Volume 6 Number 1 (January 2021)

Effect of biochar and supplementary application of micronutrient on soil and growth of okra in Lafia, Nigeria

Adamu M. B, Junaidu U.G

The study was conducted at the Research farm faculty of Agriculture, Lafia-Shabu campus, Nasarawa State University Keffi. The objectives were to investigate the effect of Biochar and supplementary application of micronutrient on Soil and growth of Okra. Biochar and micronutrient at different rate were considered, Control (zero %), 4tons/ha Biochar, 16 tons /ha Biochar, 4 tons/ha Biochar + 1 litre / ha micronutrient, 16 tons/ha Biochar + ½litre/ha micronutrient, 4tons/ha Biochar + ½litre/ha micronutrient and 16tons/ha biocha+½litre/ha micronutrient. The experiments were laid out and the seven treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. Biochar was drill into the first 5cm of the soil. Micronutrient application was first done two (2) weeks after planting and this was followed weekly. All Soil samples collected were analyzed using standard laboratory soil analysis procedures. Data on growth parameters that were collected include, plant height, leaf area and stem girth. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that, there is no significant (p < 0.05) difference on the vegetative growth parameters of the plant. However, 16tons/ha Biochar increased significantly (p < 0.05) the percentage organic carbon, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, Nitrogen, and pH of the soil. This study demonstrated the potential of Biochar in improving the soil quality in the short term and growth parameters of the plant in the long term. Therefore 16 tons /ha Biochar is recommended.

Determination of Heavy Metals Concentration in Soil around Sokoto Cement Company

M.M. Warrah, Senchi D.S, A.M. Bagudo, U.M. Daboh

The main visible pollution generated by the cement industry corresponds to the dusts. The dusts can be emitted at every stage of the manufacturing process of the cement: extraction of the raw material, crushing, production. Eighty eight samples of soil were separately collected from the four directions of the company into polythene bags and brought to the laboratory for further analyses. The sample were digested using Aqua Regia Method, and the Hg, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cu contents were determined by (AAS). Data generated were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to depict the differences and the means were separated with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT), where significant differences occur. It was found that the concentration of each heavy metal decreased with increase in distance from the industry. It was further found that heavy metals contributed differently to the pollution status of the environment with the eastern part impacting most. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil is high. The result of the analyses showed that Hg, Zn, Cd and Cr were high in the collected from four directions while Pb was foundto be the least. Sokoto Cement campany was found to produce the wastes/ dust that pollutes the environment.

Effects of Cement dust on Vegetation around Sokoto Cement Company

M.M. Warrah, Senchi D.S, I.M. Fakai, U.M. Daboh

The heavy metal deposition around Sokoto Cement Company was investigated to the extent of pollution caused by this industry. Eighty eight samples of plants were separately collected from the four directions of the company into polythene bags and brought to the laboratory for further analyses. The sample were digested using Aqua Regia Method, and the Hg, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cu contents were determined by (AAS). Data generated were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to depict the differences and the means were separated with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT), where significant differences occur. It was found that the concentration of each heavy metal decreased with increase in distance from the industry. It was further found that heavy metals contributed differently to the pollution status of the environment with the eastern part impacting most. Mercury was found to be present in high concentrations in all the plant materials. Zn was the least except for the southern part where Pb was the least. Sokoto Cement campany was found to produce the wastes/ dust that pollutes the environment and acacia nilotica can be used as biomonitor.

Junkshop Industry as Waste Recycling Business: A Green Response towards Economic Sustainability and Social Responsibility

This study was conducted to assess the junkshop industry in Cabanatuan City, Philippines. It aimed to determine the profile of junkshops, the materials they trade, and their compliance with legal requirements. Using descriptive qualitative research design with 20 randomly chosen participating junkshops as respondents, the researcher found out that junk shop operations are lucrative and can help support economic development as well as solve certain environmental issues. However, many of them were operating without registering with the concerned authorities. Aggressive involvement of the LGUs, by organizing junkshop operators, and close monitoring of junkshop operations are few from among the recommendations of the study.

Water Quality in the Super-intensive Shrimp Ponds in Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam

Nguyen Thanh Giao

The study was conducted to assess the water quality in super-intensive shrimp ponds in Bac Lieu using water quality parameters such as pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium (NH4+-N), residual chlorine, total oil and grease and total coliform. Sixty water samples in super-intensive shrimp ponds were collected in 2019 Bac Lieu province. The results showed that the nutrients in the water samples include TN (0.54-36.12 mg/l), NH4+-N (0.016-1,246 mg/l) and TP (0.34-6.12 mg/l) did not exceed the limits of QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT (column B). Residual chlorine (less than 0.5 mg/l), total oil and grease ( 0.4), BOD (4.43-55.19 mg/l) and TSS (6.1-320 mg/l) exceeding the limits of QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT (column B) at some locations, while COD (10,21-90,12 mg/l) was below limit of QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT (column B). Water in shrimp ponds is contaminated with microorganisms when the total coliform density ranged from 1,300 to 95,000 MPN/100ml and there were 40/60 locations having coliform density greater than 5,000 MPN/100ml. The current findings provide important information for shrimp pond management.

Effect of Nitrogen, Mulch and Gibberellic Acid on Quality of Multi-Purpose Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) Fruits

Mwaura M.M., Isutsa D.K., Munyiri S.W.

Emergence of multi-purpose pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) as an African indigenous vegetable is attracting great attention. This is due to its adaptation to a wide range of climates and high-yielding potential. Sub-optimal pre- and post-harvest factors have greatly contributed to low returns to the farmers through poor yields and high post-harvest loss of pumpkins. There is therefore need to determine the optimal pre- and post-harvest inputs which will provide nutritious pumpkin fruits to consumers. To contribute in solving this challenge, knowledge on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer, mulch and gibberellic acid on the fruit size, flesh thickness and firmness of multipurpose pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) is very important. A field experiment was therefore set at the Chuka University farm for two seasons between January 2019 and July 2020.It was arranged in a split-plot in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Nitrogen (CAN) (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha), mulch (no mulch, black-painted and unpainted rice straws) and gibberellic acid (GA3) (0 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 80 mg/L) were assigned to the main plots, split plots and sub-plots respectively. Data was collected fortnightly from the fourth week after emergence. Data values were subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS software and means separated using least significant difference. Application of N fertilizer was significant on fruit size (0.013) during the second season, flesh thickness during the first and the second season (0.002and 0.04respectively) and fruit firmness of 0.02 upper and 0.009 lower during the second season. Application of N at150kg N/ha and black-painted mulch resulted to fruit size of 2172 cm 2 and 2199 cm 2respectivelyand flesh thickness of 3.387cm and 3.856cm respectively which was higher than the other treatments. The effect of GA3 on fruit size, flesh thickness and firmness of multipurpose pumpkins was insignificant during both seasons. These results show that application of N at 150kg N/ha and black painted mulch would give the best fruit quality to the farmers while application of GA3 may not necessarily result to beneficial returns.

Phytochemical, Fluorescence and GC-MS Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Sterculia foetida L. Seeds

A. Amuthavalli, T. Ramesh

The present work phytoconstituents of the seed powder of Sterculia foetidaL. extracted with 98% methanol. The extracted phytochemical compound subjected to qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, fluorescence analysis and GC-MS analysis. The results of qualitative phytochemical screening confirm that the presence of tannins, phenols, steroids, cardiac glycoside and coumarin. The significant amount of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, tannin and total phenol estimated through quantitative analysis of phytochemicals. The seed powder with the picric acid exhibited fluorescent yellow during fluorescence analysis undertaken with short ultra violet light at 254 nm. There are 13 bioactive compounds were identified through GC-MS analysis of seed powder of S. foetida L. These various bioactive compounds possess a wide range of activities such as disease control, pest control and microbicidal effect.

Dynamics of rubber cultivation in production systems in mountain zone of CÃ´te dâ€™Ivoire

Kouadio Y. D. M., Bahan F. M. L., Kouassi K. H., Keli Z. J.

In Côte d'Ivoire, rubber cultivation is experiencing spectacular development. With land saturation in its traditional growing zones, rubber trees increasingly occupies new regions, including the west of the country. The objective of this study is to assess the place of rubber trees in the dynamics of production systems in the semi-mountainous region of western Côte d'Ivoire. This study was carried out through a survey carried out among nearly 402 rubber planters from the Tonkpi region and part of the Guemon region. A semi-open questionnaire was used to collect data, particularly those relating to the profile of the farmer and the relationships that prevail between rubber trees and other crops. Data analyzes have shown that the total area of production systems is 2758.12 ha, or 6.86 ha per farmer, and that of rubber trees is 1268.69 ha, or 2.41 ha per farmer. The average age of rubber fields is 8 years in 2019. Rubber plots were established between 1990 and 2019, of which 84 pc between 2007 and 2015. Planters use perennial polyculture in 76.87 pc of cases. Rubber cultivation occupies 46 p.c. of cultivated areas with coffee (45.63 p.c.) as the dominant previous crop. The rubber tree is grown in combination in 67.87 p.c. of cultural situations. Food crops are mostly (86.83 p.c.) used in associations. Rubber cultivation occupies half of the production system in western Côte d'Ivoire and the relations which prevail between rubber trees and the other components of this system are, on the one part, relations of substitution of rubber for perennial cultures (Coffee) and on the other part relations of association with food crops.

Impacts of Dams on the Environment: A Review

Yousra Mohamed Khir Alla, Lee Liu

Dams are very important for generating electricity and providing drinking water. However, they have major negative impacts on water quality, aquatic ecology, land, terrestrial wildlife, vegetation, and air quality. Mitigation measures should be put in place to reduce these negative impacts on the environment. For example, to reduce the impact on water quality, sediment control drainage should be constructed. To control chemical pollution, containers should be provided for chemical waste. With respect to climate and GHG emissions, it is critical to clear vegetation prior to reservoir filling. Overall, dams negatively affect the physical and biological environment due to the various activities, during construction, filling the reservoir and during the operation of the reservoir and dams.

Profile of Progesteron, Estrogen and Pregnancy Level of Pasundan Cattle after Estrus Synchronization with Prostaglandin and Releasing Gonadothropin Hormone

Euis Nia Setiawati, Mas Yedi Sumaryadi, Vony Armelia

Twenty Pasundan cows were used in this study in order to determine the concentration of the hormones estrogen, progesterone, and the level of pregnancy. The cows were randomly divided into two groups of 10 each. The first group was synchronized with a prostaglandin double injection (Lutalyse TM, Upjohn, Kalmozoo USA, containing 25 mg of Dinoprost Tromethamin) at a dose of 5 ml/head intramuscularly 2 (two) times with an interval of 11 days. The second group was injected with prostaglandins (PGF2α) at a dose of 5 ml/head intramuscularly 2 (two) times with an interval of 11 days, but on the 9th day they were injected with gonadotropin realizing hormone (Fertagyl, Intervet Animal Health UK Ltd, Cambridge; which contained 100 µg Gonadorelin which is synthetic GnRH)), Cows in heat are artificially inseminated twice with an interval of 6 hours. The variables observed were concentrations of estrogen and progesterone during estrus and 2 months of pregnancy, service preconception, and calving rate. The data were processed with analysis of variance and descriptive. The results showed that cows that were injected with PGF2 α + GnRH, had an average plasma concentration of the hormone progesterone 2.68 ± 0.19 ng/ml and 26.65 ± 2.09 pg/ml estrogen, service preconception 1.0, a calving rate 90% higher than those injected with α PGF2 including progesterone. 2.68 ± 0.19 ng / ml and estrogen 26.65 ± 2.09 pg / ml, service preconception 1.2 and calving rate 90%. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the plasma concentrations of progesterone and estrogen when the cows were 60 days pregnant when they were injected with the PGF2α + GnRH combination had a very significant effect (P

Identification of The Potential of Degrading Carrageenan in Red Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii Symbiotic Bacteria

Andi Alya Yusriyyah, Asmi Citra Malina AR Tassakka, Gunarto Latama

Kappahycus alvarezii is a red alga contained large amount of bioactive material, such as carrageenan. Carrageenan is useful as a raw material for several industries and can be degraded by marine bacteria through breaking the linkages in polysaccharide carrageenan into oligosaccharide carrageenan. The aim of this study is identification of degrading carrageenan in K. alvarezii symbiotic bacteria. The results showed there was 14 isolate bacteria, and all of the isolates have clear zone on congo red staining activity. The isolate bacteria were 7 genera as K. alvarezii symbiotic bacteria, such as Labrenzia sp., Alteromonas sp., Vibrio sp., Celeribacter sp., Pseudoalteromonas sp., Phaeobacter sp. and Cobetia sp. Labrenzia sp., Alteromonas sp., Vibrio sp., Pseudoalteromonas sp., Phaeobacter sp. were recognized to have strong interactions with carrageenan in red algae, while the other Celeribacter sp. and Cobetia sp. have strong interactions with alginate in brown algae.

Yeast Extract: A Potential Substitute of Salt in Baked Crackers

Loubna Abou Ghoush, Sami El Khatib*

Yeast extract (YE) is a natural product that can be easily produced and has the advantage to be edible and to have a salty taste. It can be used as a food additive to give Umami taste, to intensify flavor and to give saltiness. YE can be produced naturally by autolysis, (a self lysis of the yeast cells) when incubated for four days at 45°C for the yeast cells to release their cytoplasmic content. YE is low in calories and fat, high in proteins, nucleotides and glutamic acid. It is used by food companies and restaurants as an aromatic ingredient in various applications such as soups, sauces, seasonings, snacks, ready meals and meats. The main objective of this study is to reduce the salt concentration and replace it by the edible YE in the salty crackers. In our experiment, salt concentration was reduced by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% and replaced with YE. Physico-chemical properties of the product were investigated and sensory evaluation was performed by a set of 25 panelists. Triangle test and consumers’ acceptance test were performed by comparing experimental sample against the control containing 100% salt. Obtained results supported the hypothesis; the taste of samples with 50% reduced salt showed no difference compared to those made using YE. The panelists gave the latter sample six points out of nine on hedonic scale. Our findings demonstrated that YE can be potentially used as a partial substitute of table salt.

Inhibitory Activity of Distilled water and Ethanol Extracts of Moringa oleifera Leaves Against Enterobacter aerogenes

Andi Sayida Nurul Shafira, Metusalach, Nursinah Amir

Enterobacter aerogenes is one of the bacteria that has an important role in converting histidine to histamine in fish. When consumed, histamine in fish can cause poisoning and even death. The growth of bacteria that cause damage to fish can be inhibited in several ways, including the addition of compounds that have the potential to act as bacteriostatic or even bactericide. One of the plants that has the potential as a source of bactericide compounds is drumstic tree (Moringa oleifera Lamk.). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of several concentrations of Moringa leaves extract using distilled water and ethanol in the inhibition of Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria as a histamine producer. The results showed that distilled water and ethanol extracts of Moringa leaves had an effective inhibition against Enterobacter aerogenes. The distilled water extract at a 40% concentration produced the largest inhibition zone (14.73 cm) while that of the ethanol extract at a 40% concentration was 10.57 cm. The distilled water extract of Moringa leaves is suitable for use because it is cheap, practical, safe for consumption and does not leave any unsafe residue on food.

Utilization of Mesquite Pods for Feeding Kids Grazing the Natural Ranges of Halaib Region

This study was amid to investigate animal response to replacement 15% of concentrate feed mixture (CFM) with ground mesquite pods without and with 4% Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 in invitro and invivo experiments. In vitro rumen gas production values at 24h were 58.67, 55.0 and 61.67 ml/400mg for CFM1, CFM2 (15% mesquite pods) and CFM3(15% mesquite pods + 4%PEG4000) respectively. Dry matter digestibility (DMD %) was 63.58, 64.50 and 66.65% for CFM1, CFM2 and CFM3, respectively. In vivo experiment was done using 15 growing goat kids (10.49±1.29 Kg) which were randomly divided into three groups. Group one (G1) was fed on concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and pasture (desert grass, Panicumtidrgium), group two (G2) was fed on CFM with 15% ground mesquite pods and pasture and group three (G3) was fed on with 15% ground mesquite pods plus 4% PEG 4000. Using PEG 4000 in G3 resulted in increasing intake from pasture by 19.45 and 30.51% from pasture intake in G1 and G2, respectively. Digestibility coefficients were very close to each other’s. Values of NDF and ADF digestibility tended to increase in mesquite pods groups (G2 and G3) compared to control group (G1). Also, TDN% values were 74.46, 77.69 and 77.68% for G1, G2, and G3, respectively. Using PEG 4000 (G3) with mesquite pods had the best values over all groups in average daily gain (60.13 g/day),body weight gain (9.02 Kg) and final body weight (19.5 Kg).Serum parameters were under normal range of healthy goats. In general, using mesquite pods decreased feed cost per day by about 21% from control diet and PEG group as well.

Bioeconomic Analysis of Indian Scad (Decapterus ruselli) in the Bone bay Waters of South Sulawesi

Arwita Irawati, Aris Baso, Najamuddin

The purpose of this research is to analyze the optimal level of production and the efforts to utilize Indian ScadFish in Bone Bay Waters. This research was conducted from July to September 2021. The method used was descriptive quantitative using a questionnaire tool. The sampling method used was the random sampling method with a total of 10 fishing Indian Scad business units. The data analysis used was standardizing fishing gear, estimating biological and economic parameters and estimating dynamic bioeconomic parameters. The results showed that generally the level of utilization of Indian Scad fish in the purse seine fishing gear had fluctuatedvalue. The actual production conditions of the use of Indian Scadfish were higher when compared to the production in the Bioeconomic management regime, which is52,543.67 tons while the maximum sustainable value recommended in the regime MSY is 62,889.11, MEY is284,661.66 tons.

Seaweed Cultivationn Business Development Strategy (Gracillaria sp) Through Spores Culture in Takalar Regency

Evi Angriani, Sutinah Made, Hamzah Tahang

This study aims to calculate income and determine alternative strategies for seaweed cultivation business development (Gracillaria sp) through spores culture in Takalar Regency. Using revenue, IE, SWOT, and QSPM formula analysis methods. The results showed that farmers in Sanrobone subdistrict earned a higher income of Rp.3,609,100 compared to Mappakasunggu District which earned revenues of Rp.2,234,500. While the total score of values in the internal matrix is 2.92 and the external matrix is 1.31. The combination of the two values indicates the position of the business lies in cell VIII or growth strategy. The right strategy is to use quality seeds to increase export value, optimize the region as a productive area, and provide stock of spore seeds for export needs. These three strategies can be implemented simultaneously, because they support each other.

Traditional Knowledge of aÃ§aÃ (Euterpe precatoria Mart. - Arecaceae) usage in the Sustainable Development Reserve - RDS PiagaÃ§u Purus â€“ Amazonas - Brazil

The historical reciprocity among traditional populations and the usage of biodiversity in natural environments have outlined the Amazon as one of the richest and most complex socio-ecological systems on the planet. Conservation Units (CU’s) are effective strategies to protect biodiversity, although the simple creation does not guarantee its efficiency. Conservation depends on the integration between ecological and social aspects of the forest peoples and the management of institutions involved with the use and protection of biodiversity and environment. In this context, Non-Timber Forest Products (NFTPs) are important elements in the culture and subsistence of traditional populations and can represent significant sources of income. Specifically, the açaí palm (Euterpe precatoria) is one of the species that stands out in the Amazon, with high cultural and economic values. Given the importance of the species, this research was carried out using traditional knowledge associated with this palm tree, along with residents of three communities of the RDS Piagaçu Purus, to identify and evaluate the uses of parts of the plant of greatest interest to local communities. Within a two-months period, in 2006, information on the diversity of uses and knowledge of the species were collected. It was applied the method of qualitative-quantitative exploratory research, surveying primary and secondary information. The results showed the great potential of açaí usage, especially the fruit, which is consumed in the form of wine and the root, in popular medicine, indicating that the species is a key resource for families subsistence besides its high economic and social potential.

LED night lighting improving mini-budding technology in Hevea brasiliensis

Xing-Cheng Yao, Han-Qi Tu, Xin-Long Wang, Jun Wang

Mini-budding, exploiting seedlings of about 20 days, is a major technology for planting material propagation of rubber tree in China. The first pair leaves should be kept on rootstocks for assimilation. Manually axillary bud picking is needed to promote scion bud germination, but it is difficult and labor intensive. In this study, topping was carried out on the position below the first pair leaves and the subsequent plants were subjected to LED night lighting. The plant growth and the plant survival rate were improved by night lighting. The scion growth of the 1st flush was not comparable to that of plants with leaves on rootstocks. The high amount of chlorophyll content in the leaf might be response for this. The plant survival rate of the treatment was similar with that of plants with leaves on rootstocks. Thus, applying LED night lighting to the plants without leaves on rootstocks improved mini-budding technology by avoiding axillary bud picking.

Trophic status and phytoplankton diversity of two dam ponds in Eastern Cameroon (Central Africa)

A study aimed to determine the level of water pollution and phytoplankton diversity of two dam ponds (Ngaikada and Kpokolota) in Bertoua city was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 using a monthly sampling frequency. Water samples were collected at surface directly using a 1L polyethylene vials and at 1.5 m depth using a 6L Van Dorn bottle. Physicochemicals analyzes were carried out according to the standard methods of APHA and Rodier, while the harvesting of phytoplankton organisms was done by direct sampling and analyzed by the Utermôhl method. The results of the physicochemicals analyzes reveal no significant difference (P ˃ 0.05*) from surface to depth, high temperature (26.18 ± 1.40°C; 26.29 ± 1.01°C), low transparency (48.57 ± 17.15 cm; 51.43 ± 11.51 cm), high levels of orthophosphates (4.05 ± 3.38 mg/L; 4.15 ± 3.52 mg/L) and oxidability (8.49 ± 6.40 mg/L; 8.10 ± 6.68 mg/L) and high levels of chlorophyll'a' (33.65 ± 24.66 µg/L; 43.67 ± 22.97 µg/L) respectively for Ngaikada and Kpokolota ponds. These characteristics classify these water bodies as hypereutrophics. Biological analyzes have shown that these ponds are quite diversified with 136 and 143 species identified in Kpokolota and Ngaikada respectively. The specific richness, the abundance and the density of phytoplankton organisms recorded at the surface were significantly higher (P ˂ 0.05*) than those at 1.5 m depth. Rehabilitation processes such as control of nitrogen compound flows by purifying waste water from plantations and households, cutting aquatic plants and cleaning mud from ponds should be quickly put in place for a resumption of aquaculture activities.

Effects of feeding ration incorporating Piliostigma thonningii (schum.) pods on growth and gastrointestinal parasites in West African Dwarf goats of Burkina Faso

The objective of this study was to determine the availability and the use of Piliostigma thonningii pods through individual interviews using semi-structured questionnaires, and to evaluate the effect of diet incorporating these pods on growth and parasitic status of goats. The trial consisted in feeding diets to 12 adult West African dwarf goats, divided into three batches of four animals each. Batches 1 and 2 received a diet with 40% Piliostigma thonningii pods, and bamboo charcoal as a zootechnical additive (1g/kg PV) in the diet of batch 2. For batch 3, the animals received a diet without the pods, proportionally replaced by cotton seed cake. The experiment lasted for 78 days including two weeks of adaptation. The Mac-Master technique was used for identification and enumeration of strongyle eggs and coccidia oocysts. The results showed a higher frequency of the use of pods in shredded form (38.18%) compared to crushed (25.45%) and whole (20.00%). The availability of pods was confirmed by 57.1% of the respondents. The ADG obtained with the batches fed diet incorporating the pods were 16.39±4.10 and 24.01±5.97 g/d for batches 1 and 2 respectively, significantly lower than those obtained with the animals in batch 3 that received the cotton seed cake (31.39±5.80 g/d). The level of EPG recorded in animals from batch 1 (50±100) was significantly lower than those obtained with animals from batches 2 and lot 3 (500±455 and 925±736 respectively). The use of Piliostigma thonningii pods could be of great use in goat intensive production improvement programs.

Phenotypical characterization of cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) accessions in Cameroon's mono-modal rainforest zone

One hundred and five (105) accessions of cassava collected in the South West and Littoral Cameroon regions were evaluated on a morphological and epidemiological basis. The objective was to study the phenotypic diversity of accessions and its structure based on variables selected among the cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) descriptors. Descriptive analysis showed significant phenotypic differences for the traits. Principal component analysis confirmed this important morphological variability. The hierarchical ascending classification made it possible to structure the accessions into 6 and 4 groups. In Ekona, group I consists of accessions with high incidence (IN = 54.03 ± 20.41), group II contains high height (H = 2.01 ± 0.41m), group IV consists of accessions with high severity (SE = 40.44 ± 11.68), petiole length (LP = 39.66 ± 0.03), lobe length (LL = 19.00 ± 0.2 cm) and lobe number (NL = 7.66 ± 0.2).In Njombé, group I consists of accessions with a high incidence (IN = 59.31 ± 20.38), lobe length (LL = 18.08 ± 1.00 cm) and considerable lobe number (NL = 7.44 ± 0.2). These groups offer a wide range of broodstock choices for the creation of improved cassava varieties with interesting potential and adapted to these agro-ecological zones.

Why is China's the Belt One Road Initiative successful? â€” Lessons from the Cooperation with the Five Central Asia Countries

Sicheng Meng

This paper investigates Why is China can gain great success in capacity cooperation with the countries involving in the Belt One Road Initiative. This paper uses the cooperation with the five Central Asian countries, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as examples to find out the potential factors. Through analyzing the complementarity of long-term strategies of these five countries and China, and the supplementary policies for countries involving in Belt One Road Initiative, this paper finds that cost-effective technologies and excellent skills in infrastructure construction are in line with the needs of the five countries in their long-term development plans. Combining with supplementary policies like the ‘five connectivity’ and support from international institutions like AIIB and ADB, the benefit and security of the two groups China and countries involving in Belt One Road Initiative are highly guaranteed. Moreover, China has no tendency in geopolitical target in those areas and after all projects are finished, cooperation through public-private partnership can eliminate the concern about being control by China in infrastructure and energy sectors.

Study of Some Parameters Influencing the post mortem PH of Carcass's muscles of Dromedaries Slaughtered at the Touggourt Slaughterhouse. Algeria

Atika BENAISSA, Baaissa BABELHADJ, Imene TOUHAMI, Zineb DJALFAOUI

This work aims to study Biological and abiological factors influencing the postmortems hydrogen potential (pH) of four muscles, of twenty dromedary’s carcasses slaughtered at the slaughterhouse in Touggourt municipality, Algeria. The temperature and pH were measured at one hour and a half after slaughtering, skinning and evisceration of carcasses. Electronic thermometer and electronic pH meter were used with under-implementation of breeder’s know-how and knowledge of veterinarian. The 4 muscles are respectively: Cleido- mastoidien, Semi membranosus, Triceps Brachii and Psoas major. The dromedaries studied are from two populations : The Sahraoui and the Targui. The sample is composed of males and females between 1 and 7 years of age, coming from three types of livestock farming (Intensive, Semi-intensive and Extensive), and before slaughtering the animals were in different housing periods. The statistical analysis is carried out by the SPSS (statistical software) in two "2" steps: the pH overage varies according to the muscle’s type, with a highest values recorded in the Triceps Brachii (6.99 ≤ pH ≤ 7.14), then the Cleido-mastoidian with a pH of 6.98 to 6.84 and for the Semi membranosus and Psoas major which are the closest, with a pH respectively of 6.82 to 6.62 and 6.80 to 6.65. Regarding parameters linked to the animal, the age affects the pH with a strong negative correlation (r = -0.99; 'p' > 0.0001). The carcass weight has a negative relationship (r = -0.98; p> 0.0003). Then sex, while the race is not related to pH. For the parameters controlled by humans, the fasting time is at the origin of the increase in post-mortem pH values, corresponding to a positive correlation (r 0.74; p>0.0007). Also, the mode of livestock farming affects this parameter.

Assessment of farmersâ€™ vulnerability to climate variability and extreme events: Evidence from dry Kitui, Kenya

Ndungâ€™u C.K., Kamau Mercy W., Muriu-Ngâ€™angâ€™a F.W

Climate variability and extreme events are some of the most pressing environmental challenges occurring in the contemporary world. Farming communities in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas are more vulnerable to climate vulnerability and extremesdue to high dependence on rain-fed agriculture. There is little understanding of factors influencing farmers’ vulnerability to climate variability and extremes at household level in arid and semi-arid parts of Kenya. This study analyzed farmers’ vulnerability to climate variability and extremes in arid and semi-arid parts of Kitui County, Kenya. The study utilized data collected from 341 households from Yuku, Kaveta, Kauwi and Kasaini sub-locations located in four different agro-ecological zones. Descriptive survey was used and purposive sampling method applied in identifying the sub-locations of study. Proportionate sampling was used to select the number of households to be interviewed in each sub-location and systematic sampling used to select the households which formed the units of analysis. Vulnerability analysis was based on indices constructed from carefully selected indicators for exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The indicators were weighted using Equal Weight Analysis. Vulnerability indices indicated that Yuku sub-location (arid) was the most vulnerable to climate variability and extreme events (1.487) followed by transitional zone from semi-arid to semi-humid- Kauwi (0.214), semi-arid- Kasaini (0.085) and semi-humid- Kaveta sub-location (-0.530). Development and policy measures should be focused towards improving the adaptive capacity of the rural farming households, while keeping the post-disaster emergency relief measures in place for zones with higher biophysical vulnerability to climate variability and extremes.

Investigating Pesticide Use and Management in King Orange (Citrus nobilis) Farming in Vung Liem District, Vinh Long Province, Vietnam

Nguyen Thanh Giao

The study was conducted to evaluate the current situation of pesticide use on the model of growing king orange (Citrus nobilis) in Hieu Nghia commune, Vung Liem district, Vinh Long province, Vietnam thereby assessing the potential effects of the pesticide use on health and the environment by direct interviewing 60 farmers growing king orange. Information on the potential effects of the pesticide use is retrieved from available scientific databases of chemical toxicity. The results showed that 100% of the households use pesticides during cultivating king orange in which 60% of the farmers using chemical pesticides, 36.7% using biological ingredients, 36.7% and 3.3% using pesticides with unknown sources. The interview results showed that the households used 6 pesticides with toxic group I; 53 pesticides with toxic group II; 22 pesticides with toxic group III and 40 pesticides with toxic group IV. There were 60% of the households used pesticide dosage according to the instructions on the package; 26.7% of the households used more than recommended dosage and 13.3% households used less than recommended dosage. The number of the farmers with clear understanding of the harmful effects of plant protection chemicals accounted for 5.0%, with knowledge accounting for 48.3%, with little knowledge of 31.7% and ignorance at 15%. Regarding the methods of handling pesticides packages after use, there were 45% of the farmers treated the wastes by disposing of in the fields, 30% selling to vendors and 25% burning the wastes. With the current knowledge and practice of using and managing pesticides, the risk to the environment and the health of the people is very serious. Health, environment and agriculture agencies should take measures to support people in protecting health, managing wastes generated from pesticides use to reduce risks to health and the environment.

Determinants of Level of Accessibility to Microfinance among Loan beneficiaries of some Commercial Crop Production Farmers in Niger state, Nigeria

Mahmud H. U

The study analyzed the determinants of some selected commercial crop farmers’ accessibility to microfinance services in Niger state, Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was used in selecting respondents who were beneficiaries of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) spread across the 3 agricultural zones in the state; from which primary data were collected using questionnaires. A total of 185 crop farmers who are beneficiaries of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) were used in the study. Method of data analysis used was means, frequencies, percentages, and double hurdle analysis. The result revealed that gender, age, education, household size, income, farm size and farming experience are the socio-economic variables influencing commercial crop farmers’ access to MFIs. The accessibility of microfinance to crop farmers was found to be determined by household and loan characteristic of the farmers. It showed that there was a significant difference in the total income, farm capital, land size, household size and education level between the two groups of farmers but no significant difference in their age, marital status, farming experience and output level. It was also found out that age, farm size, income, education and household size were factors that significantly affect access to credit. Equally, age, farm size, marital status, cost of loan, education level and farming experience was found to have significant influence on loan size. The study also found that majority of the loan beneficiaries [70%] borrowed above N100,000.00, the average loan borrowed was N145,166.67 at an average interest rate of 15.16% for 10months. Based on the findings of this study, group borrowings should be encouraged by the farmers. In other to facilitate credit access, crop farmers should form groups or cooperatives because financial institution will prefer lending credit to groups than individuals. It is therefore recommended that government policies can capitalize on the socio-economic variables in this study as veritable tools to encouraging accessibility to MFIs.

Epidemiology and Determinants of Soil-transmitted Helminthiases among Selected Primary School Children in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines: A Cross-sectional Study

Soil-transmitted Helminth (STH) infections are one of the top causes of morbidity among primary school children. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence, infection rate, and determinants of STH infection among primary school children aged 7-10 years old in Barangay Balzain, Tuguegarao City. Thirty-two Grade 1 and 2 pupils from Balzain East Elementary School were selected through purposive random sampling. Direct fecal smear testing of stool samples elucidated the prevalence of ascariasis and trichuriasis in primary school children. Data such as socio-demographic, water source, environmental sanitation, personal hygiene and health status were collected to better understand the correlation of these factors with STH infection. STH infection was found to be more prevalent [25% (95% CI: 6.02-43.98) ] than Grade 1 pupils [16.67% (95% CI: -4.42-37.76)]. The relative prevalence rate was 21.88% (95% CI: 7.56-36.20), which has a qualitative interpretation of a good environmental sanitation behavior. Number of siblings was positively correlated (p

Genotoxic Effect of Automobile Exhaust Exposure among Motorized Tricycle Drivers in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines using Micronucleus Assay: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Motorized tricycle drivers are among the populations of the transport industry who are very much prone to the effects of hazardous substances found in automobile exhausts. This research was aimed to determine the risk factors of cytogenetic damage brought about by automobile exhaust exposure among motorized tricycle drivers of Tuguegarao City. In this study, a total enumeration of motorized tricycle drivers from of Pengue Ruyu, Tuguegarao City was done. Out of 52 tricycle drivers, only 51 participants were included in the study. Most of the tricycle drivers of Pengue Ruyu were primarily middle-aged drivers; substantially exposed to automobile exhaust; cigarette smokers and alcoholic drinkers; non-users of protective masks; had no vitamin supplementation; and had routes that involved driving across Barangay Tanza. A high incidence of genotoxicity [76.47% (95% CI: 64.83% to 88.11%)] among the study participants was observed. Among the categorical variables, only automobile exhaust exposure and vitamin supplementation showed significant correlation (p

Elemental Composition and Proximate Analysis of Shea Butter Sold in Swali Market, Yenegoa, Nigeria

Sangoremi Anthony Abidemi, Akens Hamilton-Amachree

This study evaluates the elemental and proximate composition of Shea butter sold in Swali market Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Proximate analysis was carried out using standard method of AOAC (2005) while elemental analysis was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Flame photometer. The proximate values were: Moisture (5.220±0.113 %), Crude fibre (0.111±0.001%), Crude Protein (42.316±0.000%), Crude fat (97.000±0.000%), Ash content (0.084±0.006%), Carbohydrate (34.096±0.011%). Results of the elemental analysis (mg/100g) showed that Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Magnesium, Copper, Calcium, Zinc and Manganese contents of the Shea butter were: 836.83±0.101, 45.81±000, 0.61±0.111, 2.56±0.111, 0.18±0.000, 31.31±0.113, 0.30±0.101 and 0.23±0.113 respectively. The elemental and proximate values indicated that Shea butter has nutritive components comparable to other popular nutritious food substances. Hence, its consumption for edible and non- edible purposes should be promoted.

Investigation of Cowpea Variety and Storage Methods on Cowpea Beettle Infestation

Abodenyi V.A., Adeosun F. F., Samuel E., Gambo M.

Investigation of effect of cowpea variety and storage methods on cowpea beetle (callosobuchus maculates) control was carried out with the main aim of providing suitable, safe and affordable methods of storing various varieties of cowpea devoid of infestation. Three varieties of cowpea which are White, Brown and Black varieties were used for this research. Various storage methods which include Plastics, Polyethylene, Hessian bags and Aluminum Bins of 10 kg capacity each was used in storing the cowpea. Twenty (20) cowpea beetle were introduced into the stored cowpea. Storage chemicals (phostoxine and Atelic dust) were introduced into the various stored cowpea at the same time of introducing the cowpea beetle. For each treatment there was a control and each was replicated three times. The storage was observed for a period of 90 days. The data generated were analyzed using MINITAB statistical software in analysis of variance (ANOVA).The result showed thatthe control treatment was generally less effective than the phostoxine and atelic dust at 90 days of storage and infestation of the cowpea. From tables 1, 2 and 3 all the storage methods were effective against the insect with significantly varying degree of efficiencies. Cowpea beetle mortality was significantly affected on the white variety more especially on the polyethylene storage and plastic containers with 95% and 100% mortality respectively. The Atelic showed mortality rate of 85 % for both polyethylene and plastic containers while the control treatment has a value of 65 % and 70 % for both the polyethylene and plastic containers respectively. The Aluminum bin showed 80% mortality on phostoxine combination, 75% for the atelic and 50 % for the control treatment.The mortality on the Black variety was significantly high after the 90 days infestation and storage for all the treatments and storage methods except for the Hessian bags that indicated 65 % for phostoxine, 60 % for atelic and 0 % for the control treatment. The black variety showed less susceptibility to cowpea infestation when stored in polyethylene bag and airtight plastic container which had 100 % mortality each.

Rating the Potential Landscape Changes through the Visual Resource Inventory in North Metn Lebanon

AlJammal E., Shahnov V., Samaha S.

North Metn is known for its miscellaneous landscapes varying from mountainous, coastal, agricultural, natural, rural, urban and industrial. However its land-cover, land-use and landscape structures are highly affected by manmade and natural means of transformation throughout a short period of time. Since the assessment of these changes is essential for any landscape management in the district, the Visual Resource Inventory (VRI) was selected for that purpose. VRI provides the basic visual resource data for future landscape planning purposes in the evaluation area. The results were analyzed for the district’s visual potential based on several criteria. It is essentially used to rate the landscape for its Scenic Quality and Sensitivity Level within Distance Zones delineated. North Metn is distinguished by its valuable scenic quality and panoramic landscape views taking into account the users Landscape Importance and the particular Viewing Locations threatened by drastic changes, eighty-two Viewpoints (VP) were selected to be assessed using the VRI methods. Each VP was decomposed by its Landscape Elements in the Foreground, Middle and Background Extent taking into consideration its forms, textures, lines and colors. Each VP Scenic Quality (SQ) was rated for its Integrity, Vividness and Harmony while the View Importance (VI) was rated for its VP, Viewed Landscape and Viewer Concern. Later on, the SQ and the VI ratings will provide rankings ranging from Very high Scenic Inventory Value (SIV) rate to a Very Low SIV rate. North Metn’s landscape was classified within three landscape classes depending on each rate.

Transfusion Transmissible Infections among Voluntary Blood Donors in Port-Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria

A.C. Okafor, A. Dan-Jumbo, H.E.Omunakwe , S.D. Lawson

A survey of Blood Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs) among voluntary blood donors of different age groups was conducted between March 2017 and June 2018in Port-Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 200 voluntary blood donors consisting of 151(75.5%) males and 49(24.5%) females participated in the study. All the blood donors were within the ages of 18 to 65 years. Blood samples were taken from the veins of blood donors. The blood samples were screened in the laboratory for Venereal Diseases (VD), Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) 1 and 2 using test Kits. Of the 200 blood donors involved, none was positive for HIV 1 and 2 infections. Only 2(1%) participants were positive for VDRL infections. A total of 8(4.0%) of the study participants were positive for HBsAg while 1(0.5%) was positive for HCV. The prevalence of TTIs was higher in females 6(3.0%) than in males 5(2.5%), but there was no significant differences in prevalence among genders (P> 0.05). Blood is still one of the main sources of transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), HCV and VD. Availability of safe blood for transfusion is necessary for the recuperation of the recipient. This can be achieved by vigorous screening of donors and donated bloods.

Contribution of traditional Date palm (Phoenix sylvestris) agroforestry in income generation and livelihood improvements: A case of Jashore district, Bangladesh

M.A. Mondol, N. E. K. Alam, K. K. Islam

Products and services provided by the agroforestry production systems support the basic needs and enhance the livelihood of millions of farmers throughout the world. The benefit of the traditional agroforestry systems and their livelihood improvement strategies are, however, often not systematically addresses in Bangladesh. Thus, the objective of the study was to assess the impact of traditional agroforestry on income generation and livelihood capital development of the rural farmers in Bangladesh. The study selected one of the most common and popular Date palms ((Phoenix sylvestris) agroforestry cases practiced in the Jashore region of Bangladesh. The findings indicated that the most common important feature of the Date palm-based agroforestry system was to generate income and diversified products for the rural farmers. In addition, the physical, financial and natural capital developments were a strong indication of the livelihood developments of farmers. However, the social and human capital development was not satisfactory and this urges an immediate intervention from the government and regional levels. The scientific training on agroforestry and local conflict resolution mechanism process from the government levels would be boosted up the income generation and livelihood development of the farmers in the study area. Therefore, the study recommends to minimize constraints of the agroforestry production systems through training and also enhance social relationship through government official interference would be very effective to make the Date palm agroforestry a more sustainable land-use practice in Bangladesh.

Comparative analysis between KINEROS2 and SWAT for hydrological modeling: A case study from Tleta Watershed in Morocco

S. El Harche, M. Chikhaoui, M. Naimi, F. Choukri, A. Chaaou

Hydrological models are very useful tools for simulating the effect of natural processes and management practices on soil and water resources at the watershed level. However, the applicability of a model relies on the accuracy to simulate measured data. Thus, the aim of this study is a comparative review of the results of two recent studies carried out on the tleta watershed, to evaluate the performance of two models, namely KINEROS2 (Kinematic Runoff and erosion), coupled with AGWA (Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment), and SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), to predict runoff and sediment yields deposited at Ibn Batouta dam at the outlet of tleta watershed. The comparative analysis between simulated and observed value of runoff and sediment yield was performed using two statistical criteria. The results showed that these two models were able to simulate runoff during the calibration period, with (R²=0.98 and NSE=0.96) for runoff K2, and (R²=0.92 and NSE=0.89) for SWAT. A slight reduction in agreement between sediment yields was observed for SWAT (R²=0.84 and NSE=0.74) and a better accuracy was noted for K2 (R²=0.99 and NSE=0.97).

Effect of differential expression of pro-region on the transglutaminase productivity in pichia pastoris

Transglutaminase (TG) induces protein cross-linking by catalyzing the reaction of acyl transfer. Mature sequence of TG is inactive when express without its pro-region. Since pro-region is critical for inhibiting the TG’s action and for correctly folding it extracellularly, the production is either poor or forming inclusion bodies without its pro-region. One of the fundamental steps for higher yield to date is to increase the transcriptional level of the recombinant gene by generating multicopies that could only be accomplished by cloning the concatemers. Here, co-expressing strain was successfully generated by incorporating pro-region into ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites to achieve different copies. The maximum enzyme activity was up to 3.9u/ml compared to the wild type that was only 2.1u/ml in shake flasks being inducted for 96hrs.This research work provides an important strategy for its pro-region to take advantage of the degree of transglutaminase folding.

Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Pullet Chicks Fed Diets Containing Prosopis Africana Seed Coat Meal Treated with Polyzyme

M.O. Odeh, S. Attah, I. O. A. Oluremi, F.B.P. Abang

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the performance and nutrient utilization of three hundred (300) Nera brown day-old pullet chicks that were fed for 56 days. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that the 0%(control diet) had the highest feed intake of 31.94g/bird/day. While the best FCR (3.09) and highest final weight gain (608.33g/bird) were obtained in 0% PASCM inclusion level. Also birds on 0% PASCM inclusion level had the highest value of weight gain (10.33g/bird) and best protein efficiency ratio (0.64). Mortality was not observed. The digestible CP and EE were highest (P 0.05) from 15% and 20% inclusion levels. It was therefore concluded that 20% PASCM inclusion level could be adopted for optimum growth performance and digestibility in pullet chicks’ diets.

Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms to Increase Production of Violacein

Violacein, an indole derivative, is a violent pigment which is extracted from the bacteria. It is considered to be an important aromatic compound as it exhibits essential antiparasitic, antimicrobial and antitumoral characteristics. One of the most eminent derivatives that is being induced by the biosynthetic pathway of violacein is deoxyviolacein. However, it is produced in an insignificant amount. By expunging the VioD protein from the violacein pathway, deoxyviolacein can be generated which is devoid of a hydroxyl group. Another derivative that was produced in addition to deoxyviolacein is oxyviolacein, generated by the derivative of tryptophan i.e. 5-hydroxytryptophan. In this review, our main focus is on different engineered microorganisms in increasing the production of the violacein. On undergoing genetic analysis and determining the basic mechanism of violacein production showed that, violacein is formed by the condensation of 2 tryptophan molecules in presence of vioABCD gene cluster. However, later on, the presence of another gene vioE was revealed to be involved in violacein biosynthesis and a new pathway was suggested. McClean reported the involvement of quorum sensing mechanism via AHL’s in violacein biosynthesis. Then using the above information and using violacein gene cluster vioABCDE, the violacein was produced in C. violaceum, Pseudoalteromonas sp. 520P1, V. natriegens, C. glutamicum, E. coli, Y. lipolytica and D. violaceinigra. Then the amount of violacein was increased by subjecting it to either batch or fed-batch fermentation. Then after its production, its anti-microbial activity was determined against Staphylococcus species. Also, its anti-cancerous activity was also determined on resistant leukemia cells.

Isolation and Characterization of Phylloplane Bacteria from Papaya Plant for the Biocontrol of post-harvest Diseases in Papaya

Ashwini Narasimhan, Kasturi Banerjee

Papaya is one of the most significant crops cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries all over the world. Post-harvest diseases are the major threat to papaya fruit yield leading to huge losses. This study focuses on controlling the fungal pathogens of papaya fruit by isolating the disease control bacteria from the phylloplane of the papaya plant and screening them for antagonism towards the pathogens. The fungal pathogens chosen for this study were Colletotrichum, Fusarium and Rhizopus. The three bacterial isolates showing the maximum diameter for the zone of inhibition against these pathogens were selected for morphological and biochemical characterization. In studies, the isolates were found to be Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Consortium study was conducted between Bacillus and Pseudomonas which showed more efficiency in controlling the growth of fungal pathogens when combined. Fruit assay was then performed to establish these bacterial isolates as biocontrol agents. Papaya fruits were inoculated with fungal pathogens and fungal pathogens along with bacterial isolates. It was observed that the papayas inoculated with bacterial isolates showed a better shelf life than those without. The present study reports the biocontrol ability of the bacteria which can be used as disease control agents.

Assessment of Caecal Microbiome in two Breeds of Rabbits Fed Fermented Cocoa Podhusk Meal

O.B. Faluyi, M. A. Olude, M. Adegbenro

The study was conducted to determine the effect of inclusion of fermented cocoa pod husk meal in feed of rabbits on the microbial flora in the caecum.Sixty 5 weeks (35 days) old grower rabbits comprising 2 breeds (thirty New Zealand White and thirty Chinchilla) were used for the study. They were randomly distributed into six treatments of 10 rabbits per group and fed diets containing fermented cocoa pod husk meal (FCPHM) at 0%, 12.5% and 25% inclusion levels for a period of 8 weeks. Contents of the caecumof experimental rabbits were collected at the end of the feeding trial for analysis of bacterial counts/load, identification and characterization of the bacteria organisms. The results showed that the different breeds of rabbit and varying inclusion levels of FCPHM had significant influence (P