http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us April 2021 Twenty Pasundan cows were used in this study to know the effect of synchronization using prostaglandins and hormone gonadotropins on the picture of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and pasundan cow hemoglobin levels during pregnancy. The Pasudan heifers experimented with estrus using a combination of prostaglandin hormone (PGF2α) as much as 5 ml per head and gonadotropin realising hormone (GnRH) as much as 2.5 ml per head intramuscular to homogenize fertility conditions and improve fertility. The estrus mother cow is immediately carried out artificial insemination as much as 2 times with an interval of 6 hours. All test cows were given forage basalt food and adlibitum drinking water. Pregnancy examination is carried out on the 60th day and the 150th day of post-insemination using the rectal palpation method. Changes observed in the form of hematological concentrations include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and hemoglobin. The results showed that the concentration erythrocytes, leucocyte, and hemoglobin for Garut region respectively was 6.24±0.61 (million/μl); 11.54±0.25 (thousand/(μl); 11.54±0.61 (g/dl) higher than Bogor in a row was 5.99 ± 0.64 (million/μl); 11.46± 1.41 (thousand/(μl); 11.13 ± 0.60 (g/dl)). The results of the variance analysis showed that the synchronization of estrus with prostaglandins (PGF2α) and the gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) did not differ markedly (P>0.05), between the concentrations of erythrocytes, leucocytes, and hemoglobin during the gestation period with cows that were not pregnant. It concluded that the synchronization treatment of estrus with prostaglandins (PGF2α) and gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) had no effect on the profile of hematological concentrations during the gestational period (60 days and 150 days) and was no different from Pasundan heifers that are not pregnant. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-estrus-synchronization-with-prostaglandins-pgf2-and-gonadothropin-realising-hormone-gnrh-on-the-hematological-profile-of-pasundan-heifers-during-pregnancy/ Euis Nia Setiawati, Mas Yedi Sumaryadi, Dadang Mulyadi Saleh, Vony Armelia http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-102202128-Effectof.pdf The Fall Armyworm (FAW) or Spodoptera frugiperda, is an endemic and agriculturally important insect pest in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas causing severe impact estimated at millions of dollars. FAW has been recently identified for the first time in India and is also a first record in Asia threatening the food security and livelihoods of millions of farmers. The insects are affected by climatic factors, and climate change may affect geographical distribution, abundance, growth rate, survival, mortality, number of generations per year and other characteristics. These climate change effects on insects are difficult to project due to complex interaction among insects, hosts and predators. Moreover, agricultural pest management may become more challenging under future climate change and variation. The present study aims to project the impact of climate change on future suitability for the expansion of FAW as well as highlight the high risk probability areas due to the pest using the historical and future climatic conditions. The modelling was carried out using CLIMEX model, GIS, the known distribution of the species and the CliMond meterological database. The analysis has indicated high climatic suitability for FAW occurrence in India with Eco-climatic Index (EI) values above 20. Further, the high risk probability areas for the FAW establishment up to district level were also identified for the major maize growing states. The areas where the pest is currently reported in the country are coinciding with the predicted potential areas in India validating the current analysis. The analysis using two general circulation models (GCMs), CSIRO MK3.0 and MIROC-H, for 2030 and 2050 under the A2 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) indicated the possible reduction of climatically suitable areas for the FAW establishment in India. This kind of analysis assessing the possible impacts of FAW under future climate conditions is essential for the future economic production of crops. http://ijeab.com/detail/prediction-of-high-risk-probability-areas-under-current-and-future-climate-scenarios-in-india-for-the-establishment-of-fall-armyworm/ Dr. K. Susheela, K. A. Sai Swaroop, Dr. Alice R.P. Sujeetha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-10320213-Predictionof.pdf This study was undertaken to explore the possibility of inducing micromutations in quantitative traits and meiotic anomalies of bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) after irradiated dry and soaked seeds with 0.0, 0.5, 5 and 10 Krad of gamma rays. Traits (number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, number of spikelets per spike, spike density, grain yield per plant, weight of grain yield per plant and weight of 1000-grain per plant) were analyzed quantitatively to assess the extent of the variation in M1 and M2 generations. At the same time, the number of economical traits (heading date, plant height, number of tillers per plant, average of spike length, total protein percent and wet and dry gluten percent) were also investigated. Results showed that all quantitative traits varied significantly in M1 and M2 at doses rather than seed condition. Specific action of dose 0.5 Krad showed significant increase for some traits for three lines in M1 and M2, and the magnitude and direction for number of spikes per plant, grain yield per plant and weight of grain per plant was significant for all three lines at treatments. There was a considerable increase in genotypic variance, heritability and genetic advance indicating the effectiveness of gamma doses in inducing polygenic mutation. The treatment with different doses caused a highly significant increase in abnormal cells, while pollen fertility percent decreased with increasing gamma ray doses. M1 and M2 irradiated generations showed presence of significant differences at doses rather than seed conditions. A 5 Krad dose showed a significant increase in some traits for dry and soaked seeds for three lines at http://ijeab.com/detail/induction-of-genetic-variation-and-variability-of-saudi-arabian-cultivars-of-wheat/ Hussah I. Algwaiz http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-10320219-Induction.pdf In this study, the effect of poultry manure amendment on the availability of some heavy metals, (Cu, Cr, Mn and Zn) was evaluated. The uptake of the metals by Ricinus communis (castor oil) with and without amendment was conducted in a green house. Soil sample was treated with 5%, 10% and 20% of poultry manure in a pot experiment. There was an increase in physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, organic matter content and ECEC on treatment. Chemical speciation of the parent soil indicated that there was appreciable concentration of the metals in the extractable fraction. After three months of planting, the results showed that the extractability of the metals decreased significantly mostly with increase in percentage amendment. Residual fractionsgave the highest concentration of the metals and extractable having the least. 20% amendment has the best immobilization potential for Cu (7.07%), Cr (9.68%) and Mn (15.17%). The results also showed that amendment decreased plant metal uptake, generally decreasing as percentage amendment increased. These findings will be useful in the assessment and remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-poultry-manure-amendment-on-the-distribution-and-mobility-of-heavy-metals-in-naturally-contaminated-dump-soil/ Ezeudu Emeka Christian, Elaigwu Daniel Enenche, Oli Christian Chukwuemeka, Obi Amalachukwu Ifeyinwa, Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu Ajiwe, Patrice A. C. Okoye http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-10320212-Effect.pdf There is a growing interest in the pharmaceutical and agrochemicals industries for the use of enantiomerically-pure amino acids. α-keto acids are commonly used in feeds, food additives, pharmaceuticals, and chemical manufacturing. Commonly, most α-keto acids are manufactured by chemical synthesis, but due to the increasing concern for environment-friendly approaches, microbial fermentation and enzymatic transformation are alternative processes for the production of keto acids. Regarding this, L-amino acid deaminase (LAAD), is a major enzyme for α-keto acids production and is only found in Proteus bacteria. In this review, we discussed the recent biological applications of the enzyme LAAD in the production of keto acids, and summarized the recent advancements in the biological production of six important a-keto acids; specifically, phenylpyruvate, α-ketoglutaric acid, pyruvate, α-ketoisocaproate, α-keto-γ-methylthiobutyric acid and α, -ketoisovaleric acid. http://ijeab.com/detail/current-biotechnological-applications-of-l-amino-acid-deaminases-for-production-of-keto-acids/ Abdulqader Al-Adeeb, Aqeel Sahibzada Muhammad, Qais Al-Maqtari, Waleed AL-Ansi, Ildephonse Habimana, Hend Al-Jaberi, Ejaz Sharoon, Nadia Sarwar, Amer Ali Mahdi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-103202119-Current.pdf High fructose syrup is a sweetener that can replace sucrose, which is widely used in the food and beverage industries. In this study, codon-optimized Actinoplanes missouriensis CICIM B0118 (A) derived glucose isomerase heterologous expression was realized in the food-grade strain Bacillus Subtilis 168, and the recombinant Bacillus Subtilis 168/pMA5-xylA was successfully constructed. The whole-cell bioconversion system of D-glucose isomerization to the biosynthesis of D-fructose was optimized. The results showed that the concentration of biocatalysts was DWC 40 g/L, and the concentration of substrate D-glucose was 180 g/L, Mg2+ concentration 10 mmol/L, Co2+ concentration 1 mmol/L, continuous conversion at 70℃、220 R/min for 18 h, D-fructose concentration reached 103.32 g/L, the conversion rate was 57.4%, realizing the high fructose syrup one-step safe biosynthesis. This research provided an experimental and theoretical basis for the industrialized and safe biosynthesis of high fructose syrup and had an important reference value. http://ijeab.com/detail/optimized-recombinant-bacillus-subtilis-168-whole-cell-catalyzes-one-step-biosynthesis-of-high-fructose-syrup/ Ildephonse Habimana, Qiao Zhina, Aqeel Sahibzada Muhammad, Jean Damascene Harindintwali, Abdulqader Al-Adeeb, Tolbert Osire, Waleed AL-Ansi, Mengkai Hu, Meijuan Xu, Xian Zhang, Zhiming Rao http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-103202123-Optimized.pdf The cultivar Ghars is the second cultivar of economic importance for Algeria. It’s a soft date. So far, the only product derived from this date is “date’s syrup”. This product is developed by diffusion. The date is a food rich in nutrients. It is known that the consumption of carbohydrate foods causes different elevations of blood sugar. Some studies classify dates as a high glycemic food. The objective of this study is to follow the evolution of the postprandial glycemia of these foods and to characterize them nutritionally. This analysis is carried out according to the method recommended by FAO. Fourteen healthy, non-diabetic volunteers participated in the test. The results show a peak of control hyperglycemia (glucose) is significant (1.82 g / l ± 0.25) compared to dates (1.30 g / l ± 0.20) and their syrup (1.55 g / l ± 0.1), because glucose is a simple carbohydrate, its absorption is fast. These results are explained by the composition of these foods in polysaccharides (date 4.15% ± 0.02) (syrup 3.86% ± 0.38). Since polysaccharides facilitate intestinal transit, slow gastric emptying and slow the absorption of glucose. These results likely suggest that dates of this cultivar could be non-hyperglycemic food. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-polysaccharides-pectins-on-postprandial-glucose/ Y. Mimouni, Z. Bayoussef, Z. Djelfaoui, O. Siboukeur http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10320217-Effectof.pdf India consumes large amount of the bakery products and cupcake is one of them which is being largely consumed by children. The improvement in living standard and awareness towards health food have diverted the people mindset of food consumption that generated immense scope in value addition of bakery products so present investigation was undertaken to prepare nutritionally rich cupcakes by partial replacement of maida with ragi flour which is rich in calcium, iron and fibers. Cupcakes were prepared with different proportions (100:00, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) of maida and ragi and proven acceptability of ragi supplemented cupcakes (60:40 proportions of maida and ragi) with overall acceptability of 7.5 that justified mineral content as 166.34mg/100g calcium and 1.58mg/100g iron. http://ijeab.com/detail/development-and-quality-evaluation-of-ragi-supplemented-cupcakes/ Kavita Mane, Mayur Kadam http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-103202111-Development.pdf Sous-vide cooking was recently introduced to the meat catering and hospitality in Lebanon. It is a heat cooking process that includes either precooked, packed products that need little or no additional heat treatment prior to consumption, doesn’t have low pH or low water activity, has an extended chilled shelf life, or ismarketed in sealed packages or containers. The aim of this study is to assess the microbial load and food safety of sous-vide meat produced in Lebanon while maintaining quality and palatable characteristics. Sous-vide process used tenderloin meat as raw material. Tenderloin meat was trimmed, cleaned, vacuum packed in plastic pouches and cooked atdifferent low heat, followed by chilled storage. After 6 hours, 24 hours, 5 days and 10 days of chilled storage samples were unpacked, portioned into steakandreheated. Samples were evaluated physicochemically by analysing pH, moister content and extract release volume and microbiologically by preparing a culture media followed by API experimental procedure. Results showed that ERV and moisture content decreased significantly but within acceptable limits and that the cooking method had no effect onpH.A significant decrease to zero microorganisms was observed after sous-vide cooking which remained constant throughout the storage period and after reheating, while pathogenic organisms were not detected. Thus, the present study indicates that sous-vide cooking is a safe technique for mass production of steak with an improved shelf life. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-food-safety-and-physicochemical-properties-of-sous-vide-cooked-steak-in-lebanon/ Yasmine Helal, Antoine Abou Fayad, Ali Al Khatib http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-103202116-Assessment.pdf High fructose syrup is an excellent and safe sweetener that can replace sucrose and is widely used in beverages and food products, including soft drinks, ketchup, yogurt, ice cream, chocolate milk, candies, jams, condiments, canned and packaged foods, etc. Besides, after acid dehydration, it can be used as a renewable resource to synthesize bio-petrochemicals. The advantages of high fructose syrup include high sweetness, high solubility, low viscosity, enhanced flavor, good moisture retention, no side effects in acidic foods, and no crystal formation. Due to its potential application, little has been done to satisfy the current market. It can be produced by two main approaches, (i)Chemical method of synthesis accounted several challenges and these include low yield, unacceptable products, expensive, environmentally unfriendly. This review aimed to discuss the engineering B. subtilis 168 which a food-grade microbial cell factory to solve all the challenges from chemical production processes with an improved yield, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and quality products.GI which isomerizes a reversible reaction of D-glucose into D-fructose requires special conditions for the high-level yield of HFS biosynthesis such acid pH environment and high temperature which are harsh for wild-type enzymes. Therefore, there is a need to engineer a GRAS B. subtilis 168 for sustainable industrial production. Codon optimization and plasmid engineering have been highlighted. http://ijeab.com/detail/engineering-bacillus-subtilis-for-the-production-of-high-fructose-syrup-opportunities-and-prospects/ Ildephonse Habimana, Qiao Zhina, Aqeel Sahibzada Muhammad, Jean Damascene Harindintwali, Abdulqader Al-Adeeb, Waleed AL-Ansi, Tolbert Osirea, Mengkai Hu, Meijuan Xu, Xian Zhang, Zhiming Rao http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-10420217.pdf This paper studies precipitable water vapor (PWV) in 2015-2016, an El Niño-Southern Oscillation episode (ENSO), and causes drought in Indonesia. Using the Global Positioning System (GPS), we obtained the PWV value. Expected can detect ENSO phenomenon through PWV value. We processed the GPS observation data by Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method using the goGPS software. The obtained values of Zenith Troposphere Delay (ZTD) and PWV were validated by comparing with the ZTD values from four IGS stations (BAKO, PIMO, NTUS, ALIC), i.e., there was a mean difference of -3.48, the average standard deviation is 13.36 mm, and the correlation coefficient was 0.94. The variation between the IGS ZTD and PPP ZTD estimates is within the measurement error. Our results can be used to study PWV behaviors for meteorological and climatological purposes in Indonesia. The values of PWV obtained from station GPS CMAK and CBIT were compared with PWV by radiosonde observations. The results showed a good agreement with the coefficient correlation is 0.86 at CMAK Station and 0.85 at CBIT station. The PWV values at CBIT stations varied between 37.08 and 76.01 mm with an average of 57.05 mm. For CTOL, CMAK, and CKEN stations, their average PWV is 61.17, 50.84, and 51.75 mm. The standard deviation (STD) value of the PWV at CMAK stations was 11.79 mm, higher than the other stations. During the El Niño event, the correlation between SSTa and PWV became weak at the four stations. http://ijeab.com/detail/observation-of-el-ni-o-and-la-ni-a-phenomena-on-the-island-of-sulawesi-indonesia-based-on-the-global-positioning-system-gps/ Syachrul Arief http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-103202120-Observation.pdf In response to the re-collection of value-added tax and the abolition of fiscal and tax preferential policies for the fertilizer industry in 2015, using provincial panel data from 2011 to 2018, a model was established to analyze the impact of policy changes on agricultural production costs. Research shows that after the implementation of the policy, agricultural intermediate consumption has increased significantly by 11%, and the proportion of fertilizer fees in total costs has increased significantly by 0.5%. It can be inferred that it has increased agricultural production costs, while the profitability of fertilizer companies has not changed significantly , Which proves that after the abolition of preferential fiscal and taxation policies for chemical fertilizers, at least part of the cost of enterprises has been transferred to farmers, which has increased the burden on farmers. Suggestions on the need to rationally guide the transformation and upgrading of fertilizer companies, formulate fertilizer subsidies for farmers, and actively promote reasonable fertilization. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-impact-of-china-s-fertilizer-industry-de-capacity-on-agricultural-production-costs/ Yongxi Li, Yujian Wu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-10420211-Theimpact.pdf A study was carried out during 2019 with the aim to assess gender involvement in crop production and livestock sector. Two hundred and forty (240) smallholder farmers were selected randomly, 120 smallholder farmers each from Chitwan and Lamjung district of Nepal. Findings revealed that the gender involvement in most of the activities on crop production and livestock is dominated by joint participation of both male and female. However, in terms of technology adoption and control over land resources, status of female participation was quite low compared to male. Thus it is recommended to bring equal involvement of both male and female in all aspects of production and resources control. http://ijeab.com/detail/gender-involvement-in-crop-production-and-livestock-related-activities-in-chitwan-and-lamjung-district-of-nepal/ B. P. Mishra, B. Osti http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-10420213.pdf Tawouk is the chicken's breast meat. Traditionally, meat has been marinated to improve flavor, improve tenderness, and increase product shelf life. The purpose of the marinating time is to permit the marinade to soak as deeply into the food as potential. Here, we studied the effect of marinating time and marinade ingredients on color, flavor, juiciness, chewiness and overall acceptability of chicken breast meat. Our results showed a difference in color, flavor and juiciness between different treatments according to the panelists. Panelists preferred red-colored chicken meat with a strong flavor. We also showed a correlation between color and the overall acceptability of breast chicken meat. This work is laying the ground for better customer service for poultry businesses and restaurant chains. Our work shows that focusing on color is essential to increase consumers' acceptability. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-the-marination-time-marinade-ingredients-on-sensory-evaluation-of-tawouk/ Rana Dally, Ali Alkatib, Hassan S. Hajj Hussein, Sami Tlais http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-10420214-Effectof.pdf Climate change is an emerging issue particularly in agricultural research as it is observed that the climate change has unfavorably distressed the agricultural production in different regions in India. Therefore, the present study has empirically examined the relationship between climate change and agricultural production in the selected districts of Odisha, India using a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL) model over the period 1993 to 2019. The study found that the climate variables have adversely affected the crops production in the districts of Odisha. In order to minimize the impact of climate change on crops production in the state, there must have implementation of various policies and adaptive strategies by the government and farmers. http://ijeab.com/detail/nexus-between-climate-change-and-agricultural-production-in-odisha-india-an-ardl-approach/ Pratap Kumar Jena http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-103202125-Nexus.pdf A search for alternatives economically viable and environmentally sound to the world energy demand, stimulated the research in the field of anaerobic digestion, as a form of renewable energy and the anaerobic co-digestion is an alternative to use different types of residues, including food wastes. Therefore, this article presents an analysis of the scientific advances realized of the period of 2015 to 2018 in terms of anaerobic co-digestion, with emphasis on the use of different food residues, especially fruit and vegetable wastes, a different configuration of reactors, and kind of operational conditions used. A description of environmental factors affecting the process efficiency and the biogas generation based on substrate characteristics is presented in this review since these factors play an important role in the biogas yield and determine the metabolic conditions of the microorganism growth. Therefore, research should focus on the anaerobic digestion process balance, to identify optimal operating conditions through the use and valorization of wastes. http://ijeab.com/detail/environmental-factors-and-reactor-configurations-in-biogas-production-from-anaerobic-co-digestion-of-fruit-wastes/ Cristiane Kreutz, Karina Querne de Carvalho, Ramiro José Espinheira Martins http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-10420219-Environmental.pdf This study aimed at flood modeling and vulnerability analysis of Abia State using Remote Sensing and Flood modeler. The methodology involved acquisition of Sentinel-2 imagery covering Abia State, Rainfall data and ALOS PALSAR. Image subsetting was done to extract the area of study from the acquired dataset, this was followed by analysis of DEM accuracy using root mean square error, image classification to extract the landuse/ landcover of the study area, surface runoff modelling to determine surface runoff potential in the study area and flood modelling. The flood frequency return as modeled by Flood Modeler indicated a 25.04km2 inundation extent for 2-year return period, 28.10km2 inundation extent for a 5-year period and 26.04km2 inundation extent for a 10-year return period. Increasing to its peak extent by 3.67% by the 5-year return period, and then decreased by 2.24% by the 10-year return period. The surface runoff potential revealed that 35.99% of the study area with an area coverage of 1630.19 km2 had low infiltration potential, 32.51% with an area of 1472.56 km2 had moderate infiltration while 31.50% with an area of 1426.82 km2 had high infiltration. This indicated that the study area had a high extent of low surface infiltration which will lead to flooding during heavy or frequent rainfalls. This study recommends flood modeler as it is reliable for flood modeling, having been proven with correlation results of 0.8196that it fits to the ground flood points gotten during field validation. http://ijeab.com/detail/flood-modeling-and-vulnerability-analysis-of-abia-state-using-remote-sensing-and-flood-modeler/ C. N. Baywood, R. E. Njoku, U. A. Emmanuel, E. C. Igbokwe http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-104202118-FloodModeling.pdf The experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield performance of sesame (SesamumindicumL.) using four levels of herbicides (butachlor and diuron) to control weeds. Field trials were conducted in 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons at the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/Tree Crop Programme (TCP) Farm, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a Complete Randomized Block Design with sesame varieties (Kenana and Muva Local) assigned to the main plot and herbicide levels: Butachlor and diuron ( 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg a.i.ha-1) assigned to the sub plot treatment which was replicated three times. Growth and yield performance parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem girth, number of capsules per plant and total yield (kg/ha). Result showed that both kenana and muva local were significantly affected by herbicide levels in terms of plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem girth, number of capsules per plant and the total yield.Kenana variety showed superior performance in terms of yield over Muva Local. Application of butachlor at the doses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg a.i.ha-1 decreased weeds infestation up to 6WAS compared to the unweeded check and was at par with the hoe – weeded check, but inferior performance to the hoe-weeded check in 2011and combined analysis. Diurons at 1.0-2.0 kg a.i.ha-1 suppressed weed infestation up to 9WAS compared to the unweeded and were at par with the hoe-weeded treatment. Among the herbicides butachlor at 1.0 kg a.i.ha-1 and diuron 0.5 kg a.i.ha-1 produced comparable grain yield to the hoe-weeded treatment in the two seasons and the combined analysis. It is recommended that kenana variety and butachlor at 1.0 kg a.i.ha-1 and diuron 0.5 kg a.i.ha-1should be used by farmers for effective weed control and increased yield. http://ijeab.com/detail/growth-yield-and-yield-components-of-sesame-sesamumindicum-l-as-influenced-by-crop-variety-and-different-rates-of-herbicides-in-mubi-adamawa-state-nigeria/ I. Audu, D.K. Wamduda, T. Lawrence http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-104202116-Growth.pdf Forensic appraisal is inherently uncertain, and the evidence used to determine the facts of a case must be certain. This creates a tension between the uncertainty contained in forensic appraisal itself and the certainty as evidence, and makes technical authority and legal authority confused in confirming the facts of the case. The forensic conclusions can only be used as evidence after it has been evaluated .Evidence evaluation on forensic conclusions should adhere to the goals of science and truth, and comply with the value of justice and efficiency, to ensure the scientific nature of forensic conclusions, and realize judicial justice. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-value-connotation-of-evidence-evaluation-on-forensic-conclusions/ Rukeya Abudureyimu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-104202117-TheValue.pdf Fishing port is a center for marketing of catches, where the role and facilities are very important in the economy of a port, starting from landing to marketing the catch. Several studies can be carried out to overcome this problem, one of which is the supply pattern which can be described in study of the supply chain at the Paotere Fish Landing Base which is located in the middle of Makassar City. The purpose of this study is to explain how the supply chain system, supply chain flow with the problems and chain models that exist in PPI Paotere. The author also relates using the Fiherman Share analysis. The method used in this research is purposive sampling with descriptive analysis approach. The results showed that business actors and the supply chain system at the Paotere Fish Landing Base consisted of 2 supply chain systems consisting of 1 channel, namely, Fishermen-Collectors-Retailers-Consumers, the highest occurred in flow chain 1 by 68%, - where The percentage is greater than flow 2, namely the final 62%, while for channel 2 it consists of fishermen-collectors-exporters (UPI)-final consumers. fisherman's share. http://ijeab.com/detail/supply-chain-of-fish-performance-and-analysis-fisherman-share-in-paotere-landing-fish-makassar-city/ Nur Indah Pratiwi, Danial Sultan, Syahrul Djafar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-10320214-Supply.pdf The feed additives are the essential compound of the fish diet. The use of feed additives in the animal’s diet is a vital role to rising growth and immunity of the aquatic animals. Feed additives are substances which are added in trace amounts in fish diet it is also act as ingredients improver or preserve it. The major feed additives are act as preservatives, binders, feeding stimulants, and food colorants etc. In favor of growing aquaculture in a supportable fashion, the use of additives must be in correct amount. The requirement of additives are depends on species and their availability. Some authors exposed that the feed additive to have antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, growth promoting ability as well as it is improve the fish immune system. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-review-on-feed-additives-used-in-fish-diet/ M. K. Yadav, A. Khati, R. S. Chauhan, P. Arya, A. Semwal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-104202113-AReview.pdf