http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us April 2020 Sri Lanka is a rich treasurable land of traditional rice cultivation and rice is the primary staple food in Sri Lanka. There are many unpopular rice varieties which have been derived from traditional rice varieties and their nutritional values are under investigation. One such novelSri Lankan red pericarp rice variety known as Gurupiya is focused on this study. Agronomic characters of novel rice variety was evaluated according to IRRI 1998. Standard methods of AOAC nutritional guidelines were used to obtain the proximate composition of Gurupiya rice variety (GPRV). AOCS methods were used to analyze oil profile. Fatty acid profile was determined by using GCMS. The results showed that crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and carbohydrate contents were12.0±0.1 %, 1.5±0.1 %, 2.6±0.4 %, 75.9±0.1 % respectively. Calorie content was 375.0 kcal/100g. According to the results, GPRV have high Zn content (4.82 mg/100 g). Fatty acid composition of the GPRV revealed that more than half of the total fatty acids were made up of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) which are considered as important for good health. Results showed that iodine value (IV), acid value (AV), saponification value (SV) and peroxide value (PV) of GPRV were 72.1 ± 3.5 g I2/100 g, 21.4 ± 2.7 mg KOH/g, 202.13 ± 2.5 mg KOH/g and 18.6± 1.1 meq O2/kg, respectively. The results reveal that novel GPRV shows high nutritional values than that of reported for the improved rice varieties. Therefore, consumption of GPRV will aid in the improvement of health condition. http://ijeab.com/detail/agronomic-characters-and-chemical-composition-of-sri-lankan-novel-red-pericarp-rice-oryza-sativa-l-variety/ Pitipana Achchige Nadini Thushara, Pahan Indika Godakumbura, M. A. B Prashantha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-10220204-Agronomic.pdf The market gardening areas of Kodeni and Dogona are among the main market gardening sites in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). On these vegetable perimeters, the forms of water mobilization for irrigation are essentially wells for the Kodeni site and wastewater from sewers for Dogona. In order to assess the physico-chemical quality and the level of cadmium and lead contamination in these waters, samples were taken at different points on each site and outside the site. The method used is based on the sampling of water in 0.5 liter polyethylene bottles, previously rinsed twice with the sample to be taken. The first samples are used to rinse the bottles and perform physical field analyzes which are pH, electrical conductivity (CE), temperature, salinity, turbidity and total dissolved solids (TDS). Each sample was acidified with pure analytical concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) (0.5 cm3 in 0.5 liters of water) which was used to determine the metals. Physico-chemical analyzes and the level of cadmium and lead contamination were carried out. The results of these analyzes were processed using hydrochemical techniques (Piper diagram). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has also been used to highlight the phenomena of mineralization of water in these market gardening areas. The results obtained show that these irrigation waters are acidic at the Kodeni site (pH = 5.49) and basic for the Dogona site (pH = 7.95). They are weakly mineralized at the Kodeni site with an average conductivity of 52.56 4µS/ cm and strongly mineralized at the market garden area of Dogona with an average conductivity of 508.4 4µS / cm. The cadmium and lead contents are sometimes higher than those recommended by the WHO (0.01 mg/ L for cadmium and 0.003 mg/ L for lead). The chemical facies give sodium calcium water. The value of the sodium absorption ratio (11.85) of the water at the Dogona site and that of the pH (5.49) at the Kodeni site show that the irrigation water is chemically unsuitable for agricultural use during the dry season. http://ijeab.com/detail/study-of-physicochemical-parameters-and-level-of-cadmium-and-lead-contamination-in-irrigation-water-in-market-garden-areas-in-west-burkina-faso/ Issaka SENOU, Mamadou NIMI, Souleymane SANOGO, Hassan B.NACRO, Antoine N. SOME http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-102202018-Studyof.pdf Background: Several pesticides are currently available on the US market and used on different crops that enter into the human food chain or are used in consumer products, such as food and cigarettes. Some of these pesticides are classified as toxic or carcinogenic to humans. Additionally, little is known about the combined effects of concurrent exposure events. Hence, it is of paramount importance to develop ways to estimate the cumulative, i.e. multi-chemical, exposure to these substances. This study presents a novel approach to estimate the cumulative exposure of the US population to pesticide residues via two routes, foods and tobacco. Methods: Cumulative dietary exposure assessment was run using CARES NG® cloud-based software. Calculations were based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) consumption surveys and incorporated the residue monitoring data from the Pesticide Data Program (PDP) database. A two-box model and smoking habits recorded in the NHANES survey were used to calculate the exposure to pesticide residues from smoking cigarettes. Results: The results of both models were combined to estimate the total aggregate and cumulative exposure. The outcomes show that although the exposure levels are well below the regulatory limits, the exposure among children is higher than among adult smokers on the 99th percentile level. Moreover, the exposure in the adult population is twice as high for smokers than non-smokers. Among the studied pesticides, chlorpyrifos is the pesticide with the highest exposure levels. Conclusions: The model described in this manuscript provides a new general framework, that can be used to assess the impact of a new pesticide on the population in a broader spectrum than the models typically used for such purpose. To our knowledge, it is the first model that combines the estimation of the pesticide exposure from the diet and smoking cigarettes. http://ijeab.com/detail/probabilistic-modelling-of-exposure-to-pesticide-residues-in-foods-and-tobacco/ Lukyn M. Gedge, Iwona Hawryluk, Mary G. Skelly, Giulia Vilone http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-10220202-Probabilistic.pdf Spiders belonging to Order Araneae are the largest order in the Class Arachnida and aid in natural pest control. This study focuses on the diversity of spiders in Lalbagh Botanical Garden and Tavarekere Park in Bangalore, Karnataka. The survey was conducted at the respective locations from June to December 2019 which is a period of seven months by using methods like point observation and random sampling using trails. During the study, a total of 21 species belonging to 16 genera and 10 families were documented. Family Salticidea was found to have 6 numbers of species which is the highest as compared to the other families. The statistical analyses and diversity indices were calculated for each study sites. These types of surveys are important for the study of the prevalence of the spider population in given habitats and to create a biodiversity database of spider fauna at the respective study site. http://ijeab.com/detail/study-on-the-diversity-of-spiders-order-araneae-of-lalbagh-botanical-garden-and-tavarekere-park-bangalore-south/ Selifa Fernandes, Ganesh S. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-102202021-Studyonthe.pdf In this work it is proposed an analysis of the conservation status of Italian autochthonous domestic pigeon breeds. As like as other domestic species, the domestic pigeon is undergoing a rapid decline. In Italy the pigeon breeding is an ancient practice anterior to the Roman period. Actually we have 11 autochthonous breeds, here described in their mainly characteristics, and for everyone is proposed the population size and the perspective of conservation for the future. An important and fundamental impulse to the conservation of these breeds has been given by the Italian Pigeon Breeders Federation – FIAC and its numerous members, which have preserved the biodiversity heritage of the domestic pigeon in Italy. Of the Italian autochthonous breeds, only three are considered not at risk, while the other are in the range size for the breeds considered threatened. Two breeds, the Rondone frill and the Parma Occhialone pigeon are now present with numbers that classify them in the "critical" category. For the Rondone frill a numerical increase program is being developed, for the Parma Occhialone pigeon the FIAC has activated a recovery and diffusion program. To guarantee a future for biodiversity of this interesting domestic species in Italy, will be necessary to encourage the breeding of these Italian autochthonous domestic pigeons. http://ijeab.com/detail/conservation-of-italian-autochthonous-domestic-pigeon-breeds/ Antonio Pizzuti Piccoli http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-10320205-Conservation.pdf The potential of potato skin (PS) to enhance bioremediation of soil polluted with used motor oil was investigated gravimetrically for a period of 42 days. Polluted soil was amended with 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w) of PS. Loss of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), microbial growth and germination indices were all investigated throughout the study period. At the end of 42 days, there was significant oil loss of 73.85% in the amended soil. Hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial (HUB) counts were significantly higher(P≤0.05) in the amended option ranging from 6.7 x 106 to 22.3 x 106CFU/g. The HUB isolated from the oil-contaminated soil were identified tentatively as belonging to the genera: Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Rhodococcus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter. Similarly, fungal counts ranged from 4.8 x 105 to 59.0 x 105 CFU/g. Aerobic fungi isolated were identified tentatively as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp., Pennicillum sp., Phialophora sp., Cladosporium sp. and Verticillum sp. Germination index of 69.46% was recorded in the amended option. Oil loss and microbial growth were significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in the amended option than the control option. Potato skin, therefore can offer a good alternative in bioremediation of soil polluted with used motor oil. http://ijeab.com/detail/potato-skin-a-potential-bio-stimulating-agent-for-used-motor-oil-bio-degraders/ Nnabueze Darlington Nnaji, Kingsley Tochukwu Ughamba, Chiugo Claret Aduba, Kenneth Ejike Ogbonna, Chukwudi Uzoma Anyanwu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-10320203-PotatoSkin.pdf Energy is an important requirement for population growth, technological progress and urbanisation. Worldwide energy demand has been projected to increase 5-fold by 2100. Fulfilment of these energy requirements cannot be solely reliant on fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas, on account of their adverse environmental impacts and concomitant depletion of natural resources. As a result multiple approaches for generating alternative energy are being explored globally.In this review paper, focused on the viability of waste especially MSW being a source for bioenergy products such as methane gas, bio-enzyme, biofuel and bio-fertiliser production. This review also focuses on the environmental impacts of MSW, the effect of MSW pre-treatments and properties (physical and chemical) on bioenergy products production. http://ijeab.com/detail/viability-of-municipal-solid-waste-as-a-source-for-bioenergy-products-production/ Jwan J Abdullah, Darren Greetham, Chenyu Du, Gregory A. Tucker http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10320208-Viability.pdf Cosmetics still retain their attractive use and brilliant effects, however public concern about their toxicity has become a topic of debate. Trace amounts of toxic heavy metals can be either intentionally added to cosmetics or present as impurities in the raw materials. The present study reports the content of five heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in six brands of lipstick products sold at various markets in Makurdi metropolis of Benue State, Nigeria using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Pb in the samples ranged from http://ijeab.com/detail/heavy-metals-in-some-lipstick-products-marketed-in-makurdi-metropolis-benue-state-nigeria/ Oklo A. D., Enenche D. E., Mary - Ann Msoo Aondoakaa http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-10220207-Heavy.pdf Entrepreneurship on a small scale is the only solution to the problems of unemployment and proper utilization of both human and non-human resources and improving the leaving conditions of the poor masses. Therefore, Utilization of entrepreneurial information among rural women farmers in Akinyele Local Government Area Oyo State was investigated. 200 respondents with the aid of well structured questionnaire were selected through Multi-stage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentage and means and PPMC at 0.05% level of significance. The result of analysis revealed that most 45.5% of respondents are in their active age, married with majority (41.5%) had farming experience between 16 years and above. Also, utilization of entrepreneurial information among women farmers is high. However, Securing working capital, lack of transportation, lack of information and delay of payment, high cost of labor and high cost of inputs are major constraints faced by rural women farmers in the study area. PPMC Analysis reveals that there is significant relationship between constraints faced by rural women farmers and utilization of entrepreneurial information (r-value =0.365and p- valve = 0.000).It is therefore recommended that Rural women farmers should be introduced to the internet, in order to get more information on entrepreneurship. And also, various tiers of government should create programs that will catalyze entrepreneurial development with the aid entrepreneur information (with special focus for women) in the rural areas. http://ijeab.com/detail/utilization-of-entrepreneurial-information-among-rural-women-farmers-in-akinyele-local-government-area-oyo-state/ Ogunwale O.G., Ojo-Fakuade F.F., Oyewole O.O., Olayemi O.O., Babatunde R.O http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-10320206-Utilization.pdf The present work aimed at evaluating adequacy of adding different non-enzymatic additives; i.e. vitamins E and C, in to semen diluent on physical and morphological characteristics as well as oxidative status of ram semen stored at 4oC. Ejaculates (n=80) were collected from Five sexually mature Barki rams during the period from January to April. After initial evaluation, each adequate raw ejaculate was diluted (1:10) with Tris-citrate egg yolk extender. Each diluted ejaculate was further split into seven aliquots to evaluate addition of three levels of either ascorbic acid or alpha tocopherol (0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mM for each treatment) against control (untreated) specimens for their ability to maintain sperm viability criteria over 48 hr (T0 and T48) of chilled storage at 4 oC.The changes in seminal plasma oxidative status indices as well as enzymatic activates were also determined throughout the period of cooled storage.The results showed that addition of adequate concentrations of ascorbic acid (0.1 mM) or α-tocopherol (0.3 mM) to semen diluent can reduce (P http://ijeab.com/detail/evaluating-the-effect-of-adding-vitamins-e-c-to-the-extender-for-barki-ram-semen-by-cooling/ Hisham A. Shedeed http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-103202015-Evaluating.pdf The impact of the combination of plant (Tithonia diversifolia) (Td) plus cow dung (Cd) as biofertilizer and aqueous extract of Callistemon citrinus (CAL) leaves as biofungicide on physicochemical properties, and the microbial biomass in carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) of soil and on tomato yield were assessed under field condition. The experimental design was a complete block design with 2 factors (soil amendment and plant sprays) and 3 repetitions. The soil treatment included organic amendment (OA): Td + Cd at the ratio of 3:4 (w/w)/plant; inorganic amendment (IA): 21:8:8 NPK (26.2g/plant) and potassium sulfate (4g/plant); and control (unamended soil). The field treatments were plants sprayed with: 5% (w/v) CAL; 5% (w/v) Mancozeb (M); and water (W). All amendments except IA did not significantly modify the soil organic matter (˂2.4mg.kg-1) and organic carbon content. An increase of 23.15% and 30.60% of calcium concentration and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) respectively, was recorded in OA soil compared to the soil before cultivation (SBC) (P˂0.05). Copper and zinc contents in OA soil were reduced respectively by 49% and 48.5% compared to SBC. The highest concentration of MBC was recorded in OA.M plot. The different combine treatments (OA.CAL, IA.M, and OA.M) increased tomato yield by 3.4; 3; and 5.3 fold, respectively compared to their controls. This study provided new information about the organic amendment on soil and plant sprayed with C. citrinus extract as a green alternative to conventional input that might improve soil quality and crop yield. http://ijeab.com/detail/organic-treatment-effects-on-ferritic-soil-quality-and-tomato-lycopersicon-esculentum-mill-yield/ Ghislaine Ndonkeu Mangoumou, Julienne Nguefack, Joseph Blaise Dongmo Lekagne, Charles Dakole Daboy, Jean Claude Nguepsi, Paul Moundipa Fewou http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-10420205-Organic.pdf This study investigated the performance and cost implication of raising broiler chickens under different housing systems. Three (3) different rearing systems namely; deep litter, colony cage and fold unit housing systems were used for this study. A total number of one hundred and thirty (130), four (4) weeks old Abor-acre strain of broiler chickens were procured out of which, one hundred and twenty (120) were randomly distributed into three (3) treatments of four (4) replicates, ten (10) started chicks per replicates in a Completely Randomized Design and the weight of each replicate was balanced (±1g). The birds were fed formulated broiler finisher diets and water ad–libitum throughout the experimental period. At the end of the experimental period, the birds were starved overnight and weighed in the morning. Two (2) birds per replicates were slaughtered and blood collected for haematological studies. Carcass and organ parameters were recorded, while cost analysis was done using excel. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS version 17 package. Results from the study revealed highest final weight, highest weight gain, highest eviscerated weight, lowest feed intake (2388.00 ± 1.44g, 1716.25 ± 0.32g, 1890.00 ± 27.00g, 3475.75 ± 36.57g, respectively) and best feed conversion ratio (2.03 ± 0.07) were recorded in birds on fold unit system. All the organs measured were significantly (P0.05) influenced by the housing systems. Among all the bacteria isolated; streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella spp., Enterobacter aerogenes and Seratia marcesces were significantly (P http://ijeab.com/detail/performance-health-status-and-cost-implications-of-raising-broiler-chickens-under-different-housing-systems/ Adegbenro Muyiwa, Sulaimon Eniola Hamid, Faluyi Oyetayo Bolanle, Adepo Temitayo Oluranti, Igbasan Francis Adegbaye http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-103202016-Performance.pdf In our research, we studied the bacteriological quality of citrus fruits. Thus, the bacterial microflora associated with citrus fruit is quite varied and diverse. It is usually a saprophyte flora easily be destroyed by moist heat. This plant belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Micrococcaceae and Bacilaceae. This contamination is often untreated manure, organic fertilizer from a bad composting, irrigation water not clean. The hands of workers who come into contact with fruit are also a potential source of contamination across the production system of the juice, ie at all these stages: growing, harvesting, processing, packaging and transportation. This contamination is usually faecal origin toilet (hands of workers contaminated by fecal matter). The presence of E. Coli and Streptococcus feacalis is evidence of such contamination. Indeed, the presence of these bacteria indicates that other pathogens present in the feces of sick individuals or healthy carriers may be present (Salmonella, Vibrio, Clostridia...) what constitutes a risk of contamination of the entire production. Among the most dangerous pathogens that can be seen quite often on the fruit, quoting E. coli O157: H7, Salmonella spp.... Colereae Vibrio, which are Gram negative, the wall, composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is an endotoxin. The ingestion of endotoxin causes a water leak at the level of the enterocytes (cells of the intestine) and consequently dehydration of the individual addict. http://ijeab.com/detail/bacteriological-quality-of-citrus-fruits-morocco/ Khaled Attrassi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-103202017-Bacteriological.pdf Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a plant prefetch queue of five seasonal vegetables that are much in demand in Indonesia. Potato needs tend to increase every year in line with population growth and development of the food processing industry are made from raw potatoes. In general, potato production in Indonesia is still relatively low and still do to meet their import requirements. But the government has always sought to boost the national potato production. One of the efforts to improve potato production with the use of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and fungi Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). The use of microorganisms PGPR and Mycorrhizae naturally associated with plant roots and have the ability to improve plant growth. The purpose of this study is to obtain the best interaction between species rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza on the growth of potato plants. This study is a two-factor factorial experiment with three replications in a randomized block design. First factor is type rhizobacteria which are without rhizobacteria, RZ3.L2.1, RZ3.L2.2, RZ3.L2.5. The second factor is the type of mycorrhizal wich are Glamus mycorrhiza, mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal Acaulospora sclerocystis, Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and DNMRT 5%. The results showed that the best treatment for the growth of the potato crop is rhizobakteria RZ3.L2.2 with mycorrhizal glamus. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-growth-responses-of-potato-crops-solanum-tuberosum-l-in-various-type-of-rhizobacteria-and-mycorrhiza/ Riska Gusnia Putri, Warnita, Benni Satria http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-103202021-TheGrowth.pdf Rapid industrialization throughout the world during last few decades causing high chromium resulted widespread of agricultural soil contamination. The increased chromium contents beyond permissible level in some agricultural land areas increasing widespread concern about food safety.This study was carried out for evaluation of metal toxicity damage and its possible mitigation and improved photosynthetic efficiency by melatonin treatment in canola plants exposed to four melatonin levels (0,1,5,10µM) treated with chromium stress (0,50,100µM) for two days.Chlorophyll fluorescence a transients considered one of the best tool for photosynthetic (photosystem II) efficiency analysis of two canola cultivars Ac-Excel and DGL with or without melatonin treatment against chromium stress analyzed by using OJIP test (at different time scale) chromium treated and non-treated plants. Enhanced ROS scavenging antioxidants enzymes (SOD, POD, APX,CAT) and H2O2, MD Aactivity photo synthetic efficiency was observed against chromium stress. DGL cultivar showed greatly affected and showed maximum reduction in performing index of photosystem II and yield for primary photochemistry as compared to chromium treated and non-treated plants as compared to Ac-Excel. Performing index primarily comprises of active number of reaction centers as per absorption, primary photochemistry yield and efficiency of electron transfer in electron transport chain activities were observed high in Ac-Excel cultivar. However exogenous application of melatonin protected the oxygen evolving complex of PSII and helped out in maintaining PSII activity. Thus OJIP fluorescence transients are quite helpful for understanding the intersystem electron transport beyond photosystem II response of canola cultivars in chromium stress. Findings: Exogenous application of Melatonin can improve plant growth and development in heavy metal stress by modulation of photosynthesis in terms of enhanced photosystem II efficiency and redox potential in certain environmental stress conditions. http://ijeab.com/detail/differential-responses-of-exogenous-melatonin-on-growth-photosynthesis-and-antioxidant-defence-system-in-two-brassica-napus-l-cultivars-under-chromium-stress/ Ahsan Ayyaz, Muhammad Ahsan Farooq, Aneela Kanwal, Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Iqbal, Azra Manzoor, Ayesha Khalid, Sarah Umer, Hussen Bano, Sameen, Basharat Rasool, Habib-ur-Rehman Athar, Zafarullah Zafar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-10420203-Differential.pdf Twenty four adult non-pregnant; non-lactating Barki ewes, aged 3 to 4 years with initial body weight of (35.75 ± 1.15) (kg) were randomly divided to two groups (n=12). Ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded along the trail and temperature humidity index (THI) was estimated. The first group was kept as a control unshorn group while the second group was shorn to inspect the effects of shearing on body weight, physiological responses and thermal homeostasis of shorn ewes. Animals were weighed on days 0, 15, 30 and 45. Rectal temperature (RT), skin temperature (ST) and respiration frequency (RR) were measured on days 0, 1, 3, 15, 30 and 45 andThermal gradients (RT-ST) and (ST-AT) were assessed. Irrespective of the lost fleece weight on day 0, shorn ewes continued to lose more of their weights till day 15 then they started to regain their body weight. Shearing reduced (P0.05) compared with the control group. Differences in (RT-ST) and ambient (ST-AT) between groups were insignificant. Shorn ewes retained lower values of RT, ST and RR than the controls during the experiment. Results indicated the capacity of shorn Barki ewes to maintain their thermoregulation stability by using energy retention mechanisms andto regain body weight. That might indicate a temporal moderate effect of shearing if it was under mild climatic conditions. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-influence-of-shearing-stress-on-thermal-homeostasis-and-performance-of-barki-ewes-in-the-north-western-desert-of-egypt/ E. A. Taha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-10420208-TheInfluence.pdf Climate Change is a complex challenge that the world is facing. Pakistan would be the most affected by climate-related disasters because of a lack of proper institutional, financial, and technological mechanisms to control the risks of climate change (Yamin, et al.,2005). Past natural disasters show that the local governments with insufficient financial resources, planning, institutional, technical adaptation capabilities remain unable to overcome natural disasters. Pakistan is an agricultural country, and its economy relies on the agriculture field. However, the growth rate of agriculture is decreasing because of environmental changes that are having great harmful effects on the already limited water resources(The World Bank Group, 2016; Khan, et al., 2016). Long-term climate change and frequent extreme climate events have significant negative impacts on people's health that can cause death, disability, or suffering worldwide, especially in developing countries. This paper will recommend climate change adaptation and measures to reduce environmental degradation that will help create practical results for disaster reduction, public health, and water and natural resources’ improvement of Pakistan. http://ijeab.com/detail/climate-change-adaptation-planning-measures-and-multilevel-governance-approaches-in-pakistan-climate-change-and-its-risks-on-natural-resources-and-human-health-of-the-country-and-governments-responses/ Shahzad Ismail, Gulnaz Malik http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-10420206-ClimateChange.pdf Increasing public awareness of living a healthy life, causing red beetroot demand in Indonesia has increased. However, with increasingly limited area of the plateau to the development of the plant, causing its development are directed to dry land are still many obstacles, such as limited availability of water for the plant level, and the high air temperature. Therefore, research that aims to obtain information about the right water needs and tolerant varieties on dry land needs to be done. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in UB's experimental station in Jatikertot village from June to September 2019. This study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD), consisting of 10 treatment combinations, namely the volume of water supply (350,550,750, 950, and 1150) mm water/season + varieties (ie Vikima and Ayumi), repeated 3 times. F test at 5% is used to determine the effect of treatments, while differences between treatments were referred to Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) value at 5%. The highest yield which includes chlorophyll a-b content, stomata density, root length, leaf surface area, total dry weight of plants and fresh weight of tubers/ plants was obtained in water supply volume of 1150 mm/season + Ayumi varieties. While the lowest was obtained in the volume of 350 - 550 mm water/season for both varieties for all variables observed. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-combined-effect-of-volume-water-supply-and-varieties-on-physiological-aspects-growth-and-yield-of-red-beetroot-beta-vulgaris-l-in-dryland-jatikerto-indonesia/ Nur Edy Suminarti, Tika Noviana Dewi, Aninda Nur Fajrin http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-10420209-TheCombined.pdf Despite of the advancement in technology and excessive use of chemical fertilizers for agricultural production, about 870 million people around the globe are hunger stricken due to various resource scarcities. There is a need to boost the agricultural productivity in order to feed the population which is growing in sky rocketing way. Food insecurity is a burning problem affecting nutrition, health and the betterment of population across the globe. Basically, food security depends on four pillars: availability, access, utilization and stability. Sustainable approaches in agricultural sector are of great importance to improve the food productivity and security along with mitigating nutrition problem around the world. In industrialized countries, less developed and developing countries, gaps in earnings by gender have long been evident. For the equivalent kind of work, women wages are found to be 60-75% of men wages. The agricultural sector of Nepal contributes 28 percent to national GDP and this share tends to rise in the future years. At present the productivity of Nepal is sufficient to feed its population but there are a lot of problems related to gender inequality which eventually affects food and nutritional security. Several such aspects are discussed in this paper. http://ijeab.com/detail/gender-inequality-in-nepalese-agriculture-issues-concerning-sustainability-and-food-security/ Priya Tiwari, Shuvam Shingh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-104202010-Gender.pdf Karamunting plant is one of the biodiversity that must be developed because it has potential as phytopharmaca. The lack of public attention to the preservation and conservation of karamunting plants causes the scarcity of these plants, so it is necessary to do conservation in the form of propagation in vitro. One of the first steps that can be done is to get a callus induction protocol of karamunting plants. This study aim is to obtain a callus induction protocol for karamunting plants using 2,4D, TDZ and BAP growth regulators in vitro. This research was conducted in October to December 2019, at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang. This experiment was compiled based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).The treatment used was MS media with a combination of 2,4D, BAP, and Thidiazuron concentrations, namely: A = 2.5 ppm 2,4D, B = 5.0 ppm 2,4D, C = 2.5 ppm 2,4D + 1 ppm BAP, D = 5.0 ppm 2,2D + 1 ppm BAP, E = 2.5 ppm 2,4D + 2 ppm TDZ, F = 5.0 ppm 2,4D + 2 ppm TDZ. Explants in the form of karamunting leaves from seed germination in vitro. Based on the results of the study found the influence of growth regulators BAP, 2.4D and TDZ on the percentage of explants forming callus, callus texture and karamunting callus color. By administering 2.5 ppm 2,4D + 1 ppm BAP, 5.0 ppm 2,2D + 1 ppm BAP and 2.5 ppm 2,4D + 2 ppm TDZ are able to produce a 100% callus percentage. The 5.0 ppm 2,4D + 2 ppm TDZ treatment produced crumb callus with the highest percentage which was 90%, and 5.0 ppm 2,4D was able to produce compact callus with the highest percentage which was 100% and the 2.5 ppm 2,4D treatment, 2.5 ppm 2,4D and 5.0 ppm 2,4D + 2 ppm TDZ produce white callus with the highest percentage that is 100% and 2.5 ppm 2,4D treatment + 1 ppm BAP produces green callus with the most percentage which is 75%. While for the first time the callus appeared there was no effect of some concentrations of BAP, TDZ and 2,4D. http://ijeab.com/detail/karamunting-rhodomyrtus-tomentosa-callus-induction-in-vitro/ Mela Rahmah, Aswaldi Anwar, Etti Swasti http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-104202013-Karamunting.pdf This research was conducted in Barru District, South Sulawesi. The purpose of this study is to analyze how much the total economic value of coastal land ecosystems in Barru District. Analyzing the value of economic benefits and the multiplier effects of coastal ecosystem reclamation activities in Barru District. Analysis of the data used is to use economic valuation analysis by calculating the value of direct benefits, indirect benefits, the value of option benefits, the value of the benefits of existence, and the value of bequeathing benefits. The results showed the total economic value in the Garongkong hamlet was Rp4,114,881,797 with an average value of Rp2,839,099,322, whereas for Lawallu village had a total economic value of Rp863,980,557 with an average value of Rp39,776,590. From these results, it can be seen that reclamation can provide a higher economic value compared to land conversion. With the reclamation, it can create opportunities for economic improvement of the community around the reclamation land. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-economic-benefits-in-reclamation-activities-and-coastal-conversion-in-barru-district/ A. Muttia Yunita Mentari Sayuti http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-10420207-Analysis.pdf The aim of this study is to assess the juice production potential of a highly perishable fruit, namely loquat and the effect of basic thermal and chemical treatment on the sensory attributes and phenolic content. The scarcity of loquat-based products on the market limits its consumption to raw loquat fruit. It is highly perishable and thus quickly loses its postharvest commercial quality. Loquat transformation into juice would increase the pellet of loquat-based products. Loquat fruit to loquat juice conversion value ranged between 1.79, 1.78, 2.41 and 2.39Kg of loquat fruit to produce 1kg of diluted fresh loquat juice, diluted fresh loquat juice with citric acid, pasteurized diluted loquat juice and pasteurized diluted loquat juice with citric acid respectively. The dilution factor was 0.2. All the Sensory attributes; taste, texture, appearance, aroma and overall-acceptance were significantly higher for both un-pasteurized loquat juices when compared with the pasteurized ones. Total Soluble Solids (TSS) values and TSS/Titratable-Acidity of the two pasteurized loquat juices were significantly higher than those which were not, given that water-activity and pH did not differ. TSS was significantly and negatively correlated with all the sensory attributes. Finally yet importantly, the phenolic content of the untreated fresh loquat juice scored significantly the lowest while the phenolic effect of the other juices did not differ significantly from each other. When the phenolic content per100gr TSS where the loquat juice with 1% citric acid scored significantly the highest than all of the other juices which did not differ significantly from each other. http://ijeab.com/detail/eriobotrya-japonica-loquat-juice-production-parameters-and-their-effect-on-sensory-attributes-and-phenolic-content/ Ossama Dimassi, Alberta Hariri, Raymond Akiki, Mohammad Rached, Fatima El Hajj http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-104202012-Eriobotrya.pdf Foals are susceptible to many infectious diseases and they should be treated and protected differently compared to adult horses. Objectives of this study were to investigate vaccination and deworming practices of foal owners in Finland. The questionnaire study was executed. Foal owners (n = 236) gave a response and 217 of them told that they vaccinate their foals against equine influenza and tetanus (combination vaccine) (88 %) and herpes (12 %), but not against rabies (1,8 %). About 8 % did not vaccinated their foal at all and a risk of being non-vaccinated was regionally distributed (p http://ijeab.com/detail/vaccination-and-deworming-of-foals-owners-perspective/ Heli I. Koskinen http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-103202020-Vaccination.pdf