http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us December 2021 The effect of treated spent wash on channel bed and groundwater qualities was investigated during 2014-15 at Unicol distillery as study area in district Mirpurkhas. For this purpose, samples of spent wash, soil/water were collected and determined for parameters related to physical and chemical properties. The impact of spent wash on channel bed and on the adjacent soils at different distances showed that highest soil EC (18.40 dS m-1) and TDS (11776 ppm) were determined for spent wash channel bed at surface soil and EC decreased with increasing distance from channel bed at sub-surface layers; while the highest overall soil pH (7.43) was observed at 450m distance at 30-45 cm soil depth. The highest total N (0.16%) and available K (0.53%) was observed at channel bed and at surface soil with highest available P (4.80%) at channel bed in sub-surface (15-30 cm) soil. The groundwater samples obtained from tube well and hand pump were also analysed for physical and chemical properties and compared with the spent wash from channel bed. The lower Na (1578.7 ppm) was determined in hand pump water samples than tube well water (2588.3 ppm); while highest (7050 ppm) in spent wash. The HCO3 was lower in tube well water (247.00 ppm) than hand pump water (430 ppm); and highest (6166.70 ppm) in spent wash. The Chloride (Cl) content was lower (2117 ppm) in hand pump water samples than tube well water (5259 ppm); and highest in spent wash (14097 ppm). The groundwater EC was lower (11.077 dS m-1) hand pump water than tube well water (17.262 dS m-1) and highest (47.090 dS m-1) in spent wash. Similarly, the lower magnesium (465.3 ppm) was determined in hand pump water samples than tube well water (553.3 ppm) and exceptionally high (1300.7 ppm) in spent wash. The SAR of hand pump water samples was lower (11.583) than tube well water (20.390) and outstandingly high (35.693) for spent wash. In case of calcium content, it was lower in tube well water (359.33 ppm) than hand pump water (593.33 ppm) and exceptionally higher in spent wash (764.33 ppm). It was concluded that soil EC and TDS were lower at farther locations from spent wash channel bed at sub-soils. The surface soil contained higher organic matter; no effect of spent wash on soil organic matter was recorded. The soil pH was relatively higher at spent wash channel bed and its adverse effects were noted upto 300-meter distance. Total N was slightly (P>0.05) higher at channel bed than distant locations, while phosphorus was significantly higher at spent wash channel bed. The available potassium was also significantly influenced by the spent wash; and P was higher at channel bed, and decreased at the farther locations adjacent to the channel bed. The EC level, Na, HCO3, Cl, Mg and Ca contents as well as SAR for spent wash samples were manifold higher than the tube well and hand pump water samples. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-distillery-spent-wash-on-channel-bed-and-groundwater-quality-case-study-of-unicol-distillery-district-mirpurkhas/ Nadir Ali Rajput, M. S. Mirjat, M. A Talpur, H.R Mangio, Ashique Ali Chohan, Shafi Muhammad, Misbah Kamboh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-110202116-Effectof.pdf This study aims to determine the success rate of artificial insemination in beef cattle and the implications of artificial insemination in beef cattle on the income of farmers in Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra. This study uses a survey method by interviewing 93 farmers and observing the cattle kept by the community in the research location. Sample selection was done by the accidental sampling method. The research data was obtained from artificial insemination reporting data in Padang Pariaman Regency which was taken as many as 957 acceptors, with 520 heads of Coastal cattle, 166 head of Bali cattle, 193 Simmental Peranakan cattle, 11 Brahman cattle, 35 PO cattle, and Limousin breed 32 tails. The variables observed were the characteristics of the breeder (age, education level, main occupation, experience in raising livestock, and the number of livestock kept). Inseminator Characteristics (age, education level, years of service, and activity of officers in the field), IB services, maintenance techniques (cattle that were maintained, feed given, maintenance management), IB success based on livestock reproduction (S/C, Conception rate, and Calving rate) and IB implications for farmer's income (revenues, costs incurred/profits). Based on the results of research on the success rate of Artificial Insemination in Beef Cattle in Padang Pariaman Regency, it can be concluded that Service per Conception (S/C) is 1.36 times, Conception Rate (CR) is 70.32%, Calving Rate (CVR) 45.98%. The implication of artificial insemination is that based on pregnancy and birth of livestock and the profits obtained from livestock that are born so that there is an added value and is reduced by the cost of feed, cage equipment, drug costs affect the income of farmers so that the net profits obtained by farmers are obtained. http://ijeab.com/detail/artificial-insemination-rate-and-income-of-farmers-in-padang-pariaman-district/ Eriya Oktanova, Jaswandi , Arfa’i , Syintia Dwi Agustina http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-11120213-Artificial.pdf Traditional fishing gear jubi or arrows are still widely used by fishing communities in Bulutui Village, West Likpang District. The existence of this fishing gear continues to survive amid advances in fishing technology and this fishing gear is passed down from generation to generation. This research on the Financial Analysis of fishing gear business has never been carried out even though the results of this analysis will greatly assist fishermen in managing and developing their fishing business professionally. The purpose of this study in general, namely to examine the cost structure of the fishing business using jubi in Bulutui Village, while specifically this study aims to examine the financial analysis of the fishing business using jubi in Bulutui Village. The method used in this research is a survey method. Data collection techniques by means of observation and filling out questionnaires. The sampling method is using the Simple Random method. In this study, 10 respondents were taken from a total population of 30 jubi fishermen in Bulutui Village. The results of the financial analysis that have been carried out are obtained from the Total Cost obtained from Fixed Costs less Variable Costs amounting to Rp.115.913.900, Operating Profit obtained from Total Revenue minus Variable Costs amounting to Rp. 132,798,950, the total profit obtained from the total revenue is less, the variable cost is Rp. 112,486,100, the sales BEP is Rp. 18,511,638 and unit BEP of 3,161 individuals. This analysis shows that fishing business with jubi fishing gear in Bulutui Village is feasible to be developed. Based on the results of this analysis, it answers the problems in this study why jubi fishermen are able to survive in the midst of advances in fishing technology today because they are still profitable and feasible to be developed. http://ijeab.com/detail/financial-analysis-of-fishing-business-using-jubi-catching-equipment-in-bulutui-village-west-likupang-district-north-minahasa-regency-north-sulawesi-province/ Christian R. Dien, Grace O. Tambani dan Fanny Silooy http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-110202115-Financial.pdf Like many other airports located around the world, Australia’s major airports have installed and are operating new green energy systems, such as, photovoltaic (PV) solar and trigeneration systems. Using an instrumental case study research approach, this study has examined how Brisbane and Melbourne Airports have mitigated their carbon footprint by using green, renewable energy systems. The extensive use of these green, renewable energy has enabled both Brisbane and Melbourne Airports to reduce their annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and thus, these measures have helped to mitigate the environmental impact of these airports’ operations. The study revealed that the photovoltaic (PV) solar system at Brisbane Airport, will enable the airport to reduce its annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by an estimated 8,000 tonnes per year. The trigeneration system installed and operated by Melbourne Airport will deliver an estimated reduction of 920,000 tonnes carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over a 15 period. Melbourne Airport’s photovoltaic (PV) solar is also delivering a reduction in the airport’s annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. http://ijeab.com/detail/mitigating-an-airport-s-carbon-footprint-through-the-use-of-green-technologies-the-case-of-brisbane-and-melbourne-airports-australia/ Glenn Baxter http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-110202123-Mitigating.pdf The growth and development of in vitro plants are aided by silver nanoparticles. The Phoenix dactylifera is one in all the economically important fruit crops in many Arab countries. During this study, the various concentrations of Ag NPs (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 ml/l) were added to MS basal medium to judge their effects on the embryogenic callus proliferation, differentiation, and development, regeneration of somatic embryos of feather palm Hayani cv. to check the consequences of Ag NPs, research with two separate experiments was conducted. Within the first experiment, MS basal salt medium containing 3.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 1.0 mg/l 2ip (mg/l), and different concentrations of Ag NPs were wont to determinate the embryogenic callus proliferation under in vitro conditions. While within the second experiment, the effect of MS basal medium supplemented with 0.05 NAA, 0.1 BA (mg/l), and different concentrations of Ag NPs were examined on regeneration of somatic embryos. Results of the primary experiment indicated that various concentrations of Ag NPs had a significantly affected on the embryogenic callus proliferation and substantially increased somatic embryos formation on the callus when added Ag NPs at 1.0 ml/l in MS basal medium. Within the second experiment, the appropriate medium for regeneration of somatic embryos was added 1.0 ml/l Ag NPs intothe medium which had a positive effect on the number of somatic embryos and registered to the utmost number of somatic embryos 35.30 embryo/jar with the best length of embryos 1.80 cm, the best number of leaves 43.72 leaf/jar and also the highest length 3.87 cm. During this treatment, the full chlorophyll content was 2.584 mg/g. Further, higher Ag NPs concentrations had negative effects. There was genetic stability between shoots sample which exposure with 1.0 Ag NPs and therefore the mother plant. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-silver-nanoparticles-on-enhancingin-vitro-proliferation-of-embryogenic-callus-and-somatic-embryos-regeneration-of-date-palm-cv-hayani/ A. A. Elsayh Sayed http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-110202122-Impact.pdf A study was conducted in Barahachhetra Municipality of Sunsari district from April to August, 2021 with the objectives to study factors affecting turmeric production. For the study, 100 respondents were selected through a simple random sampling method. A properly design questionnaire was administered for primary data after pretesting it. Secondary data was obtained from journals, research articles, publications, and reports. The obtained data were analyzed using computer software packages such as: MS excel (2016) and SPSS (V 26.0). The correlation coefficient tested the strength of the relationship between various dependent and independent variables. In the study, the majority of respondents were male about 68% with a literacy rate of 68% whereas, 63 respondents use their own production as seed sources. The study showed that educational status, seed treatment, Irrigation practices, cropping system, training, and product demand had a positive and significant relationship with the level of production. Similarly, seed quantity, manure quantity, labor cost, and land size under turmeric cultivation were found to have a positive and significant correlation with the level of production with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.525, 0.230, 0.511, and 0.791respectively. Quality planting materials, proper irrigation facilities, training related to cultivation, seed treatment should be provided to the farmers. http://ijeab.com/detail/factors-affecting-turmeric-production-in-sunsari-district-nepal/ Able Shrestha, Smriti Baral, Sushma Sharma http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-11120216-Factors.pdf Rooting in hardwood cuttings of olive was investigated at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq under application of licorice and willow extracts with concentrations of (0, 3, 6 and 9 g.L-1). The extracts were prepared from licorice root and willow shoots in 25% ethanol heated in a water bath at 40ºC for 3 hours, refrigerated for 24 hours and filtered through filter paper. The hardwood cuttings of olive cv. (Sorani) were taken from basal part of one-year-old suckers then soaked in the licorice and willow extract concentrations for 1 hour. The results revealed that the highest (66.66%) rooting was achieved in the cuttings soaked in 6 and 9 g.L-1 licorice extract for 1 hour, they were not different in comparison with control cuttings which gave (49.99%), but rooting percentage was reduced (38.8%) in the cuttings soaked in 6g.L-1 willow extract. The cuttings soaked in 9 g.L-1 willow extract and 6 g.L-1 licorice extract gave the best root number, root length, shoot length, shoot diameter and leaf number. Generally, depending on the obtained results in this study, 6 and 9 g.L-1 licorice extract with 9 g.L-1 willow extract have possibility to use as an alternative to induce root formation and improve root and shoot quality of the cuttings in olive. http://ijeab.com/detail/application-of-different-concentrations-of-licorice-and-willow-extracts-as-rooting-stimulator-in-hardwood-cuttings-of-olive-oleaeuropaea-l/ Aram Akram Mohammed http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-11120215-Application.pdf Plants are sessile organisms that experience abiotic stresses like sediment salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures. In light of our growing population and increasing demand for better nutrients and commercial quality foods, optimizing the use of our natural resources is essential to ensuring food security.Enhancing PGPR using modern tools and techniques of biotechnology can greatly contribute to achieving sustainable agriculture, by improving soil fertility, plant tolerance, crop productivity, and maintaining a balanced nutrient cycling. Plant rhizospheres could contribute to the development of robust plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities and stress tolerance capabilities under drought conditions. They enhance the adaptation of plants for different desertification environments because they are diverse and functionally redundant (PGPR). In addition to soil properties and plant species, there are a variety of biotic and abiotic factors that influence their composition and abundance. In this review article, we learn how Bacterial diversity is influenced by soil environment and geophysical conditions. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-comparison-of-bacterial-variability-across-biogeographic-regions-based-on-pgpr/ Sampa Biswas, Arghya Nath, Rajat Pal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-11120211-Acomparison.pdf Bioenergy recovery from cashew nut shells was investigated throughout using efficient inoculums source and appropriate pretreatment. Physicochemical characteristics of shells and inoculums including pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA, total solid, volatile solid, ash were determined using standard methods. Total anaerobes and methanogenic archaea from inocula were determined by MPP method. Wastewater (WW), sludge from bioreactor (SBR), bovine dung (BD) and mixed inoculums (MIX) were used to evaluate inoculums source in batch system. Biochemical methane potential of pretreated shells was evaluated. Biogas was measurement by liquid displacement. CH4 and CO2 were performed by GC. MIX and WW showed high concentration of methanogenic bacteria (2.3 102 CFU/mL). Best biomethane levels 70.38% with yields of 55.52 L biogas. (Kg VS)-1 was observed with old shells inoculated by MIX. Low productivity was noted with thermal and biological treatment of old and fresh shells, 11.20 and 0.02 L CH4. (Kg VS)-1, respectively. Inoculums source has significant effect on biogas production. Mixed inoculums exhibited significantly high yields of biomethane. Thermo-biological pretreatment seems to be not appropriate for a better biomethane production. Combination of thermochemical and biological pretreatment could be necessary for best biomethane production yield. http://ijeab.com/detail/influence-of-inoculums-source-and-pretreatment-on-biogas-production-from-cashew-nut-shells-anacardium-occidentale/ Mahamadi Nikiema, Joseph B. Sawadogo, Marius K. Somda, Ynoussa Maiga, Iliassou Mogmenga, Cheik A. T. Ouattara, Dayéri Dianou, Alfred S. Traoré, Aboubakar S. Ouattara http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-109202118-Influence.pdf In the Sudano-Sahelian zones of West Africa, climate controls the distribution and composition of spontaneous vegetation. The study was conducted in Niger and Burkina Faso. It aims to (1) analyze the ecological and floristic characteristics in a heterogeneous environment of 8 forests: (2) determine the woody groups of plant formations in P. erinaceus along an agroecological gradient. A total of 206 plots of 1000 m2 were established in 8 forests along an agroecological gradient in Niger and Burkina Faso. In each plot, dendrometric measurements such as DBH, Total height and two perpendicular diameters of the crown were performed on all woody individuals of all recorded species with DBH˃5 cm. Our study identified 117 species belonging to 25 families. The four most represented families are Fabaceae (31.8%), Combretaceae (16.8%), Malvaceae (7.9%) and Rubiaceae (6.9%). Our results revealed that Micro-phanerophytes is the dominating biological type in all forests. The Shannon index shows that the species richness and diversity increase with increasing humidity from the Sahelian to the Sudano-Guinean zone. Sorensen's index shows that the similarity is greater between the forests of Tiogo, Cassou and Laba in Burkina Faso. The Ascending Hierarchical Classification and the Non-Multidimensional Scaling made it possible to determine six large groupings of P. erinaceus. We conclude that P. erinaceus has great ecological amplitude and its distribution zone extends from the Sahelian to the Guinean zones while associating with a diversity of plant species. http://ijeab.com/detail/plant-formations-of-pterocarpus-erinaceus-poir-in-sudanian-and-sahelian-zones/ Habou Rabiou, Issiaka Issaharou-Matchi, Kossi Adjonou, Kossi Novinyo Segla, Babou André Bationo, Kouami Kokou, Ali Mahamane http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-110202119-Plant.pdf This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three roughages that were fed ad lib. with two types of water on feed intake, digestibility, water utilization and performance of growing she-camels. Twenty-four healthy growing she-camels (30-36 months old and 448.50 ± 29.30 kg body weight) were housed individually in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to three treatments. The experiment lasted for 60 days. Three roughages were Egyptian clover hay to represent optimum grazing conditions, rice straw to represent dry season grazing and Atriplex halimus to represent arid rangelands dominated by halophytes. Roughages offered to camels ad lib. The concentrates used were corn grains and cottonseed meal. Concentrate intakes calculated, per unit metabolic body weight (kg0.73). Final body weight and ADG were affected by roughages. Nutrients intake was affected (P http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-drinking-saline-water-on-performance-digestibility-and-nitrogen-utilization-of-growing-camels-feed-different-quality-roughages/ A.M. Abdel-Wahed http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-111202112-Effectof.pdf Actinobacteria form a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria that have a great morphological and metabolic variety, are microorganisms with great biotechnological potential for the production of several substances of industrial and pharmaceutical interest, being considered the main source of antibiotics. Due to the increase in the occurrence of bacteria that are multiresistant to antibiotics used in clinical and hospital routine, the need to discover new substances with antibiotic capacity becomes evident. Thus, studies that assess the diversity and variety, composition and properties of metabolites produced by bacterial species present in cultivated soils are important and necessary. This work aimed to investigate the occurrence of actinobacteria in rhizosphere soils of areas cultivated with cassava (Manihot esculenta) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) in the city of Igarapé Açu - Pará, Brazil, to assess their potential as producers of antimicrobial substances. This is an analytical descriptive, experimental study that performs a microbiological analysis of soil samples. With great morphological diversity, 21 different bacteria were isolated, all with characteristics of actinobacteria. As a result, strains of actinobacteria with variable colonial characteristics were isolated, microscopically characterized as isolated and chained Gram-positive bacilli. Among the isolates, 8 strains were able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae compared to in vitro. It emphasizes the need for more research aimed at the microbiology of Amazonian soils, due to the diversity of bacteria of biotechnological importance that can significantly contribute to the production of new antibiotics, thus generating a positive expectation in the fight against infections. http://ijeab.com/detail/characterization-and-evaluation-of-the-antibacterial-potential-of-bacterial-microbiota-of-cultivated-soils-of-cassava-manihot-esculenta-and-black-pepper-piper-nigrum-in-the-city-of-igarap-a-u-par-brazil/ Nilson Veloso Bezerra, Jonatan Carlos Cardoso da Silva, Juliana Hiromi Emin Uesugi, Caroline Ferreira Fernandes, Maria Clara Coelho Prazeres, Daniel dos Santos Caldas, Jose Alyson Rocha Pismel, Hadassa Hanna Soares Martins, José de Sena Gomes Júnior http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-111202110-Characterization.pdf The socio-economic impact of cassava wastewater on some communities in Okpokwu and Ohimini Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria were investigated. These communities are known for high rate of garri production in the State.Twenty structural questionnaires were administered on 293 residents within the study area. A large number (>80%) of the respondents in the community affirmed that garri wastewater had an offensive odour, changed soil colour, attracted mosquitoes and inhibited plant growth. The study revealed that a large number of the processor may not possess an in-depth knowledge on the effect of the cassava wastewater on the human health and environment at large. Environmental sanitation agencies may carry out routine inspection of processing areas as well as educate the processors of the hazards associated cassava wastewater. http://ijeab.com/detail/socio-economic-impact-of-cassava-wastewater-on-some-communities-in-benue-state-nigeria/ Onyeke Ochu Linda, Amuta Elizabeth, Aguoru Celestine http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-106202019-Socio.pdf The Sankarani River is a tributary and powerful regulator of the hydrological regime of the Niger River. It plays a big role in the socio-economic development of Mali through the supply of electricity through the hydroelectric power station of Sélingué, its contribution in rice cultivation and fish farming. However, the inflow of water from this river over the past few decades has been very low, due to climate change and the degradation of its watershed. So this study set itself the objective of analyzing the evolution over different periods of the components of Sankarani's water balance. The data used for this are Landsat / OLI and SRTM satellite images, rainfall and temperatures from the NOAA database, and measured stream flows from 1980 to 2013. All these data have been aggregated at the watershed scale before being used to estimate the components of the water balance over two different periods, according to hydrometeorological standards. The Pettitt Test was used on the annual rainfall series to detect 1994 as the year of failure. Thus, the study revealed a strong degradation of the Sankarani watershed following its continuous anthropization, having led to a very remarkable decrease in the runoff coefficient because, in fact, the decrease in rainfall of 8.7% on the period 1995-2009 compared to 1980-1994 resulted in a decrease of 32.6% of the flow rate, of 26.2% of the variation of water reserve and only of 3.9% of evaporation. On the other hand, in terms of the volume of water compared to the average quantity of rain for each period, evaporation was more intensified by 4.3%, unlike the flow and the variation in reserve which, for their part, decreased by 3.5% and 0.9% respectively. The rainfall deficit in the Sankarani watershed was more negative for runoff. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-climate-change-on-the-water-balance-of-the-sankarani-river-basin-in-west-africa/ Hamidou Diawara, Tadjouko Berthe, Souleymane Bengaly, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Gaidukova, Korotoumou Sangare, Sékoumar Diarra http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-111202114-Impactof.pdf A study was conducted to record the diversity of butterflies at Krishnarajanagara town of Mysore District over a period of six months from September 2019 to March 2020. Present survey was carried out in selected natural and man-made (parks) habitats of Krishnarajanagara town. A total of 1,147 individuals were recorded, photographed and identified which included 46 genera and 60 species belonging to five families. The relative abundance of butterflies of different families such as the Nymphalidae family was 43.33%, followed by families Lycaenidae, Hesperidae, Pieridae and Papilionidae representing 18.33%, 15%, 13.33% and 10% in the study area respectively. Results indicated that Eurema hecabe was the most dominant species followed by Ypthima huebneri, Catopsilia ponoma, and Junonia lemonias in the study area. Dominance of these species can be explained by the presence of their larval and host plants in the study area. http://ijeab.com/detail/butterfly-lepidoptera-fauna-of-krishnarajanagar-town-mysore-district-karnataka/ Nijagal B.S., Hema K http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-11120217-Butterfly.pdf The main disease in chili is fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici that can cause losses up to 100%. The aim of this study was to obtain a solid formula for the endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus strain SLBE3.1AP with a carrier that can be stored longer and is effective for controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici. This research was an experimental study to see the ability of the solid formula of Bacillus cereus bacteria strain SLBE3.1AP in controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici using Completely Randomized Design consisting of 15 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of carrier material for the formula bagasse, rice straw, bran, fungicide and control. Each solid formula of Bacillus cereus strain SLBE3.1.AP was introduced to chili seeds and seedlings. The results showed that the best formula for controlling Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici and increasing the growth of chili plants was a solid formula of B. cereus strain SLBE3.1AP with 6 weeks storage of bagasse, 4 weeks of storage of rice straw, and 6 weeks of storage of rice bran. http://ijeab.com/detail/selected-formulations-of-bacillus-cereus-strain-slbe3-1ap-with-different-storage-durations-for-control-fusarium-oxysporum-f-sp-capsici-chili-plants/ Yulmira Yanti, Hasmiandy Hamid, Zulfadhli Syarif, Suci Nur Afeland http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-11120219-Selected.pdf Capparis divaricata lam commonly known as caper bush, belonging to genus Capparidaceae, found throughout India. In this study, we determine the phytocomponents in dried leaf and fruit peel extract of Capparis divaricata lam (cappardaecea).The FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectroscopy is an essential tool for determining the composition and structure of organic compounds. The FTIR spectroscopy is an essential tool for profiling biochemical compounds that exist in herbal extraction, FTIR method was selected because it is a very rapid and economic method for the characterizing of a functional group. The dried sample has been taken for the identification of chemical bonds which are present in the plant sample. The FTIR peaks analyzed in leaf shows the OH, CH2, C=C, C-OH, CH3 and CH, bonds while in fruit peel it shows OH, CH2, C=C, C-OH, CH3, CH and C=O bonds. The presence of C=O bond tells us that they are useful in organic synthesis catalysis and as catalyst precursors in homogenous catalysis. The CH3 bonds suggest that the Methyl containing Amino Acid is present. The C-O-H group indicates the presence of Fatty Acids. Silicones and Sulfones the presence of various biological activities and are therapeutic targets. All the identified phytocomponents are having pharmacological activity and absorbance bond shows strong, stretching, symmetric and asymmetric bonds. So Capparis divaricata lam can be considered as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance. http://ijeab.com/detail/ftir-fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-spectroscopic-analysis-of-dried-leaf-and-fruit-peel-extract-of-capparis-divaricata-lam/ Vanamane R.S, Vhankade A.M, Bhosale P.A, Salgar.P.S, Manjunath Gopika*. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-101202120-FTIR.pdf Indoor culture requires a variety of inputs to get maximum biomass. These inputs are the nutrients, temperature, humidity, and light which plants needed to photosynthesize. Different types of light have been studied and it is known that the same spectrum will give different responses by different plants. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of red-blue-white light LED on lettuce growth compared to grow light LED as a control which commonly used in plant factory rooms. The red-blue-white light is arranged on a 100 cm long aluminum rod, mounted along the plant in a gully DFT hydroponic fed by 1000-2000 ppm nutrients of ABmix plus with a pH of 5.5-6.5. LED grow light provided the plant a significantly higher height of 16.30% compared to red-blue-white light, but was no different to the length of lettuce root. The number and the area of leaves in red-blue-white light were markedly higher at 16.67% and 33.78% respectively than grow light. In addition, the red-blue-white light increased the chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and dry weight of lettuce plants, by 25.00%, 101.49% and 58.13% consecutively. Therefore, these results suggested that the red-blue-white LED light provided a significant higher biomass than the grow light LED. http://ijeab.com/detail/growth-of-lettuce-lactucasativa-l-plant-under-red-blue-white-light-and-grow-light-leds-in-plant-factory-system/ I Ketut Suada, I Gede Putu Wirawan, Rindang Dwiyani, Linawati, I Nyoman Setiawan, Hery Suyanto, Ni Nyoman Suryantini, Qomariah http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-110202120-Growth.pdf Two field experiments were conducted for two cropping seasons at the Multipurpose Crop Nursery of the Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development Mampong-Ashanti, from August to November, 2015and June to September, 2016 to determine the response of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) to organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and incidence of insect pest. The experimental design used for the field experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were: poultry manure (20 t ha-1) + Cypermetrine (30 l ha-1), cow dung (20 t ha-1) + Cypermetrine (30 l ha-1), N.P.K (15:15:15) (300 kg) + Cypermetrine (30 lha-1), foliar + Cypermetrine (30 l ha-1), poultry manure (20 t ha-1) + neem leaf extract, cow dung (20 t ha-1) + neem leaf extract, N.P.K (15:15:15)(300 kg) + neem leaf extract, foliar + neem leaf extract and the control (no fertilizer and no insecticide). The result revealed that the application of organic manure (poultry manure and cow dung) and inorganic fertilization is a better option for soil fertility enhancement in cabbage production.High percentage crop establishment (>95%) was achieved across treatments with NPK + Cypermetrine, poultry manure + neem, N.P.K (15:15:15) + Neem or Foliar fertilizer + neem achieving 100% crop establishment. The application of Cow dung+ NLE produced the highest number of open leaves in both seasons. Application of poultry manure and N.P.K combined with Cypermetrine significantly improved head weight and cabbage yield.Application of poultry manure combined with Cypermetrine or neem leaf extract produced earliest head initiation and widest head diameter.In conclusion cabbage growers are encouraged to use poultry manure at 20 t ha-1 and N.P.K (15:15:15) (300 kg) combined with Cypermetrine at 30 l ha -1 and neem leaf extract for the improvement of cabbage growth, yield and incidence of insect pest. http://ijeab.com/detail/response-of-cabbage-brassica-oleracea-var-capitata-to-organic-and-inorganic-fertilizers-on-growth-and-yield-parameters-and-incidence-of-insect-pest/ S. Iddrisu, M. E. Essilfie, G. Bolfrey –Arku http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-111202117-Response.pdf Biofortification of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) will be an important effort for the combat of malnutrition in Bangladesh. The experimental site was Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) farm to increase the Zn and Fe content in wheat grain. The design of the experiment was split-plot and replicated thrice. Ten varieties and seven advanced lines were tested under 3 treatments: control, Zn and Zn + Fe; for the study. For control plots, the grain Zn concentration varied from 20.3 – 30.5 µg g-1, across the genotypes, with the highest performance by advanced line BAW 917 and the lowest performance by variety Sufi. The average grain Zn concentration over the 17 genotypes was noted as 26.3 µg g-1. When Zn was applied to soil, the grain Zn concentration ranged from 29.1 - 40.9 µg g-1 with a mean of 34.2 µg g-1. The Fe content ranged from 20-35 µg g-1 with a mean of 30.5 µg g-1. The protein content also increases due to the Zn application. The Zn application increase the Zn content in grain as well as increase the yield with protein content. Among the genotype, there are some potential varieties for biofortification. http://ijeab.com/detail/biofortification-effect-of-zn-and-fe-application-on-wheat-genotypes-in-bangladesh/ M R Khan, A A Mahmud, M Jahiruddin, M A Tarafder, M H Rahman http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-111202116-Biofortification.pdf The study was aimed to determine the molecular characterization of bacterial that degrades herbicides isolated from soil environment in Abuja. The systemic chemical herbicide was applied on an experimental plot of land with weeds and its effects on soil bacteria and the physicochemical properties of the soil was examined for a period of seven weeks. The chemical herbicide, glyphosate, reduced the plate count of bacteria from 120 x 105 cfu/g/dwt to 48 x 105 cfu/g/dwt some hours after application and the reduction continued till the end of the sampling period. The isolated bacterial species were Simulium tani, Bacillus firmus, Pseudomonas tolaasii, Acinetobacter beijerinckii, Entrobacter sp, Citrobacter freundii , Pseudomonas poae. Organisms that were eliminated following glyphosate application were Bacillus magaterium, Pseudomonas tolaasii, Proteus sp, and Simulium tani while those that persisted throughout the experiment were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas poae, Bacillus firmus, and Entrobacter sp. It was concluded that glyphosate altered the microbial counts and had a temporary inhibitory effect on the type of bacteria present in the soil. http://ijeab.com/detail/molecular-characterization-of-bacterial-that-degrades-herbicides-isolated-from-soil-environment-in-abuja/ Owuna J.E, Asa A.A., Ahmad A.A., Ibrahim Y., Haruna I.M. http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-111202120-Molecular.pdf Biourine is a liquid fertilizer that contains complete elements, namely nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in small amounts as well as zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Biourine can provide an increase in plant yields that is almost the same as plant fertilizers, besides that it can control Fusarium wilt disease. This study aims to determine the effect of Trichoderma biourin application on plant growth, Fusarium wilt disease and onion yield. The research was conducted using an experimental method in Senteluk Village, Batu Layar District, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara using a Split Plot Design consisting of 2 factors. As the main plot, the shallot varieties consist of three levels, namely Bali Karet, Ampenan and Keta Monca, while as a sub-plot, the Trichoderma biourin application method consists of four levels, namely: without biourine, spraying the soil surface, spraying seed tubers, and spraying on plants 21 days after planting. The treatment was a combination of shallot varieties and Trichoderma biourine application method, each of which was repeated three times, so there were 36 experimental units. The results showed that: (a) The application of liquid biourine by spraying the soil surface, spraying seed tubers and spraying on plants 21 days after planting could increase the growth and yield of shallot bulbs. (b) The Bali Karet shallots varieties are more resistant to Fusarium wilt disease when compared to Ampenan and Keta Monca varieties. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-effect-of-trichoderma-biourine-application-on-growth-occurrence-of-fusarium-wilt-disease-and-yield-of-several-shallot-varieties/ I Made Sudantha, Suwardji http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-111202119-TheEffect.pdf In addition to containing primary metabolites, seaweed also contains secondary metabolites in the form of active compounds that function as antimicrobial and anticancer. Some species of seaweed include brown seaweed from the genus of Sargassum, green seaweed from the genus of Halimeda and red seaweed from the genus of Halymenia. The waters around Makassar City found species of Sargassum sp., Halimeda opuntia and Halymenia sp., which is abundant especially on Lae-Lae Island, but studies on its potential bioactivity are still very limited. This research aims to determine the bioactivity and identification of the active compound groups of the extracts of Sargassum sp., Halimeda opuntia and Halymenia sp. The research was carried out in December – April 2021. Samples were extracted using the meseration method. Antibacterial activity test used agar diffusion method and phytochemical test used Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The yield of methanol extract and seaweed hexane of Sargassum sp. respectively 2.4 and 2.3% and Halimeda opuntia of 0.53 and 1.15% and Halymenia sp. of 2.42 and 0.89%. The six seaweed extracts had no activity against E. coli bacteria. Hexane extract of Sargassum sp. had the highest activity against the bacteria of S. typhi with an average diameter of 25.67 mm and the highest level against the bacteria of A. hydrophila with an average diameter of 18.2 mm with methanol as solvent. The same activity was shown by methanol extracts of Sargassum sp. and Halymenia sp. against the bacteria of V. harveyi with an average zone diameter of 18.04 mm. However, only the methanol extract of Halimeda opuntia had activity against the bacteria of P. aeruginosa with an average diameter of 8.63 mm. An important finding that was found from the results of this research was the extract of Sargassum sp. showed the highest activity against S. typhi, A. hydrophila and V. harveyi with a higher diameter inhibition zone than the commercial antibiotic activity of ciprofloxacin as a positive comparison. This shows that the extract of Sargassum sp. has a great potential as a source of new antibiotics, especially against S. typhi. The extracts of methanol and hexane of Halimeda opuntia and methanol of Sargassum sp. contains 5 active compounds namely, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenonids and saponins. While the seaweed hexane extracts of Sargassum sp., only contains 3 active compounds namely, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The methanol extracts of Halimeda opuntia contains 4 active compounds namely, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenonids and saponins, while the hexane extracts contain alkalaoids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. http://ijeab.com/detail/antibacterial-activity-and-identification-of-active-compounds-of-seaweed-extract-sargassum-sp-halimeda-opuntia-and-halymenia-sp-from-lae-lae-island-of-south-sulawesi/ Darfiah, Kasmiati, Gunarto Latama http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-111202123-Antibacterial.pdf Serological assays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), provide an useful tool for screening animals for the presence of antibodies (Abs) against a wide range of infectious agents (including viruses that cause respiratory disease in cattle) and are mainly used in veterinary medicine to assist to the control and disease’s monitoring. The aim of the present study was developing and validating one indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on semi purified bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3).This test would allow to detect and quantify Abs against PI3 in serum sample from cattle and guinea pigs on both purposes diagnostic and typify/specify the quality of vaccines. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity from the assay was 88% and 100% for bovine samples, using a threshold of corrected optical density, ODc =0.300, and 91% and 100% for guinea pig samples with a ODc =0.250.The intermediate precision expressed as the assays positive control coefficient of variation (CV) was 20% for bovines and 8.5% for guinea pigs. Both techniques reproducibility obtained in inter-laboratory assays was CV=17% for bovines and 15% for guinea pigs, which found the requirements of OIE (CV http://ijeab.com/detail/development-and-validation-of-a-bovine-parainfluenza-virus-type-3-indirect-elisa/ Silvina Soledad Maidana, Maria Mercedes Odeon, Carola Maria Ferrecio, Noelia Magali Grazziotto, Eddie Pisano, Irene Alvarez, Lucia Rocha, Gladys Viviana Parreño, Sonia Alejandra Romera http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJEAB-111202124-Development.pdf The objective of study to obtain: the best concentration of thidiazuron in encouraging explants to form shoots and the best combination of concentrations of NAA and BAP to regenerate callus and shoots to form plantlets. This experiment was carried out in Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Andalas University from May to October 2021. This study consisted of two experimental stages. where the first stage to callus induction with 6 levels of Thidiazuron concentration: 0.00, 0.125, 0.250, 0.375, 0.50 and 0.625 ppm. The second stage of the experiment was the shoot and callus regeneration stage with a combination treatment of NAA + BAP concentration, with 7 levels of treatment: 0.0 ppm NAA + BAP 0.0 ppm; 0.0 ppm NAA + 1.00 ppm BAP; 0.0 ppm NAA + 2.0 ppm BAP; 0.0 ppm NAA + 3.0 ppm BAP; 0.50 ppm NAA + 1.0 ppm BAP; 0.5 ppm NAA + 2.0 ppm BAP and 0.50 ppm NAA + 3.0 ppm BAP. The study was completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications in a The data were analyzed by using the F test and followed by the Least Significant Difference test (LSD). The experiment was conducted with completely randomized design with 3 replications. The result show the highest percentage of live explants was 100%, the fastest time callus induction was 15 days and the percentage of explants formed callus of was 70% at treatment with a concentration of 0.25 ppm Thiduazuron. The callus structure of all treatment levels was compact and the color of the callus was white, yellowish white and whitish yellow. callus forming the fastest shoots was 11.67 days, the percentage of callus forming shoots was 50% and the number of callus forming shoots was 5 pieces obtained at a concentration of 0.5 ppm NAA + 3.0 ppm BAP. http://ijeab.com/detail/mass-propagation-of-agarwood-producing-plant-aquilaria-malacensis-l-with-application-auxin-and-cytokinine-concentrations-in-vitro-culture/ Benni Satria, Rachmad Hersi Martinsyah, Warnita http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJEAB-111202125-MassPropagation.pdf Communities on the small island of Tatoareng sub-district, Sangihe Regency, are faced with the problem of limited land ownership for vegetable cultivation, and low access to vegetable food. Vegetables purchased by the public have gone through four to five buying and selling processes starting from the production center, resulting of expensive vegetable prices. This chain of problems continues and has not yet found a way to solve it. Our team designed hydroponic vegetable and spice (herbs) cultivation on a small island in the District of Tatoareng. The initial stages of the study are analyzing the prospects for the cultivation of vegetables and spices that are the needs of the community, analyzing their suitability with ecological conditions especially the microclimate, and analyzing the economic benefits in this case income or reduction in expenditure versus production costs. Our team has conducted research on daily changes in the microclimate of residential, plantation and forest areas, as a reference for the choice of growing vegetables and herbs (spice). Our team has also conducted research on the economic condition of the family, on livelihoods, and average monthly family income. Initial research results indicate a monthly family income range between Rp. 1.000.000 to Rp. 2.000.000. Preliminary observations also indicate that each house has a yard measuring at least 4m x 8m which allows for the hydroponic cultivation of vegetables and herbs. This article describes the results of a prospective economic-ecological analysis of the cultivation of vegetables and herbs for low-income families. The results of the analysis present several choices of types of vegetables and herbs, prospects for economic benefits and their compatibility with microclimate conditions. Choice of vegetables and herbs that can be cultivated, has been confirmed to the public. The categories of choice of vegetables and herbs are: first priority is: tomatoes, second priority is mustard pakcoy, third priority is chilli. The results of this preliminary study became a reference for the follow up of the research on hydroponic vegetable and spice cultivation. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-use-of-coastal-land-for-the-cultivation-of-vegetable-and-species-on-small-islands-in-the-sub-district-of-tatoareng-sangihe-regency/ Paulus Adrian Pangemanan, Decky Kamagi, Farly Tumimomor http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJEAB-111202126-Theuseof.pdf This study has examined how Singapore Airlines, a major global airline, manages its energy in an environmentally sustainable manner. The research used an in-depth qualitative longitudinal research design. The study period was from 2010/2011 to 2020/2021. Singapore Airlines four key energy sources are aircraft jet fuel, electricity, diesel, and petrol. The airline’s passenger aircraft jet fuel consumption grew in line with its expansion of services and aircraft fleet. The airline’s freighter aircraft fleet consumption exhibited a general downward trend. The annual electricity consumption displayed a general downward trend and benefited from the energy saving measures introduced by the airline over the study period. Diesel consumption grew in line with ground service equipment (GSE) energy requirements. The airline’s annual petrol consumption fluctuated over the study period reflecting differing fuel requirements. Throughout the study period, Singapore Airlines implemented many energy efficiency measures. These measures include an aircraft weight reduction program, the installation of extensive light emitting diode (LED) lighting, the installation of more energy efficient plant and equipment, the installation of more energy efficient heat exchange system at its Silver Kris Lounge at Changi Airport, the upgrading of lifts with a more efficient model that had a Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) motor, the installation of a large scale photovoltaic (PV) system, a computer system that optimizes the maximum zero fuel weight (MZFW) of its aircraft fleet, the use of lightweight catering items, the use of light weight aircraft containers, the use of sustainable aviation fuel, and the use of fixed electrical ground power and preconditioned air units at airports where its aircraft have night layovers or long transits. http://ijeab.com/detail/an-assessment-of-singapore-airlines-environmentally-sustainable-energy-management/ Glenn Baxter http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJEAB-111202128-AnAssessment.pdf Aims: This study investigates the out-turn of Chromium Propionate (CrProp) and vitamin E dietary supplementation on broiler chickens' performance characteristics and haematological indices. Study Design: The completely randomised design was used for this study. Methodology: Six hundred- and forty-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments (10 birds/replicate). A basal diet was fractionated into eight equal parts and labelled diets 1 to 8. Diets 1 to 4 were supplemented with 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/kg CrProp, respectively. The diets 5 to 8 were supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin E; 0.4 mg CrProp+200 mg vitamin C; 0.8 mg CrPro+200 mg vitamin E and 1.2 mg CrPro+200 mg Vitamin E, respectively. Results: The final body weight (FBW) of the birds fed diets 2, 3, 4,7 and 8 were significantly (P http://ijeab.com/detail/the-performance-and-haematological-indices-of-broiler-chickens-fed-chromium-propionate-and-vitamin-e-supplemented-diets/ Oluwafolaranmi Segun Omoleye, Francis Bosede Adebayo, Olufemi Adesanya Adu, Clifford Adinma Chineke, Samuel Adebowale Adeyeye, Olugbenga David Oloruntola, Simeon Olugbenga Ayodele http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJEAB-11120214-ThePerformance.pdf The blantic cattle traders as a supply chain institution in Indonesia play a role in the task of marketing cattle from farmer in the villages to buyers of cattle at the blantic cattle market. This research aims to study the profitability of blantic cattle traders in Minahasa Regency, Indonesia. The data were obtained from direct interviews with blantic cattle traders using questionnaires. The data were analyzed the factors that affect the profit with multiple linear regression. Blantic cattle traders profitability can be seen from the profit generated on profit and costs ratio (pcr) earned at 1.85% which is high. The number of cattle sold has a significant effect on the profits of blantic cattle traders, where every additional number of beef cattle sold by 1 head, the profit will increase by IDR 282,132.71, so that the more the number of cattle sold, the greater the amount of profit obtained. While age, education level, and work experience do not significantly affect the profits of blantic cattle traders. This is because the market demand for cattle tends to increase, therefore blantic cattle traders need to streamline their network with cattle farmers as a supply chain institution to maintain stock and total sales. http://ijeab.com/detail/profitability-of-blantic-cattle-traders-as-a-supply-chain-institution-in-minahasa-regency-indonesia/ Richard E.M.F Osak, Meiske L. Rundengan, Stevy P. Pangemanan, Yohannis L.R. Tulung, R.R. Durandt http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJEAB-111202127-Profitability.pdf Based on an in-depth qualitative instrumental case study research approach, this study has examined the airlines that have implemented an ISO 14001 certified Environmental Management Systems (EMS). The study period was from 1990 to 2021. The qualitative data was analyzed by document analysis. The case study revealed that airlines located inBahrain, Canada, Ethiopia,Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey,and the United States of America have implemented Environmental Management Systems (EMS) in accordance with the ISO 14001 based Environmental Management Systems (EMS) standard. The ISO 14001 Environmental Management System standard has been adopted by full-service network carriers, two leisure airlines, and by two major air cargo airlines. South Korea-based Asiana Airlines was the first airline to be ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) certified in 1996.Since the release of the ISO 14001:2015 Environmental Management System (EMS) standard, eight airlines have adopted this standard.The case study revealed that the use of an ISO 14001 certified Environmental Management Systems (EMS) underpins airlines environmentally sustainable operations. As part of their environmental management policies, airlines that have implemented an ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) have implemented a wide range of environmental conservation measures, which include the acquisition and deployment of the next generation, fuel efficient aircraft, the use of sustainable aviation fuel, energy efficient flight operations and air traffic management procedures optimization, aircraft weight reductions, aircraft engines washing, single engine aircraft taxying, sustainable waste management, electrification of ground service equipment (GSE) and vehicles, the use of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, carbon offsetting programs, water conservation, and energy efficient offices and facilities. http://ijeab.com/detail/an-assessment-of-the-role-of-iso-14001-certified-environmental-management-systems-ems-in-underpinning-environmentally-sustainable-airline-operations/ Glenn Baxter http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJEAB-11220214-AnAssessment.pdf Using an in-depth instrumental case study research design, this study has examined the current environmental related measures and strategies that have been defined and implemented to decarbonize air cargo operations by the world’s air cargo carrying airlines. The study covered the period 2004 to 2021. The case study found that the world’s air cargo carrying airlines are very cognizant of their environmental impact and, as a result, these airlines have defined and implemented an extensive range of measures and strategies to decarbonize their operations. These measures include the acquisition and deployment of fuel-efficient next generation aircraft, aircraft related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions offset programs, the use of fixed electrical ground power (FEGP) and pre-conditioned air at airports, the use of lightweight aircraft unit load devices (ULDs), use of sustainable aviation fuels, the use of renewable energy sources for ground based buildings and facilities, the electrification of air cargo carrying airlines ground service equipment (GSE), the optimization of air traffic management procedures, and the washing of aircraft engines. A key strategy adopted by the world’s air cargo carrying airlines has been the use of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), as this fuel source provides a very significant opportunity for the decarbonization of aircraft operations. Several key air cargo industry actors are planning in the future to use electric powered aircraft. Hydrogen as an aircraft energy source is also being considered. To mitigate the environmental impact of wastes, air cargo carrying airlines could consider adopting the circular economy waste management approach. http://ijeab.com/detail/decarbonizing-international-air-cargo-transportation-s-carbon-footprint-a-review-of-the-world-air-cargo-carrying-airlines-current-and-potential-environment-related-measures-and-strategies/ Glenn Baxter http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJEAB-112202112-Decarbonizing.pdf Toxic test of ethanolic extract of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) leaf on mortality of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae as vector of dengue hemorrhagic fever has been completed. The aim of the study was to determine the effective concentration of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) leaf ethanol extract against the mortality of Aedes aegypti and LC50 mosquitoes for 24 hours. This study used a completely randomized design with 5 extract treatments, namely: 10ppm; 50ppm; 100ppm; 500ppm and 1000ppm and 1 control group with 3 replications. The results of the study were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. and continued with the BNT test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) leaves was toxic to the larvae of the Aeders aegypti mosquito, which was indicated by the increasing number of larval mortality. Based on the test results, the concentration of 500 ppm lavender leaf ethanol extract was able to kill 100% of mosquitoes, and the effective concentration to kill 50% of test mosquito larvae was 87.0285 ppm. The ethanol extract of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) leaves has the potential to be developed as a biolarvicide for the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector of dengue hemorrhagic fever. http://ijeab.com/detail/toxic-test-of-lavender-leaf-lavandula-angustifolia-ethanol-extract-as-biolarvicide-for-aedes-aegypti-mosquitoes-vectors-of-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever/ Alfrits Komansilan, Ni Wayan Suriani, Reinhard Komansilan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJEAB-112202111-Toxic.pdf Mandarin is the most demanded citrus fruit and has been producing as the main source of income in the hilly region since mid-hills are likely to have a favorable climate. This study was conducted to analyze the production and marketing scenario of Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja. The field survey was carried out in 2021 to collect information from the mandarin growers and traders. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect the primary data from 75 producers,10 traders, 10 retailers, and 10 wholesalers by applying the simple random sampling method. The result shows that the majority of mandarin growers are commercial farmers. The overall mandarin producer has an average landholding of 1.05. The average area used for mandarin cultivation was 0.32. The average farm-gate price was NRS 48 and the average retail price is NRS 94. The average price spread was found 52% with producer share 51%. The market margin was NPR 46/Kg respectively. The overall average BC ratio was 2.3 indicating farmers are benefitted from their production. A Cobb-Douglas production model was run to find out the effect of different factors on the gross return of mandarin production and SWOT analysis to address strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. http://ijeab.com/detail/production-and-marketing-of-mandarin-in-putalibazar-municipality-of-syangja/ Anusha Sharma, Amrita Dhakal, Aayusha Pandey, Dr. Raj Kumar Adhikari, Aakash Adhikari http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJEAB-11220217-Production.pdf Water, is one of the necessities for the survival of human beings, flora, and fauna. Wetlands have been used as a source of water, and as dump grounds for discharging sewage and other human waste. Urbanization and industrialization have led to the overexploitation of water and water bodies making them disappear at an exponential rate. Seasonal variation and anthropogenic activities have a critical influence on the water quality, microclimate, and aquatic diversity. Researches reviewed in this study indicate that the various parameters are interdependent with each other and influence the productivity, biodiversity, and ultimately the micro-climate and seasonal variations of a wetland ecosystem. Physico-chemical parameters studied like pH, temperature, Chlorophyll content, light and phosphate content are known to directly affect productivity and biodiversity. Changes in productivity and biodiversity further affect the microclimate and seasonal variations of a wetland. Moreover, changes in physical parameters are influenced by changes in chemical parameters and vice versa. Also, changes in biodiversity and productivity are inter-dependent on physical and chemical parameters. This study establishes the interactions among various parameters that govern microclimate and seasonal variations. This review lays the foundation for similar studies on wetland ecosystems for better measures towards sustainability and maintenance. http://ijeab.com/detail/wetland-ecosystem-interplay-of-factors-influencing-microclimate-and-seasonal-variation-a-review/ Mathews P Raj, Reena Susan Philip http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJEAB-112202110-Wetland.pdf This study was to evaluate the effects, determine the appropriate, and assess the profitability of using locally produced organic foliar fertilizers on peanut production. The experiment was installed in CauNgang andTra Cu with two variety MD7, L14. Seven fertilizer treatments were designed.The treatments consisted of the application of T1:(Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M; T2: (organic fertilizer =10 ton/ha);T 3: (Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M + chemical fertilizers(35N-60P-60K + 150kg Ca + 40kg Mg) + organic fertilizer 100%) T4: (Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M + chemical fertilizers(35N-60P-60K + 150kg Ca + 40kg Mg) + organic fertilizer 75% ;T 5( Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M + chemical fertilizers + organic fertilizer50%) ;T6: chemical fertilizers(35N-60P-60K + 150kg Ca + 40kg Mg)+(Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M)and T7 control and treatment of farmers: (120 N-60 P-60 K + 200 Ca kg/ha). The experimental design adopted consisted of randomized complete blocks with three replications. Results showed that peanut plants flowered early when applied with T3 (Trichodermasp + Bordeaux 1% + CPVS 3M) + chemical fertilizer + 100% organic fertilizer) significantly increase plant height, number of branches/ plant, ability to absorb N. P. K. 100 seeds,weight of pods( g/ plant) and seeds of plant. The increase/decrease in fertilizer intake had a significant and statistically significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on peanut yield and quality in both treatments areas, with the exception of 100 grains. If only organic fertilizer is not combined with microbiological preparations, the manure of black spots and brown spots is higher than the experimental in combination with the treatment fertilizer combined with the balanced amount of fertilizer in the T5 treatments(Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M + chemical fertilizers + organic fertilizer50%). http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-use-probiotics-and-organic-fertilizer-on-yield-of-peanut-on-tra-vinh-province-vietnam/ Nguyen Thi Lang, Le Hoang Phuong, Nguyen Thi Hong Loan, Le Minh Khang, NT Khanh Tran, Bui Chi Hieu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJEAB-112202113-Effectof.pdf Shrimp vaname (Litopenaeus vanname) is one of the fishery commodities that become prima donna in the export market. Barru Regency is one of the areas that has the potential in developing vaname shrimp farming business with a land area owned by 2,500.11 ha. But the great potential is not accompanied by national shrimp productivity, one of the causes is the lack of awareness of cultivators in accepting technological innovation and lack of capital in applying cultivation technology. This research describes the Demonstration Farming program set by KKP with the aim of assisting cultivators in implementing new technologies through group cooperation. The study was conducted by qualitative method using descriptive analysis to describe the process of implementing demonstration farming program in Barru Regency. Quantitative methods use business feasibility analysis with Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit-Cost Ratio (Net B/C) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) indicators. The results showed that (NPV) has a value of IDR. 418,514,544; (NetB/C) has a value of 2.24; and (IRR) has a value of 46.07%. The results of the analysis of vaname shrimp farming business through the Demonstration Farming program in Barru Regency are said to be feasible to run. http://ijeab.com/detail/business-feasibility-analysis-of-vaname-shrimp-litopenaeus-vanname-cultivation-through-demonstration-farming-in-barru-districk/ Alvia Dina Amsari, Sutinah, Mahyuddin http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJEAB-112202116-Business.pdf Using on an in-depth qualitative instrumental case study research approach, this study has examined Oslo Airport Gardermoen sustainable energy management. The study period was from 2005 to 2020. The qualitative data was analyzed by document analysis. The airport purchases electricity and heating and cooling energy from external vendors. The non-renewable energy sources include aircraft jet fuel, heating oil/diesel, fuel and biofuels for the airport’s vehicles, and supplies of paraffin/Jet A1 fuel and propane, with the latter fuel sources being used for the fire drills conducted at the airport. The case study found that throughout the study period Oslo Airport Gardermoen has implemented extensive energy conservation measures and technologies that have enabled the airport to mitigate its impact on the environment. The energy conservation measures include the extensive use of LED lighting, the replacement of a ventilation unit with a free cooling unit, an upgrade to the airport’s heat exchanger, the introduction of more energy efficient rotary heat recovery units, and the replacement of flood lighting around the airport’s terminal building with new LED lighting. The airport also installed blanking pedestals on the existing lights in Hangar 8. Other energy saving measures included the installation of motion sensors and night lowering in Pir Syd, the night lowering of lighting in Pier Norda and SBV, and the automatic control of ground heating systems at the airport’s apron. A very important environment-related energy measure has been the use of sustainable aviation fuels. Oslo Airport was the world’s first airport to offer sustainable jet biofuel to all airlines serving the airport. http://ijeab.com/detail/an-assessment-of-sustainable-energy-management-at-a-major-scandinavian-hub-airport-the-case-of-oslo-airport-gardermoen/ Glenn Baxter http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJEAB-112202117-AnAssessment.pdf In response to the growing concerns over their impact on the environment and climate change, a number of the world's airlines have announced plans to become fully "carbon neutral". Using an in-depth instrumental case study research approach, this study examines the strategies defined and implemented by Finnair to meet its goal of becoming a “carbon neutral” airline by 2045. The qualitative data, covering the period 2010 to 2019, was analyzed using document analysis. The study found that the operation of a modern, fuel-efficient aircraft fleet underpins Finnair’s goal of becoming a carbon neutral airline. Other measures implemented by Finnair include a carbon offset program for its passengers and corporate customers, more sustainable waste management practices, the use of aviation biofuels where possible to power their aircraft operations, the use of biodiesel for ground service equipment (GSE), the electrification of ground vehicles, and measures to reduce aircraft weight. Finnair’s annual Scope 1 carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from jet fuel usage have increased from 2010 to 2019 due to fleet and route network expansions. The airline’s Scope 1 carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from ground vehicles fuel usage declined over the study period. The annual Scope 2 carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for electricity and heating oscillated over the study period reflecting changes in usage patterns, particularly for heating during the winter periods. Finnair’s annual Scope 3 carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions exhibited an upward trend due to the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with the manufacture of the airline’s new Airbus A350-900XWB aircraft, the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) associated with the production and transportation of jet fuel, emissions from leased vehicles, and emissions from cargo flights that were operated on behalf of Finnair Cargo. http://ijeab.com/detail/towards-carbon-neutral-airline-operations-by-2045-the-case-of-finnair-plc/ Glenn Baxter http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJEAB-112202121-Towards.pdf The experiment was conducted during winter at the research field of National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan situated in the inner-terai region of Nepal. Field experiment was conducted in the Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replications. Three blocks was made on the field as local control to obtain more accurate data. Each block contains 14 experimental units. The collected data was recorded, entered and tabulated in Microsoft Excel and then analyzed by using R-software. Analysis showed non-significant variation for number of heads per meter square and significant variation for all other remaining traits. CHZ-NP-108-OY (111DAS) showed highest days to maturity and B86019-1K-2K-0K3 showed lowest. Days to booting, heading and anthesis were found highest in variety Bonus (std. check) with 81 DAS, 88 DAS and 98 DAS, respectively. Likewise, total quantity of tillers and number of effective tillers were highest in variety B90K-090-0K (2.9 and 2.4 respectively) and lowest in B86019-1K-2K-0K3 (1.9) and B86099-50K (1.6) respectively. Plant height was highest in variety B90K-024-1-1-2-0K (107cm) and lowest in Xveola-15 (82cm). Xveola-38 showed highest result for seed length (11.2mm) and grain yield (1634 kg/ha). Correlation between most of the traits was significant. Plant height changed into vast and undoubtedly correlated with tiller range (0.3*), powerful tiller (0.44***), flag leaf width (0.41***) flag leaf period (0.35**). Grain yield in keeping with hectare changed into significantly and definitely correlated with days to maturity (0.07**), flag leaf width (0.41***) plant peak (0.45**) and grain yield according to spike (0.1**). B86019-1K-2K-0K3 showed better adaptability and results for phenotypic characters whereas Xveola-38 performed best for the yield and yield attributing traits. So these varieties have the possibilities and potential for further study in Rampur, Chitwan. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-phenotypic-diversity-in-breeding-lines-of-barley-at-rampur-chitwan/ Pabitra Ale, Aakash Adhikari, Babita Dhungana, Jigyasha Gautam, Anup Adhikari, Krishna Hari Dhakal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJEAB-112202129-Assessment.pdf Agroforestry systems are multifunctional systems that can provide a wide range of economic, sociocultural and environmental benefits. Agroforestry can be particularly important for smallholder farmers because it generates diverse products and services on a limited land area. The tree resource outside the forest (TOF) is a highly diverse and locally different natural renewable resource. In many regions they play a prominent role in securing rural livelihoods viz., provision of small timber, firewood, fodder, fruits, medicinal value, etc.The present study was conducted at Balaghat districct of Madhya Pradesh to study the types of tree species being maintained in farm bunds, potential benefits of trees, reason for maintaining trees in bunds, etc. The study reveled that, farmers’ are maintaining around 25 different tree species for various outputs. Marginal farmers are maintaining trees mainly to meet out their daily needs and small and large farmers for future investment. In this paper, the reasons for opting bund planting, level of domestication and adoption and constraints facing by farmers are discussed in detail. http://ijeab.com/detail/role-of-trees-in-farm-bunds-a-case-study-in-balaghat-district-madhya-pradesh-india/ S. Saravanan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJEAB-11220215-Role.pdf The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of feeding broiler chickens on different levels of quinoa seeds on the quality characteristics of chicken burger during frozen storage at -20°C for 90 days. A total of 480 one-day-old chicks of (Ross 308) were used for this study. Treatments were: (T1) control group fed on corn–soybean basal diet; (T2) fed on basal diet with 5 % quinoa seeds; (T3) fed on basal diet with 10 % quinoa seeds; (T4) fed on basal diet with 15 % quinoa seeds. Results showed that feeding broiler chickens on different levels of quinoa seeds had significant effects on pH values, cooking loss %, color measurements and shear force values. No significant differences were found in shrinkage measurements. Supplemented quinoa seeds in broilers diets can be potentially used for improving color stability and controlling TBA values in processed chicken burger during frozen storage at -20°C for 90days. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-alchornea-cordifolia-tithonia-diversifolia-and-mezoneuron-benthamianum-treatment-time-on-agromorphological-parameters-of-tomato-in-daloa-c-te-d-ivoire/ N’Guettia Marie Yah, N’dri Jacob Kouassi, Kouakou Abessika Georges Yao, N’guessan honorine Assouman, Atta Taky Hortense Diallo http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJEAB-112202118-Effect.pdf The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of feeding broiler chickens on different levels of quinoa seeds on the quality characteristics of chicken burger during frozen storage at -20°C for 90 days. A total of 480 one-day-old chicks of (Ross 308) were used for this study. Treatments were: (T1) control group fed on corn–soybean basal diet; (T2) fed on basal diet with 5 % quinoa seeds; (T3) fed on basal diet with 10 % quinoa seeds; (T4) fed on basal diet with 15 % quinoa seeds. Results showed that feeding broiler chickens on different levels of quinoa seeds had significant effects on pH values, cooking loss %, color measurements and shear force values. No significant differences were found in shrinkage measurements. Supplemented quinoa seeds in broilers diets can be potentially used for improving color stability and controlling TBA values in processed chicken burger during frozen storage at -20°C for 90days. http://ijeab.com/detail/quality-characteristics-of-chicken-burger-processed-from-broiler-chicken-fed-on-different-levels-of-quinoa-seeds/ Engy F. Zaki http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJEAB-11220213-Quality.pdf Stimulating entrepreneurial activity in agriculture, through targeted training in agricultural entrepreneurship, could possibly an answer to the emerging situation. Entrepreneurship shifts the focus from producing more of the same things to producing value-added goods and services through managed agricultural risks.The study described personal and business profile of the respondents. The study assessed the motivation factors of agripreneurs in terms of Job Characteristics, Critical Psychological State and Job Satisfaction. Further, this study determined the relationship between and among the profile of the respondents and motivation factors of agripreneurs.This study used descriptive-correlational design. This study determined the relationships among sociodemographic and business profile of agripreneurs, motivation factors and challenges that were gathered through an online questionnaire.The researcher used purposive quota sampling in selecting the respondents. A quota of 62 agripreneurs in Nueva Ecija was established. Based on the results of the study, agripreneurs in Nueva Ecija are motivated by job characteristics where they understood that their job requires a wide range of skills because it is not simple or repetitive. They believed their job has meaning for them because of its importance and usefulness, which meant a lot to them as agripreneurs. This contributed to how they impact the well-being of their clients. Thus, agripreneurswere satisfied with their jobs when they face personal work challenges. Then, the main motivating factor for agripreneurs was found to be job satisfaction.Future researchers may explore more on the demographic of the agripreneurs. They may include courses of the agripreneurs if these were related to their job, trainings, and seminars attended in relation to agribusiness.Profile of the agripreneurs have positive correlations to motivating factors such critical psychological state and job satisfaction but only limited to age, highest educational attainment, number of years in the agribusiness, and average monthly income. Further, job characteristics as a motivating factor were found no significant relationships with the profile of the agripreneurs. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-on-motivation-factors-of-agripreneurs-in-nueva-ecija/ Kim Edward S. Santos, Carl Louie R. Nocum, Crisanto D. De Jesus http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJEAB-10120225-Assessment.pdf Due to the ecological and economic importance of the species Pseudobombax munguba (Mart. & Zucc.) Dugand. (Munguba), it is necessary to investigate the most appropriate conditions for conducting its germination process. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate seed moisture, number of seeds/kg, and the influence of different temperatures and substrates on the process of seed germination. The initial seed moisture was evaluated with samples containing four replicates of 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 seeds dried in an oven at 105±3ºC. Germination was tested in three different substrates: sand, vermiculite, and Germitest® paper rolls (three sheets/roll) at constant temperatures of 25, 30 and 35ºC in a germination chamber. The number of 50 seeds per replicate had more homogeneous representation with 7.2% moisture. Sand or vermiculite substrates at a temperature of 25°C can be indicated to conduct the germination of the species under controlled conditions. Germination rates in sand substrate reached 69% when assessed for root protrusion, and 53% for seedling formation. Germination rates in vermiculite were 74% for root protrusion and 56% for seedling formation. The initial development was homogeneous and there were higher rates of germination speed in both substrates when assessing seedling formation. http://ijeab.com/detail/influence-of-different-temperatures-and-substrates-on-the-germination-of-munguba-pseudobombax-munguba-mart-zucc-dugand/ Antenor P. Barbosa, Michele Braule P. R. de Oliveira, Adrielly O. Pereira http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJEAB-112202126-Influence.pdf