http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us June 2022 Food and nutrition security information is a vital component and essential indicator for agriculture and livelihood development. Detailed information and stakeholders' participation in assessing food and nutrition security, especially community and household aspects, is inadequate in the Sudano-Sahelian region. This has necessitated the cross-sectional survey to assess the food and nutrition security status and factors influencing food security in the region. Cross-sectional data were collected from four (4) states (Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi and Gombe), covering 1,200 households. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire to elicit information on respondents' profiles, food security parameters and other household activities. Descriptive statistics, Food Consumption Score (FCS), Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), Household Hunger Scale (HHS) and Coping Strategy Index (CSI) and binary logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results show that household demographic characteristics, especially education, access to credit and the market, are essential components for strengthening household income-generating activities in Northern Nigeria. Food insecurity and nutrition deficiency exist among households with average food consumption scores, poor dietary diversity associated with increased hunger and averagely weak coping strategies. The significant factors influencing food security status positively include the volume of output produced, annual income, and access to credit. The output volume produced an annual income essential for strengthening household food and nutrition security in the Sudano-Sahelian Region. The study recommends the need for massive awareness of the importance of producing essential food crops. Their utilisation at the household level is essential to strengthening the food consumption score and dietary diversity by utilising various food groups. Stakeholders, particularly Government, NGOs, INGOs, and donors, should develop and implement measures to facilitate access to Food and basic social services, especially in vulnerable households. Lastly, income diversification and strengthening incentives for increased food production are essential for the households. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-household-food-and-nutrition-security-status-in-sudano-sahelian-region-of-northern-nigeria/ Aminu Abba, Muhammad Halliru, Sani Ubale, Amina Mustapha, Amina Mustapha Lawan, Nuhu Bello Rano, Amina Idris, Hauwa Ladi, Muhammad Musa Bello http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-104202214-Analysisof.pdf The establishment of a GPS Permanent Station network in Indonesia began in 1996, and is now known as Indonesia continuously operating reference station (INA-CORS), its management authority under the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). Based on information from BIG, data of 2016, the distribution of CORS in Indonesia has as many as 135 stations. INA-CORS is built, has the main objective is to maintain national geodetic reference frames in active seismic zones for survey and mapping purposes, as well as basic tasks and BIG functions. In its development, based on (BEVIS 1992) RINEX data is not only to determine the position as a reference geodesy for survey and mapping, but also to determine the water vapor for meteorological purposes. The observational accuracy is similar to the results obtained from other methods. Water vapor plays an important role in the atmospheric system because it affects the balance of elements and energy in space, so it is worth developing. http://ijeab.com/detail/indonesian-permanent-single-gps-station-potential-for-precipitable-water-vapor-pwv-calculation/ Syachrul Arief http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-10420229-Indonesian.pdf Effort to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use, reduce loss of nutrients in the soil due to leaching, evaporation and reduce residues which can be one of the causes of soil damage, slow release fertilizer is needed. This slow-release fertilizer can optimize plant growth and production as well as nutrient absorption by plants because the release of nutrients is according to the time and amount needed by the plant, while fertilization costs can be reduced because this type of fertilizer is only applied once in a growing season. The experiment was carried out to determine the effectiveness of inorganic fertilizers (NPK) which are slow release with various types of coating percentages to help provide nutrients slowly for sweet corn to grow and produce optimally and reduce environmental pollution due to excessive fertilizer application on the soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) which consisted of four treatments with the percentage of slow release fertilizer (SRF) i.e. 0%, 3-4%, 5-6% and 7-8%. Each treatment was repeated six times. The results showed that in 60 days after application of slow release NPK fertilizer gave the best effect for improving the chemical properties of Inceptisol (N-total, P-potential, and K-potential), by releasing the entire content of 75.03%. Slow Release NPK fertilizer with 0% coating percentage gave the best effect on the chemical properties of Inceptisol and increased growth (plant height and stem diameter) of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata). http://ijeab.com/detail/the-application-of-slow-release-npk-fertilizer-on-inceptisols-to-changes-of-soil-chemical-properties-and-growth-of-sweet-corn-zea-mays-l-saccharata/ Fardian Khairul Hakim, Emma Trinurani Sofyan, Rija Sudirja, Benny Joy, Anni Yuniarti, Diyan Herdiyantoro http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-102202215-TheApplication.pdf Climate change and sea level rise as both have the potential to affect saltwater intrusion into the coastal area. The aim of this study is finding seawater influence on coastal area freshwater. To this purpose, it is conducted study of groundwater aquifer as freshwater and its electrical characteristics by electrical resistivity survey in the coastal area of Muara Asam-Asam Village, South Kalimantan. It channeled from three different positions to find its impacts on the well water quality. The data interpreted and analyzed based on the two-dimensional mapping of the distribution of subsurface resistivity values. At a distance of 100 m from the shoreline, it experienced intrusion at a depth of 1.24 – 9.68 m with a thickness of 8.44 meters with resistivity values 1.17 – 4.20 Ωm. Furthermore, at a distance of 200 m from the shoreline, it experienced intrusion at a depth of 0.80-5.14 m with a thickness of 4.34 meters with a resistivity value of 0.26-4.70 Ωm. Finally, at a distance of 300 m from the shoreline is free of seawater intrusion. Meanwhile, the physical parameter of well water as freshwater and water consumption conducted to monitor water quality for the settlement around the area. Mean value of physical parameter of well water for TDS, level of turbidity and pH are 124.03 mg/L, 5.80 NTU and 6.80 respectively. Both TDS and pH are meet health requirements, but it is not for turbidity level value. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-seawater-intrusion-on-freshwater-quality-in-coastal-area-of-south-kalimantan/ Sri C. Wahyono, Simon S. Siregar, Ori Minarto, Totok Wianto, Nurma Sari http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-10520227-Impactof.pdf Elaedobius kamerunicus (EK) is the most effective oil palm pollinator, and has positively improved the rate of pollination and oil yield. However, the decline in the oil palm fruit set and oil yield is alarming in oil palm industries. Therefore, this study investigated the EK population abundance and its impact on the oil palm fruit set. A significant variation in EK population was observed among the biparental families and a decline in its population abundance. The highest mean number of EK per palm was recorded on Day-three and family ECPHP500 recorded the highest (2367.94 ± 140.74). The total population means of EK was 36830.14 ± 851.68 per hectare and ECPHP550 recorded the highest at 52,189.64 weevils per hectare.A simple linear regression and correlation coefficient (r) analysis indicated declines in the efficiency of the weevil and it accounted for 31% of the variation in fruit to bunch, 25% in average bunch weight, 37% infertile fruit, and 33% of the total variation in oil palm fruit set ratio. The oil palm traits analysed, had a positive and highly significant moderate correlation with the weevil effectiveness. A strong perfect relationship was established between Day-three anthesis with EK population per inflorescence (r = 0.99, df = 3, 23, P˂0.0001). Moderate evaporation rate, rainfall, wind velocity, and sunshine duration with temperature (29oC) will increase the weevil population and efficiency. Future research and good management practices should be considered to improve the population and pollination effectiveness of EK, enhancing the livelihoods of farmers. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-elaeidobius-kamerunicus-population-in-f1-hybrid-single-generation-families-of-oil-palm-on-malaysia-profound-peat-soil/ Senesie Swaray, Mohd Din Amiruddin, Mohd Rafii Yusop, Syari Jamian, Mohd Firdaus Ismail, Oladosu Yusuff, Foday Turay, Momodu Jalloh, Umaru Mohamed Gassama, Marhalil Marjuni, Bello Sani Haliru http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-10520225-Impactof.pdf The knowledge on the floristic diversity of Persea americana agrosystem and their contribution to carbon stock was evaluated in the high-Guinean savannahs of Adamawa Cameroon. Three sites of different ages were identified according to the age of plantation. The savannah zone was chosen as the witness treatment. Sampling was done along five transects of 20 x 100m2 installed in each site giving a total of 20 transects. An inventory of shrubs with dbh ≥ 5 cm was carried out. The average estimates aboveground and belowground carbon stock in shrub biomass was calculated using the algometric equation. A total of 3296 individuals from 30 families, 53 genus and 61 species were counted. Comparative analysis was carried out to show that abundance, Shannon index and land area were significantly different in the different plots. Contrarily, Piélou equitability and ecology importance index do not vary much between pear trees and savannah. The total carbon stocks were estimated at 4.57t/ha (savannah) to 18.76 t/ha (others sites). Carbon sequestration ecological service value in the agrosystems was estimated to be more than 7126.6 dollars/ha with a liberation potential of about 712.66±2.11 tCO2/ha. These data show the capacity of the agrosystem of Persea americana to sequestrate more carbon compared to savannah vegetation that is subjected to constant disturbance by anthropic activities. Ecological services related to carbon can be an opportunity for financial benefits if the credits from the development of mechanism improves incomes of rural populations who contribute in the management and the conservation of the ecosystem. http://ijeab.com/detail/floristic-diversity-and-carbon-stock-in-the-agrosystem-of-perseaamericana-mill-lauraceae-in-the-sudano-guinean-zone-of-adamawa-cameroon/ D. Dongock Nguemo, M.S. Mandou Moucharou, Fawa Guidawa, B. Dagavounanssou, P.M. Mapongmetsem http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-10520221-Floristicdiversity.pdf Livestock dust contains immunologically potent substances including allergens, endotoxins, microbial compounds, bacteria, fungi, viruses, pathogenic infectious organisms, particulate matter (PM), various poisonous gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl acetate, propanoic acid, heptane etc.It stimulates the immune system through inflammatory and allergenic microbial agents (molds, bacteria, virus and allergens) and microbial-associated molecular patterns (e.g., endotoxin, glucans and peptidoglycans), to result in inflammatory reactions. Farmers are at the risk of developing airway diseases resulting from repeatedly exposures on the livestock farms. There is a paucity of data on in vivo and in vitro cellular and molecular changes following multiple exposures to these livestock contaminants and their long-term impact on the environment as well as human health. The mechanisms of lung dysfunction are still largely unknown. So, there is strong need to look at the combined effect of all the components of livestock dust as stimulatory factors for respiratory hazards. The development of preventive strategies to reduce exposure will be required- in-depth and identification of factors that affect day-to-day variability in exposure. http://ijeab.com/detail/organic-dust-exposure-induced-pulmonary-damage-among-livestock-workers/ Dr. Anu Nag, Dr. R.S. Sethi, Dr. Akashdeep Singh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-104202215-Organicdust.pdf In Bangladesh bakery and confectionery industry has become almost self-sufficient in meeting the local demand. But the products produce from the factories cannot fulfill nutritional demand of the people of Bangladesh as wheat flour is the main ingredient of the bakery products. Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato is a promising root crop due to high beta carotene content and other vitamins and minerals could be used to reduce the gap of nutritional demand. The experiment was conducted with four BARI (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute) released orange fleshed sweetpotato varieties and a local cultivar at the GUK’s ‘Super Tasty Food’ Products Factory, Nashratpur, Gaibandha, Bangladesh during 2020-21 cropping season. The aim of the study was to develop nutrient rich value-added biscuit for the consumers. Eleven treatments (formulations) were used to develop biscuit. The highest amount of beta carotene content was recorded in T4 treatment (1.67 mg/100g) followed by T9 treatment (0.84 mg/100g) and the lowest was obtained from T11 treatment (0.01 mg/100g). Maximum amount of vitamin C detected in T5 treatment (1.81 mg/100g) which was statistically similar to T1 treatment (1.74 gm/100g) and no Vitamin C was found in T11 treatment. Zinc content found maximum in T11 treatment (2.04 mg/100g) while the lowest was observed in T5 treatment (1.12 mg/100g). The highest amount of iron was recorded in T3 treatment (6.52 mg/100g) which is significantly similar to treatment T2 (6.43 mg/100g) and T8 (6.09 mg/100g), respectively. The entire sensory attributes of value-added biscuit were accepted as fair to very good and have no remarkable difference from traditional biscuits (T11). The overall acceptability of the biscuit was found to be highest in T9 treatment (good to very good). http://ijeab.com/detail/development-of-nutrient-rich-value-added-biscuit-through-incorporation-of-orange-fleshed-sweetpotato-puree/ M.M. Hossain, S. Heck, D. Chanda, E.H.M.S. Rahaman, S. Mahmood, M.H. Kabir http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-10520228-Development.pdf Ricinus communis and Erigeron bonariensis were selected and aimed to investigate the presence of phytochemicals in leaf and stem. Aqueous, Acetone and Methanol Solvents were used for phytochemical analysis. Our findings provides evidence, that aqueous and organic solvent extracts of these plants contain medicinally important bioactive compounds. http://ijeab.com/detail/phytochemical-screening-of-ricinus-communis-and-erigeron-bonariensis/ Gajanan D. Wadankar, Manasi S. Khanzode, Bhagyashri K. Mahale, Anjali P. Gavhale http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-105202211-Phytochemical.pdf An experiment was conducted to investigate effect of phytase supplemented groundnut cake (GNC) on endogenous preceacal phosphorus loss (EPPL) and true preceacal phosphorus digestibility (TPPD) in broiler chickens using regression technique. A total of 300, one-day-old, unsexed broiler chickens were raised on standard commercial starter diet. At day 20, selection for 216 male broilers chicks was made and chicks were completely randomized and allotted to 6 dietary treatments in 3×2 factorial arrangement with 3 levels of P (1.40, 2.66 or 3.96 g/kg diet) obtained from varying proportions of GNC and 2 levels of microbial phytase (0 FTU/kg or 1000 FTU/kg), feeding trial lasted for 7 days. With inclusion of chromic oxide in experimental diets, the index method (Adeola, 2001) was used to calculate apparent preceacal phosphorus digestibility (APPD). Generated regression curve obtained from the relationship between preceacal digested P and dietary P intake was used to calculate EPPL and TPPD. Results showed that increasing P intake had linear effect (p0.05) feed intake, dry matter intake and tibia ash of the birds. Addition of phytase resulted in 44.1% reduction in preceacal P output, while levels of P, phytase and interaction linearly increased (p http://ijeab.com/detail/estimation-of-true-preceacal-phosphorus-digestibility-of-phytase-supplemented-groundnut-cake-in-broiler-chicken/ P.O Asiruwa, E. A. Iyayi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-10522213-Estimation.pdf Given the efforts invested on addressing climate change adaptation particularly in agriculture, the adoption of climate smart varieties has not met the expectations. A number of crop varieties developed targeting drought prone areas largely remained un-adopted hence unknown to the majority of farmers or lack traits deemed special for adaptation to climate change in target areas. Variety adoption rate is highly dependent on its adaptation to particular environmental conditions including suitability to tolerate drought, salinity and acidity and ability to meet different livelihood needs such food, fodder and cash. Poor adoption emanates from lack of awareness and the volatility of the farming environment coupled with poor integration of seed business into private public partnership. Rapid adoption of climate smart varieties in Tanzania would require better policy intervention with a well-organized extension system and modifications in variety testing procedures, including the current guidelines for variety release. In this work the authors discuss some approaches that can be used to enhance the adoption of climate smart varieties in Tanzania and cite a few specific cases based on experience from Tanzania. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-review-of-options-for-speeding-the-adoption-of-climate-smart-varieties-what-works-and-what-does-not-work-experiences-from-tanzania/ Atugonza Luta Bilaro, George M. Tryphone http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-10520226-AReview.pdf Canalization system at Rawakeeb Research Station (RRS) experienced high water losses due to seepage. Based on maximum expected discharge at RRS of 200 m3/s, a trapezoidal cross section form is designed then fabricated of local materials (angle bars, rectangular pipes, steel sheets, iron steel shaft, roller thrust bearings, steel wire and nuts) with the dimensions of 82 cm (width) x 2.5 m (height) x 82 cm (long) to precast concrete canal-lets of 1 m × 55 cm × 8 cm (length, width, thickness) as required for lining of RRS canal. Designed unit discharge and flow velocity were found to be 0.06 m3/s, 0.5 m/s, precasted concrete canal-lets then cured for 14 days. The suggested trapezoidal form design can be adopted to produce trapezoidal precasted concrete canal-lets without distortions, precasted concrete canal-lets provided required water tightness. As a result the suggested precasting technique can be adopted. http://ijeab.com/detail/design-and-fabrication-of-a-trapezoidal-form-for-precasting-of-concrete-canal-lets/ Tahir Mohammed Ahmed http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-11020211-Designand.pdf Climate change comes with hazards that impose cost on livelihood capitals that are very important to agriculture in particular and the economy in general. This study was aimed at eliciting evidence of Climate change and it’s associated hazards and estimating monetary cost of the hazards on livelihood capitals with a view to making recommendations that will minimise the cost on livelihood capitals of farmers in coastal communities of Delta State of Nigeria. The study area which is found within the Niger Delta region of Nigeria that is ecologically characterised by rivers, tributries, wet lands, mangrove swamps and a rich collection of aquatic and terrestrial floral and fauna, is also the concentration of petroleum exploration and production in Nigeria. Random sampling procedure was used to select 240 respondents from 8 communities that were purposely selected for the study.Cost was estimated by Willingness to Pay (WTP) and it's determinants analysed with regression model. Findings revealed that the people perceive climate change in terms of unusual changes in frequency and intensity of climate variables and the hazards associated with these changes are coastal erosion, flood, extreme heat and “wind and rain storm”. Climate change through the hazards was estimated to cost the average respondent 49,440 Nigerian naira or 123.60 US dollars (in livelihood capitals all of which are important to agriculture and the economy. Coastal erosion, flood, wind/rain storm and extreme heat were positively related to cost while literacy level, adaptation and number of income generating activities were negatively related to cost. Capacity building for improving existing adaptation strategies, literacy improvement, direct intervention projects and insurance were recommended as measures for minimising the cost of climate change on livelihood capitals of farmers in Coastal communities of Delta State of Nigeria. http://ijeab.com/detail/cost-of-climate-change-hazards-on-livelihood-capitals-of-farmers-in-coastal-communities-of-delta-state-of-nigeria/ Adjekota Owhofasa Paul, Rosemary Ngozi Okoh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-10620222-Costof.pdf This study was carried out to determine the deposition of heavy metals in Weras River and how in turn these metals would affect the lives of people. Heavy metals enter Weras River by natural and anthropogenic activities. Excess accumulation of heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu can cause severe problems in living organisms. To ascertain the harmful effects on humans due to heavy metals deposited in Weras River, water samples were collected from the river, tested, and analysed. Lead concentration exceeded the safety standard specified for aquatic life and, zinc concentration increased over the past years. Through this study the level of contamination of water in Weras River was determined intending to emphasize the harmful effects of heavy metals on humans and to minimize diseases and complications caused by it as there is a serious effect on the long run if heavy metal contamination of water in Weras River is not remediated. Due to the severity of heavy metal contamination in Weras River treatment methods were suggested and a mathematical model to predict heavy metal concentrations in Weras River was developed. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-on-humans-due-to-deposition-of-heavy-metals-in-weras-river-and-remediation-techniques/ IE Vidyananda, MB Samarakoon http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-10620226-Effecton.pdf Kerinci regency is the highest production area compared to other potato centers. Kerinci regency has the most composition of 92.98 percent or as much as 76477.4 tons with, productivity of 17.06 tons / ha. The scope of this research is focused on knowing the use of production factors and the level of technical efficiency of respondent farmers. The research was conducted within the scope of West Kayu Aro District, Kerinci District, Jambi Province. The analysis tool used is Data Envelopment Analysis, with input-oriented Return To Scale (VRS) Variable models. The use of inputs in seed potato farming activities as much as 2315,403 kg / ha, SP 36 fertilizer as much as 191,129 kg / ha, KCl fertilizer as much as 137,258 kg / ha, phonska fertilizer 157,419 kg / ha fungicide as much as 452.9 gr / ha, insecticides of 597.4 gr / ha, and labor 73.2 HOK / ha / MT. The average value of technical efficiency obtained by farmers respondents to the research area was 0.936 with the highest value of 1 and the lowest value of 0.763. Farmers respondents who are classified on the IRS scale as many as 21 people or by 33.9 percent, DRS as many as 10 people by or 16.1 percent, and CRS as many as 31 people or by 50 percent. http://ijeab.com/detail/technical-efficiency-analysis-of-potato-farming-in-kerinci-regency-indonesia-approach-data-envelopment-analysis-method/ Yanuar Fitri, Saidin Nainggolan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-10620224-Technical.pdf This work was undertaken to identify how rational and practicable Land Use Charge is in Anambra State. The Land Use Charge is one of the Land-based taxes that tries to integrate other land-based taxes into a single tax. The Land Use Charge as practiced in some States of Nigeria is subjected to criticism because of overwhelming evidence that the institutional control measures in place are at variance with the tested and accepted standards in some other countries, particularly in the United Kingdom. The work adopted a survey design to generate data from the landlord, Anambra State Property, Land Use Charge (APLUC) staff, and Estate Surveyors and Valuers. The responses to the questions were taken to measure their views using relative important index. They suggested that for a Land Use Charge to be rational, practicable, and acceptable, the charge should be fair, the control of the APLUC department must be steady and the basis of the assessment clearly stated. They were also of the view that information on skills and training of members of the tax assessment appeal panel should be mentioned and so on. The issues raised and the remedies proffered in this work would be of immense benefit to policymakers and management of Land Use Charge. http://ijeab.com/detail/how-rational-and-practicable-is-the-land-use-charge-is-in-anambra-state-of-nigeria/ Chinaza Henry Obineme, Charles Chukwunwike Egolum, Christian Uchenna Ezeudu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-10620229-HowRational.pdf Edible oil crops such as sunflower, oil palm, sesame, groundnuts, avocado and canola are one of the fastest-growing agricultural sectors for investment at global scale. Demand for edible oil currently at local and neighbouring countries indicate huge gap that is an opportunity for production. The oil crops are grown under varied agro climatic conditions and they are vital commodities in the trade and commerce of many economies globally. Edible oil imports account for 34 % of the growth in food imports in Africa of which palm oil contributes 65% of all imports in the continent. In East Africa countries; Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Southern Sudan and DR-Congo and SADC countries the edible oil imports exceed US$ 1 billion. Tanzania produces 290,000 MT of edible oil a year, which is not enough to meet its current annual demand of 650,000 MT, therefore, it is compelled to spend over US$ 200 million annually for import to cover the shortage. Thus, there is great business opportunity for Kagera region which is endowed with a favourable equatorial climate for agriculture, extensive arable land of more than 24,953 sq, km. (water bodies of 11,885 sq. km. that is covered by Lake Victoria, Ikimba and Burigi Lakes, Kagera and Ngono rivers), forests and biodiversity. It is envisioning that if 10 percent of the land is put under oil seed, (about 249,600 hectares) under intensified production, more 249,600 MT of grains per season will be processed, employing many people along the value chain, hence addressing the income earnings instability, mask the climate and market instabilities. The oil seed crops are alternative processing crops with price stability, high demand elasticity and low substitutability to moderate prevailing instability in earnings from coffee and banana crops. It is concluded therefore that, the proposed crop diversification will shape a strategy to deal with climate variability by increasing a range of food and cash crops, that enhances productivity, encourages youth self-employment and incomes generation along the value chain in Kagera region. http://ijeab.com/detail/unlocking-opportunities-in-edible-oil-crop-production-and-market-dynamics-to-accelerate-agricultural-investment-in-kagera-region-tanzania/ F. M. Reuben, J. L Meliyo http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-10620228-Unlocking.pdf To identify the suitable areas for potential runoff harvesting in Wadi Elrawakeeb and Wadi Alsayal desertified watershed, spatial suitability analysis was applied considering three major factors; potential surface runoff, inhabited sites, sites planted with field crops, and two additional factors; sub-basins average runoff and outlet locations of sub-basins. Obtained results showed that; most, middle and least suitable areas for water harvesting in the studied watershed are located at the sub-basins outlets, which are formed by the longest flow paths of both Wadis. http://ijeab.com/detail/identification-of-potential-runoff-harvesting-sites-in-wadi-elrawakeeb-alsayal-watershed/ Tahir Mohammed Ahmed http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-106202211-Identification.pdf This study aimed to examine the perceived risks and benefits of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) in Nigeria with a focus on the agricultural technology of nitrogen use efficient, water use efficient, and salt-tolerant (NEWEST) Rice. A descriptive survey method was adopted for this study. Using a convenient sampling technique, 100 residents were drawn from the general population as respondents for this study. The questionnaire which was the instrument for data collection was administered to the respondents by the researcher personally. The results show that 58% of respondents will buy or eat NEWEST Rice. About 20% of the respondents would buy or eat NEWEST Rice because of its cheaper price, 15% for its nutritional benefits, and 13% for its better look and taste. Findings from this research also revealed that the perceived risks of NEWEST Rice are cross-pollination, adverse effects to human health, not looking and tasting good like organic rice, and antibiotic resistance in humans. The benefits identified include an abundance of rice supply to reduce poverty and starvation in Nigeria, improve the efficiency, profitability, and productivity of farmers, NEWEST Rice can minimize the use of water and fertilizer, better nutritional qualities, and reduction in pesticide use. This study, therefore, shows that NEWEST Rice will be averagely accepted (58%) in Nigeria. However, due to the intense debate on GM crops, there is a need for an improvement in the efficacy of scientific communication. There is also a need to create an informed, balanced public perception on the important issue of genetic engineering used in agriculture, even from the confined field trials, multi-location trials and use of GM crops in Nigeria. http://ijeab.com/detail/case-study-on-risk-and-benefit-of-nitrogen-use-efficient-water-use-efficient-and-salt-tolerant-rice-breed-in-nigeria/ Seyi Ebun Adeboye, Shakirat O.A Ajenifujah-Solebo, Hannah Oluwakemi Oladipo, Dolapo Adetokunbo Adeshina http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-106202212-Casestudy.pdf