http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us October 2020 The work aims to present statistical data analysis on the sale of financing agricultural products in the regions of Vale do Paraíba, North Coast, and Alto do Tietê in the interior of São Paulo State, Brazil, obtained from agencies located in that regions, to analyze the best-selling products, and to understand the impacts that these regions have on the demand of agricultural producers. The data were collected from agents who participate in the National Rural Credit System through the National Agriculture Strengthening Program (PRONAF). The collected data were organized with the Excel® spreadsheet editor and analyzed using t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), to validate the null hypothesis which states that the sales volume was the same independent of the studied region. The results showed variation in sales numbers by region and they were discussed, and recommendations for future works were presented. http://ijeab.com/detail/financing-agricultural-products-a-statistical-approach-in-sales-data-inside-of-a-brazilian-state/ C. P. Carvalho http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-10920201-Financing.pdf Callsobruchusmaculatus (F.) commonly called cowpea weevil is a major pest of stored leguminous seeds. The level of damage caused by C.maculatus(F.) on five different legumes on sale in Njikoka L.G.A., Anambra State was studied for a period of six weeks. The legume seeds were Vignaunguiculata var. brown (Brown cowpea) and Vignaunguiculata var. white (White cowpea), Glycine max (Soya beans), Vignasubterranea (Bambara nuts) and Cajanuscajan(Pigeon pea). They were purchased randomly from local traders at Orie-Agu market in Abagana, Anambra State. Clean seeds without infestation were selected for the study.One hundred grammes(100g)of each legume seeds were used.The weevils used for the study were reared in the laboratory. The F1 generation was used to infest the clean legume seeds. The weevils were introduced in different male to female ratios and containers covered with white muslin cloth to allow aeration. The experimental setup was left to stand on the laboratory bench while weight loss and emergence holes were observed at two week intervals for a period of six weeks. The treatments with the higher male to female ratios of weevils showed highest damage to legume seeds (15.08 ± 0.93). V. unguiculata-Cowpea(var. white) was the highest damaged seeds (13.88 ± 1.00), while G. max–soya beans were least damaged (2.24 ± 1.36). The damage done by the weevils on the different legume seeds were statistically significant (P http://ijeab.com/detail/a-survey-of-the-damage-caused-by-the-callosobruchusmaculatus-f-on-different-legume-seeds-sold-in-njikoka-local-government-area-anambra-state-nigeria/ Umeanaeto P.U., Ekesi O.N., Irikannu K.C., Onyebueke A.C., Nzeukwu C. I. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-10920202-Asurvey.pdf Small ruminants are the most reliable source of meat in Nepal. However, national production is still insufficient to fulfill their demand. Transhumance pastoralism is a migration system in which farmers graze their animals in mountain pastures in warm seasons and lower altitude forests during colder seasons. Yak, sheep and Goat are reared under this system in Himalayas of Nepal. Farmers travelling through in Madi, Seti, Mardi and Modikhola basin follow transhumance system including Baruwal Sheep and Sinhal goat. A study was conducted to understand small ruminant husbandry system used by transhumant farmers. Farmers of 4 different locations were interviewed and focus group discussion was performed with inhabitants of nearby villages. Additional information were collected from ACAP and VHLSEC. Results revealed that number of transhumant farmers is decreasing. Migration pattern is determined by season (temperature, humidity, rainfall) and fodder availability in the region. This pattern was refined during centuries of practice. Mixed grazing by sheep and goat is beneficial since they feed on different type of pasture. Farmers are slowly adopting veterinary practices. However, treatment depends on value of animal. Animals except newborn lambs are kept open during night and protected by Tibetan mastiff dogs. Availability of better opportunities and decreasing market value of wool are two major constraints faced by farmers. As conclusion, transhumant farming system as present in the study region is an efficient way to exploit seasonally barren landscape to produce meat animals. This way of production can be applied to elevate lifestyle of people living in those landscapes. http://ijeab.com/detail/transhumant-goat-and-sheep-husbandry-practices-in-high-hills-of-annapurna-conservation-area/ Anish Sapkota, Biplov Sapkota, Suwash Khatiwada, Grishma Neupane http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-108202014-Transhumant.pdf Pond aquaculture is the foremost contributor to the aquaculture contributing 80.25% (58,433 mt. tonnes) to the total aquaculture production in fiscal year 2017/18. There are 44,722 ponds covering 11895.31 ha area in Nepal with the productivity 4912 kg/ha. Among, the different agro-ecological region, terai region is the main contributor to aquaculture as large number of ponds covering the highest area are located in this region. The highest production of pond aquaculture is from Province-2 followed by province-5. The various challenges faced by the farmers in Nepal are lack of technical knowledge, lack of sustainable fingerling supply system and lack of infrastructure development related to fish farming due to less priority of government in fisheries sector. Hence, the government should develop the plan and policy to disseminate the technical knowledge among fish farmers, management of fingerlings production and supply channel at the community level. http://ijeab.com/detail/overview-of-pond-aquaculture-in-nepal/ Bidika Subedi, Abhimanyu Shrestha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-10920203-Overviewof.pdf In the following study, we have collected municipal wastewater and have studied heavy metal accumulation and health risk factors in two leafy vegetables i.e in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum). The following heavy metals were analyzed i.e. Cu, Zn and, Cr using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Present study explains about the amount of heavy metal contamination that is found in green leafy vegetables. Results showed that spinach plant contain Cu, Zn and Cr at all the study area. Cr was under the secure value limit recommended by FAO/WHO at S1, S2, S5. Cr was detected at S1,S2and S3 areas, but at experimental area S2 Cr in spinach ( 70.79ppm) and coriander(127.27ppm) was higher than the allowable limit. Soil analysis has not revealed any measurable increase in the concentration of heavy metal according to the fixed standards but the values were higher than control which shows that the abomination was due to pesticides and industrial waste. http://ijeab.com/detail/evaluation-of-heavy-metal-contamination-in-green-leafy-vegetables-grown-in-allahabad/ Swati Singh Chandel, Dr. Ram Bharose http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-108202025-Evaluation.pdf In minimal processing, pretreated fresh-cut muskmelon fruit with organic treatment 10% Whey protein concentrate recorded changes in physico-chemical parameters, microbial count and sensorial attributes over the initial values. Pretreated fresh-cut muskmelon was packed in different modified atmosphere conditions. Modified atmosphere packagings with 10% carbon dioxide plus 3% oxygen and 100% nitrogen flushing extended shelf life of fresh-cut muskmelon pretreated with organic and inorganic dipping, up to 18-21 days when stored at 5±10C. Pretreated fresh-cut muskmelon packaged in perforated packaging (M4) recorded shelf life up to 12 days only. Decrease in firmness, TSS and sensory parameters while increase in acidity, physiological loss in weight, decay and microbial count was recorded in all MAP conditions. The MAP condition, M2 (10% CO2 plus 3% O2) recorded minimum changes in physico-chemical parameters, restricted microbial growth, maintained quality and enhanced acceptability of pretreated fresh-cut muskmelon up to 21 days under refrigerated storage. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-different-modified-atmosphere-packaging-on-physico-chemical-microbiological-and-sensorial-attributes-of-fresh-cut-muskmelon/ Pallavi M. Kale, Supriya S. Patil, Ujjwala B. Palghadmal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-109202021-Effectof.pdf Eight different organic and inorganic dipping treatments viz., organic coatings- 10% honey, 20% honey, Aloe vera gel, 10% WPC and inorganic coatings- calcium chloride (2.5% at 200C), calcium chloride (2.5% at 600C), calcium lactate (1%), 0.1% nanosilver stipulated food grade level H2O2 along with control were used for pretreatment of fresh-cut muskmelon. The changes in physico-chemical parameters were slow in the fresh-cut muskmelon treated with organic (10% WPC) and inorganic (0.1% nanosilver stipulated food grade level H2O2) dipping under refrigerated storage (5±10C) up to 18 days. Minimum changes in TSS were recorded in fresh-cut muskmelon pretreated with Aloe vera gel (A4). The maximum physiological loss in weight and per cent decay was observed in control treatment. The minimum microbial count was observed in fresh-cut muskmelon fruit treated with 0.1% nanosilver stipulated food grade H2O2 (A9) followed by 10% WPC treatment (A5). Among the different organic and inorganic dipping studied, organic pretreatment of fresh-cut muskmelon with 10% WPC was found best, as regards, inorganic dipping (coatings), 0.1% nanosilver stipulated food grade H2O2 was next best. Both the dipping treatments extended shelf life of fresh-cut muskmelon up to 18 days. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-different-organic-and-inorganic-coatings-on-physico-chemical-microbiological-and-sensorial-attributes-of-fresh-cut-muskmelon/ Pallavi M. Kale, Ujjwala B. Palghadmal, Supriya S. Patil http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10920207-Effectof.pdf This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing cassava peels with dried poultry manure on rumen parameters of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Twenty growing West African Dwarf bucks aged 5-7 months with an average body weight of 5.05±0.02kg were used in a completely randomized experiment. The goats were randomly assigned to one of the five dietary treatments which consisted of processed cassava peels and dried poultry manure in different ratios of 100:0(diet 1), 50:50(diet 2), 60:40(diet 3), 70:30(diet 4) and 80:20(diet 5). Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance. The result indicated that among all the parameters examined, acetic acid was significantly (P http://ijeab.com/detail/rumen-parameters-of-west-african-dwarf-wad-goats-fed-cassava-peels-poultry-manure-concentrate-supplements/ Ajagbe A.D., Okpe A.A., Abdulhamid A.A., Abalaka E.O http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-109202010-Rumen.pdf The paper examined the cyclical trends, seasonal variation and seasonal adjustment of global CO2 emission from 1970 to 2018 through the application of Hamilton regression filter model. ARIMA (4,0,0) forecasting model for 2030 has been added with the Hamilton filter model and observed that the new model is stable, stationary and significant in which volatility is being minimised and the heteroscedasticity problem is totally disappeared. http://ijeab.com/detail/global-carbon-di-oxide-emissions-in-hamilton-filter-model/ Dr. Debesh Bhowmik http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-109202015-GlobalCarbon.pdf The Eswatini sugar industry grows fully irrigated sugarcane on 57 420 hectares of land producing 6 197 753 tonnes of cane and 871 301 tonnes of sucrose annually (ESA-Integrated Report, 2019). Poor and inefficient furrow irrigation is still practiced by many growers in particular the poor small holder farmers in the industry. The two treatments were; in-row irrigated furrows and interrow irrigated furrows. A total of ten advance-recession measures were conducted, five were conducted on each treatment. The furrows were of length of 240 m and gradient along the furrows was 1:250. Two Washington State flumes were used to measure flow. One was used to measure inlow at the beginning of the furrow, and another one was used to measure runoff (outflow) at the end of the fourrow. The time water was allowed into the furrow was recorded. Other measurements included the time water reached the furrow end, the time to the middle of the furrow, the wetted perimeter at each point, the depth of flow and the top width of the water level. These measurements were required for the calculation of the Kostiakov exponent “a” and the coefficient “k”. The results showed that the distribution uniformity (84%), application efficiency (88%) and deep percolation ratio (11%) were better in interrow irrigation than in in-row irrigation. However, runoff was higher with interrow irrigation at 6% compared to 2% with in-row irrigation. http://ijeab.com/detail/using-the-kostiakov-lewis-infiltration-function-to-evaluate-a-furrow-irrigated-field-at-mhlume-a-region-in-the-north-eastern-lowveld-of-eswatini-southern-africa/ M. V. Dlamini http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-10920204-Usingthe.pdf The study investigated the impact of cement production around cement factory at Ewekoro, South West Nigeria within two kilometer radius to the factory on nutrients uptake by Elephant grass. Elephant grass was sampled at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 m. Sampling was carried out in wet and dry seasons for two years (2015 and 2016). Samples were subjected to Laboratory analysis. The parameters determined in the plant samples were Ca, Mg, Na, K, total N, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd. Generally, there was a decrease in all the nutrients uptake by the grass as the distance from the factory increased during the dry season. Mg in the plant tissue initially decreased to a distance of 1500m and was later observed to increase 2000m from the factory. Calcium and Zn concentration was found to be highest in Pennisetum purpureum. Mean composition of micro-nutrients revealed higher concentration of Zinc ranged from 6.31±0.36 to 42.04±2.71 mg/kg and lower concentration from 6.42±0.78 to 10.44±3.39 mg/kg respectively. Results of heavy metal concentration revealed a range from 2.67±0.24 to 6.11±0.77 mg/kg for Lead while the mean values obtained ranged from 0.04±0.01 to 5.5mg/kg. Results obtained from analysis of Pennisetum purpureum showed Calcium to be the most abundant micronutrients with a mean concentration ranged from 2.99% to 5.13% while the mean value recorded at Ewekoro showed a range between 0.19% and 0.36%. Mean Nitrogen content ranged between 1.26 and 2.47% at Ewekoro. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-cement-production-on-soil-heavy-metals-and-nutrients-uptake-of-elephant-grass-pennisetum-purpureum-grown-within-2km-radius-of-cement-factory-in-south-west-nigeria/ Omotosho Mohammed Soladoye, Ayinde Kaseem Olusola, Feyisola Roseline Tolulope, Ayeni Leye Samuel, Saliyu Mutiu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-109202013-Impactof.pdf A survey research was conducted in Dilasaini and Dogadakedar rural municipalities of Baitadi district, Nepal to study the perception of and adaption to climate change by the maize farmers. Thirty households from each local levels were selected randomly. Primary data was collected through household survey with pre-tested interview schedule, direct observation and focus group discussion. Descriptive statistics along with binary logistic regression model were used for analysis of the data. The total population was dominated by brahmin and chhetri (89.67%) followed by occupational caste (10%) community with economically active population 61.68 percent. The major occupation was agriculture (65%). Farmers were gradually diverted towards other livelihood options like remittance, off farm activities, beside agriculture. 68.33 percent of total households were dominated by male while only 31.67 percent were female dominated. Majority of farmers (91%) perceived changes in climatic affected the maize production. Most of the farmers reported frequent drought followed by off seasonal rain. Almost 78.3 percent households preferred radio for the information related to climate change. Age and agriculture as the major source of income were found significantly affecting the knowledge on climate change negatively. Individuals with agriculture as the major income possess comparatively less knowledge on climate change as compared to their younger counterfeit. The existing climate change coping strategies depends heavily on the traditional knowledge. Promoting the minors with precise information, skills and knowledge, garnered through site-specific researches along with holistic mitigating approaches and scaling up traditional knowledge on climate change impacts and adaptation strategy is sure to pave a way forward to climate resilience community. http://ijeab.com/detail/perception-of-an-adaptation-to-climate-change-by-the-maize-farmers-of-baitadi-district-nepal/ Rajendra Bam, Raksha Pandey, Keshav Bhusal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-109202023-Perceptionof.pdf Out of 60 household literacy percentage of study area was found to be 80% which is above the national average. Major occupation of sampled household was agriculture (63.33%) which is nearly equal to the national scenario. Nearly 50% of total land was covered by banana cultivation. Between selected site of study, Punarbas municipal farmers were more likely to adopt insurance than Krishnapur municipal. Almost all insured farmer were aware about insurance before adopting crop insurance but only 3/4th of non insured farmer were aware about insurance and government policy related to insurance. Insured farmer motivation towards adoption of insurance was due to awareness provided by the insurance company and capacity to paying premium while some farmers were reluctant to adopt insurance due to untimely payment of claim and no faith in insurance company. The 80% of total insured farmers were reimbursed after bearing loss. While taking about continuity insurance if the government reduce the subsidy scheme, more than 90% insured farmers were willing to continue crop insurance but less than 1/4th of insured farmers were ready to continue insurance after complete withdrawal of subsidy scheme. About 60% of banana farmers will read to pay 3% premium rate if the government reduce the subsidy or without subsidy support. Adoption of insurance (100%) and price setting before harvesting (56.67%) were the main strategy to recover the loss by insurer farmers whereas crop diversification, crop management practices and price setting before harvest were the main strategy to minimize the loss by the non insurer farmers. http://ijeab.com/detail/prospects-of-crop-insurance-as-a-risk-management-tool-among-the-banana-farmers-of-kanchanpur-district-nepal/ Lokesh Kumar Thapa, Rajendra Bam http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-109202024-Prospectsof.pdf Good varieties are the basis for long-term high, stable and efficient production of rubber trees. Mini-seedling buddings have the characteristics of short nursery period, low labor intensity, large number of seedlings per unit area, easy transportation and planting, well-developed taproot and intact root system, high survival rate after planting, fast growth, strong tolerance to drought, wind and cold, and early tapping. The application of rubber mini-seedling buddings and its related research were summarized. Finally, the outlook for ongoing research on mini-seedling buddings was prospected. http://ijeab.com/detail/mini-seedling-budding-of-hevea-brasiliensis-forty-years-of-efforts-in-china/ Xian-hong Chen, Jun Wang, Wei-fu Lin http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-109202028-Mini-seedling.pdf This is a short paper exhibiting the Christian Communication contributor of a historical well-known figure. Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus was a notable Christian scholar, teacher, preacher and philosopher that reigned during the Northern Renaissance. The influence upon this research study was due to a popular, huge, zone high school located in Flatbush, Brooklyn at the intersections, of Flatbush and Church Avenues. Erasmus Hall Educational Campus comprise five Gothic-style high schools founded in 1786 by the Flatbush Dutch Reformed Church. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-dutch-christian-communicator-desiderius-erasmus-roterodamus/ Yerodin L. Carrington http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-109202029-ADutch.pdf Bintaro is a mangrove plant that grows on the coast and is often used as a shade tree in megacities. The toxic content of the Bintaro plant is found in all parts of the plant. The toxic content of cardiac glycoside compounds contained in the Bintaro plant can be used as a rat repellent. Rat pests are important pests in crops, especially in rice plants which are difficult to control in mechanically and chemically, thus rice production always decreases. Therefore, it is necessary to search for effective, efficient, and environmental-friendly control technology, namely by using fruit extracts. The plant-based rodenticides made from Bintaro fruit extracts are effective for overcoming rat pests. The purpose of the study was to determine the qualitative levels of primary and secondary metabolites from Bintaro plants which act as antifeedants for rat pests (Ratus argiventer). The method used in this research was qualitative testing using phenol method to test the content of primary and secondary metabolites in the leaves and stems of Bintaro plants. From the results of the research conducted, it was found that the qualitative levels of primary metabolites from Bintaro leaves and stems contained protein content. Fat and carbohydrate content of secondary metabolites found in the stems and leaves of the Bintaro plants were Alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids and Polyphenols in Bintaro leaves and on its stems contained Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins and alkaloids. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-qualitative-test-of-primary-and-secondary-metabolites-of-bintaro-plant-as-a-rat-rattus-argentiventer-pest-repellent/ Rini susanti, Risnawati, Wiznie Fadhillah http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-109202030-AQualitative.pdf Farmers in East Bolangitang District, Indonesia were trying to increase beef cattle population as a source of their income, but the problem was the lack of feed caused by cattle being cultivated on agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for land development under coconut trees for forage. The research method used was a survey method, with the determination of the location was by purposive sampling, namely three villages that have the largest cattle population. The data collected was primary and secondary data with the type of data was cross section and time series. Respondents were determined by purposive sampling, namely 40 farmers who use land under coconut. Analysis of the data used descriptive analysis. Coconut area was 0.2-2 Ha or the average was 0.94 Ha. 35 percent ownership status by farmers and 65 percent farmers as tenants. Beef cattle ownership was 148 or 2-6 cattle per farmer. Feed consumption per head per day consisted of 6.21 kg of grass, 10.40 kg of corn waste and 6.26 kg of rice waste. Forage production for 0.94 Ha can be utilized by 8.83 ST. In conclusion, coconut land in the study area has the potential to be used as a forage development. Need for socialization for farmers to introduce quality forage. http://ijeab.com/detail/development-potential-of-beef-cattle-under-the-coconut-trees-in-east-bolangitang-district-regency-of-north-bolaang-mongondow/ Artise H.S. Salendu, Meiske L. Rundengan, Femi H. Elly, Tilly F.D. Lumy http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-109202027-Development.pdf Monitoring agricultural areas, using remote sensing, has been a major issue in the Sahel region, due to the small size of farm plot compared to satellite spatial resolution. The main goal is to develop a methodology based on radar data for mapping crops in Senegal. Training plots were used to analyse temporal dynamics of radar signals. The result shows that the possibility to separate agricultural area from other land cover at the beginning of the rainy season. The radar signal of the three crops are confused at the beginning but we note a strong difference at the end of the growing season, where peanut crops signal is marked by a sharp fall. Variance analysis allowed to select images which are able to discriminate these cultures. The Classification And Regression Trees (CART) model used is able to identify peanut plots with more than 82% of accuracy, but confuse maize crop (accuracy less than 70%). This result means the resulting inability to separate the two types of maize crops (one which is sown early and harvested in mid-season, another sown in mid-season and harvested at the end of the season). So, in this area, the use of radar permit to improve crop mapping considering agricultural practice of cereals. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-the-capacity-of-radar-time-series-data-for-crop-mapping-in-the-context-of-the-sahel-case-of-groundnut-millet-and-maize-in-senegal/ Gayane FAYE, Fama MBENGUE, Mamadou Adama SARR, Mamadou MBAYE, Lacina COULIBALY, Modou MBAYE, Abdou Ka DIONGUE http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-109202026-Analysisof.pdf Currently, the farming of saltwater and brackish water shrimps, especially whiteleg shrimp farming, is being interested and developed in terms of both area and level of intensive farming. This study was conducted to evaluate the environmental quality of water and sediment at the beginning and end of the pond of whiteleg shrimp. Water samples were collected to determine water quality indices including temperature, pH, salinity (S), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium (NH4+-N); nitrate (NO3 -N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). For sediment samples, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) were analyzed. The results showed that the water quality in the pond through the sampling periodswas mostly suitable for the growth of shrimp and within the allowed values of the regulations, except for salinity lower than QCVN 38: 2011/BTNMT and QCVN 02-19: 2014/BNNPTNT. Content of organic matters, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus accumulated in the bottom of the pond increased by 0.15%, 0.042%, and 0.003% respectively. The study provides important information on water and sediment characteristics for shrimp pond management. http://ijeab.com/detail/quality-of-water-and-sediment-in-whiteleg-shrimp-litopenaeusvannamei-pond/ Bui Thi Bich Lien, Nguyen Thanh Giao http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-11020203-Qualityof.pdf This study was conducted to determine the rumen digesta fatty acid profile and biohydrogenation intermediates of West African dwarf rams fattened with diets containing water-washed neem (Azadirachta indica) fruit (WNF). Twenty-five yearling rams (12.3±2.0 kg) were assigned to one of the five dietary groups with five animals per group in a completely randomised design. Each group received a total mixed ration formulated with 0% (T1), 2.5% (T2), 5.0% (T3), 7.5% (T4), and 10.0% (T5) WNF inclusion for 90 days. Chemical analysis was carried out on WNF and the feed using standard procedures. Digesta was collected from the rumen after slaughtering the animals for the determination of fatty acids profile and biohydrogenation intermediates, after the feeding trial. Oleic, palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the different treatments. Rumenic acid was linearly lower (P=0.006) in T1 compared to other treatments. The ratio of vaccenic to rumenic acids was linearly and quadratically reduced (P= http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-water-washed-neem-azadirachta-indica-fruit-on-rumen-digesta-fatty-acids-and-biohydrogenation-intermediates-of-fattened-west-african-dwarf-rams/ Akaninyene Asuquo Jack, Michael Kolawole Adewumi, Okpara Oghenesuvwe, Moyosore Joseph Adegbeye, Daniel Ekong Ekanem, Tolulope Oreoluwa Faniyi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-11020202-Effectof.pdf Efficiency is an accomplishment through operation to use least amounts of inputs to achieving a highest level of output it is an important area of study because ensuring efficiency minimizes the wastage of resources while accomplishing the desired outputs. This study was to decide the economic efficiency of crop producing rural farmers in abeshigeworeda or district which is one of the districts in gurage zone, SNNPR. Six kebeles and 399 sample respondents were selected through applying stratify sampling procedure. The descriptive statics, Parametric Stochastic Frontier Production Function, the Cobb Douglas production function and Tobit regression methods were used to accomplish the objective of the study. The rural farmers ranked constraints were analyzed through using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance to test for the degree of agreement in ranking. Technical efficiency estimates range from 19.94 percent to 95.16 percent with a mean efficiency of 64.69 percent, while Allocative efficiency estimates range from 15.52 percent to 97.69 percent with a mean of 57.47 percent. The economic efficiency estimates range from 10.9 percent to 81.29 percent with a mean of percent. As the result indicated, crop output was positively and significantly influenced by labor, seed, fertilizer, house hold size and land size. This study therefore recommended that would improve the application of full packages of fertilizer and improved seed, appropriate use of productive labors, line method of seeding and membership of individual farmers. http://ijeab.com/detail/efficiency-analysis-of-crop-production-in-gurage-zone-the-case-of-abeshige-woreda-snnpr-ethiopia/ Hayatu Mude Sherif http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-10120208-Efficiency.pdf Due to increased health awareness, many people are making the switch from the traditional low-fiber Lebanese white pita bread to healthier high-fiber pita bread alternatives. Even though the price-to-weight ratio of white pita bread is controlled and unified among all Lebanese bakeries and brands and is enforced by the Lebanese Ministry of Economy and Trade, there is a highly significant difference in the price-to-weight ratio among the different brands that offer high-fiber pita bread. We sought to investigate the root cause of this difference by assessing the composition of two of the most sold high-fiber pita bread types in Lebanon (brown and oat). We tested brown and oat pita bread from three different Lebanese bakeries for price-to-weight ratio, fiber content, TTA, pH, moisture, and calories per gram. Using Pearson correlation coefficient, we did not detect any correlation between the price and any of the tested properties; however, a highly positive correlation between crude fiber content and TTA was detected. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-fiber-enriched-pita-bread-in-the-lebanese-market-a-positive-correlation-between-dry-crude-fiber-content-and-tta/ Ali Al Khatib, Hassan Hajj Hussein, Zeinab Joumaa, Mahmoud Farhat, Sami Tlais http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-11020209-Assessment.pdf The purpose of this study is to evaluate Scottish Seine fishing gear and to analyze Scottish Seine fishing gear in technical and biological aspects in review based on the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 2 of 2015. The analysis used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis and analysis of the size of the first maturity of gonads. There are three types of fishing gear operating areas for the Scottish Seine in Majene waters, namely the Scottish Seine which is operated in close FADs, medium FADs and long FADs. The results obtained were that one of the fish caught was sortfin scad fish which produced a fish that was fit to be caught. However, the catch of the three FADs' Scottish Seine fishing gear was predominantly unfit for catching fish. Scottish Seine fishing gear in Majene waters is in accordance with the regulation Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 2 of 2015 produce fish catches that are not suitable to be caught. The use of FADs which causes the catch of Scottish Seine fishing gear to produce fish that are not suitable to be caught, and the use of a relatively small mesh size of the Scottish Seine fishing gear. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-scottish-seine-fishing-gear-operating-in-the-waters-of-majene-west-sulawesi-province/ Hardianti Nur, Najamuddin, Andi Assir Marimba http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-110202011-Analysis.pdf The purposed of this research is to analyze the performance of purse seine fishing gear operated on FADs and purse seines that hunt schools of fish (without FADs) based on four aspects of performance (biological, technical, social, economic) . This research method is a survey method, taking 10 samples of each of the FAD purse seines and without FADs and analyzed using the scoring method through the biological, technical, socio-cultural and economic performance approaches. The results obtained by performed the FAD purse seine and non-FAD purse seine were in good enough criteria, namely ≥ 50 - 75%. In general, the performance of the two fishing gear units did not have a significant difference, because there were similarities and differences that did not greatly differ from each aspect of the performance review. Based on the biological aspects, the performance of purse seine without FADs is better than that of the purse seine using FADs because catch fish with a suitable size and uniform species. whereas based on the economic and technical aspects, the performance of purse seine using FADs is better than purse seine without FADs. This is due to higher catch production and income. Based on the social aspect, the performance of both of them has no difference. http://ijeab.com/detail/performance-analysis-of-purse-seine-with-fads-and-without-fads-at-lappa-fishing-port-sinjai-regency/ Dewi Febriani Hamjan, Achmar Mallawa, Musbir http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJEAB-110202013-Performance.pdf Loranthaceae are parasitic vascular plants that live and thrive at the expense of other woody plants. They proliferate on various woody plants and pose a threat to the host. It seemed important to know the pest species implicated in plantations. The target of this study is to identify Loranthaceae in plantations in periurban areas of Daloa to determine their phenology, to know their ecological habitat and to identify the damage caused to hosts, in order to raise the alarm bell the destructive impact of this plant biodiversity on other woody plants. Surveys and botanical inventory carried out on 25 plantations made it possible to identify three species divided into two (2) genera of which the most distributed on all the plantations prospected was Tapinanthus bangwensis (100% presence). The results of the phenophase observations of the three species showed that they overlap in duration and are not independent of each other. Five major damage was observed. Complete defoliating of host branches (45%) and drying of parasitized branches (32.7%) were the predominant damage observed. Knowledge of the phenology of these parasitic species could be used to develop strategies for the effective control of their spreading at favorable times. http://ijeab.com/detail/identification-phenology-ecological-habitat-and-damage-caused-by-loranthaceae-in-plantations-of-rural-area-of-daloa-c-te-d-ivoire/ AMON Anoh Denis-Esdras, YAO Kouadio Maurisonne, KOUAKOU Kouassi Jean-Luc, SORO Dodiomon http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJEAB-11020207-Identification.pdf Previous studies reported that intercropping rice with legume crops such as soybean, peanut, and mungbean increased nutrient uptake and yield of rice plants. This study aimed to examine the effects of relay-planting peanuts between double or triple rows of rice at different dates on growth, nitrogen content, and yield of red rice in aerobic irrigation systems on raised beds. The experiment was conducted in Narmada (West Lombok, Indonesia), arranged according to Split Plot design with two treatment factors, i.e. rice row patterns as the main plots (P1= double, P2= triple rows) and relay-planting dates of peanut as the subplots (T0= without peanut; T1= relay-planting peanut 1 week, T2= 2 weeks, T3= 3 weeks after seeding pre-germinated red rice seeds). Results indicated that between the treatment factors, relay-planting peanut at different dates resulted in significant effects on more variables compared with the patterns of rice rows. However, there were significant interaction effects between the treatment factors on tiller and panicle numbers per clump, and higher panicle number supported by higher leaf N content and higher harvest index resulted in significantly higher grain yield of the red rice intercropped with peanuts, especially when peanut was relay-planted at three or two weeks after seeding the pre-germinated rice seeds on raised-beds in aerobic irrigation systems. Although there was no significant effect of row patterns, the highest grain yield average (75.96 g/clump) was on T3 treatment under triple-row and the lowest average (33.29 g/clump) was on T0 treatment under double-row pattern. http://ijeab.com/detail/relay-planting-of-peanuts-between-double-or-triple-rows-at-different-dates-increases-growth-nitrogen-content-and-yield-of-red-rice-under-aerobic-irrigation-systems/ Wayan Wangiyana, Nihla Farida, Hanafi Abdurrachman http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJEAB-110202017-Relay-planting.pdf The effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on biomass accumulation, nutrient uptake, mycorrhizal root infectivity and soil colonization was determined in Papaya (Carica papaya) seedlings raised under four phosphorus regimes in sand culture and also in 1:1 sand/soil media under sterile and unsterile conditions. Inoculation with AM fungi increased the plant height, leaf number, and stem girth in relation to un-inoculated seedlings grown under equivalent P concentrations. An increase in plant height, leaf number and stem girth also occurred in both inoculated sterile and un-sterile 1:1 sand/soil media in relation to un-inoculated sterile and unsterile media. Arbuscular mycorrhiza also increased the leaf area and the root, leaf and stem fresh and dry weights and also caused an increase in the uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the leaf tissues. It also favoured mycorrhizal infectivity of roots, soil mycorrhizal spore colonization and increased the root absorptive surface area. This study indicates that AM fungi improves the capacity of papaya seedlings to absorb and utilize plant nutrients possibly by increasing the effective root surface area from which available form of nutrients are absorbed and also by increasing access of roots by bridging the depletion zones. As a low cost technology, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended as part of the regular practise into nursery media used for papaya seedling propagation. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-inoculation-on-biomass-nutrient-uptake-root-infectivity-and-soil-colonization-of-papaya-carica-papaya-l-seedlings/ D.K. Chebet, F. K. Wanzala, L.S. Wamocho http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJEAB-110202016-Effectof.pdf Cowpea seeds are recognized to contain some anti-nutritional factors that reduce their nutritional values. The objective of this work was to evaluate the content of tannins, flavonoids and phytic acid of cowpea seeds and to study their genetic control by using generation’s means analysis (GMA).F1 and F2generations as well as backcross populations (BC1 and BC2) were produced in three hybrid combinations by crossingsix selected lines. Variation among tested varieties was from 55.12 mg GAE/100 g dw(24-125B) to 233.92 mg GAE/100 g dw(IT97K-573-1-1) for tannins, 60.90 mg/100 g dw (24-125B) to 557.91 mg/100 g dw (BR1) for phytates and 363.64 mg RE/100 g dw (24-125B) to 453.93 mg RE/100 g dw (BR1) for flavonoids. Broad-sense heritability values (0.86 to 0.99), narrow-sense heritability values (0.06 to 0.50)andanalysis of gene effects suggested that the antinutrients studied were controlled by additive and non-additive genes. Significant epistatic effects were found in several crossesand a duplicate type of epistasis was observed. These results suggested that breeding for increased tannins, flavonoids and phytates contents in cowpea seeds would be quite efficient through recurrent selection and selection in advanced generations. http://ijeab.com/detail/generation-means-analysis-of-three-seeds-antinutrients-in-cowpea-vigna-unguiculata-l-walp/ Maina Antoine Nassourou, Souina Dolinassou, Mathias Julien Hand, M.M.I. Aladji Abatchoua, Ange Ndogonoudji Alladoum, Tchiagam Jean Baptiste Noubissié, Joseph Martin Bell, Yanou Nicolas Njintang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJEAB-11020208-Generation.pdf