane Cristina de Figueiredo, Douglas Fernandes da Silva, Pedro de Oliva Neto. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJEAB-102202012-Xylanases.pdf This study investigated the Utilization of Instructional Materials in Teaching Chemistry in Senior Secondary Schools in Katsina metropolis. The study was conducted with three research objectives, three research questions and three null hypotheses. The study adopted survey research design and used questionnaire and checklist as instrument for data collection. The sample for the study was arrived at using random sampling technique, hence the total of twenty four (24) chemistry teachers and three hundred and seventy (370) students were used as research sample. The analysis of the data collected was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings among others shows that: there is no significant difference in the availability of instructional materials for teaching chemistry in senior secondary schools in Katsina metropolis as the observed p value 0.310 is greater than the alpha value (p=0.310>0.05), and that there is a significant difference in the utilization of instructional materials in teaching chemistry in senior secondary schools in Katsina metropolis as the observed p value 0.027 is less than the alpha value (p=0.027 http://ijeab.com/detail/utilization-of-instructional-materials-in-teaching-chemistry-in-senior-secondary-schools-in-katsina-metropolis/ Yazid Rumah Lawal, Abdulmumin Abdulsalam Rumah, Jamilu Amadi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJEAB-10320202-Utilizationof.pdf