Volume 8 Number 3 (May 2023)

Vulnerability and adaptative capacity to climate change in five localities riparating the wetlands of the Oti Plain in the north du of Togo

Lardja Lamboni, Mamounata Belem

In the National Development Plan (PND) 2018-2022, particularly in point 1.5, in connection with environmental management, taking into account the fight against climate change has been clearly defined as crucial for the development of Togo based on the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (PNACC). With this in mind, we have assessed the vulnerability and adaptive capacities to climate variability and change in five localities bordering the wetlands of the Oti Plain. The work consisted of conducting surveys in a participatory manner with the target groups. These surveys focused on the perception of populations and producers of climate change, the shocks experienced, and adaptation measures. Risk indices were calculated. Then we proceeded to calculate the vulnerability or severity indices. The results highlight the irregularity of rains, poverty in general, the poverty of agricultural soils, pockets of drought, the drop in agricultural yields, diseases, and deforestation as the main shocks emanating from climate change. The observation of the populations indicates a clear increase in temperatures and an irregularity in rainfall. The adaptive capacities developed by producers to cope with these multifaceted shocks have been identified and depend on the production sector. Given these results, future investigations should make it possible to deepen the understanding of climate change in all vulnerable sectors. This information will be used to better establish adaptation strategies to climate change, particularly in vulnerable areas.

Goat Farming for the Economic Upliftment of Resource Poor Farmers of Maharashtra

S K Das, K N Bhilegaonkar, H P Aithal, Amol Bhalerao, Sanghratna Bahire

Survey of farmer was done to record the farmer's profile, livestock production system, socio - economic condition in pre constructed preforms for the selection of farmers. Survey revealed that average annual income of farmers at the beginning of intervention at Traimbakeshwar and Ambegaon taluka was Rs. 25,270/- and Rs. 26,530/-respectively. So, based on survey, 14 SC and 20 ST, altogether 34 resource poor farmers were selected randomly. Necessary training was imparted to the farmers on goat farming. Farmers were given one unit of adult Osmanabadi goat i.e. one male and four female goats, 200 kg pelleted goat feed, 2 kg mineral mixture, feeder, waterer and turpolin sheet. Goats were maintained in semi intensive system of management. Farmers renovated the existing goat shed with low cost locally available materials. Farmers were feeding maize, marvel grass, guinea grass, hybrid napier etc. as green fodder. Supplied pelleted feed was also provided @ 100 g twice daily to each goat. Routine deworming and vaccination was done. Animals were monitored regularly. The data on performance, mortality, disposal of goats were collected. Average weight of male and female adult Osmanabadi goats was recorded to be 23.470 ± 0.872 kg and 25.216 ± 0.691 kg respectively. Average birth weight was recorded to be 2.580 ± 0.234 kg. Average daily gain of kids was recorded to be 108.45 ± 10.21 g / day. So, far 48 kids were born from 27 kiddings and average kidding per cent was triplet 7.41 %, twinning 62.96 % and single 29.63 %.

Inventory of Arthropods on the Soil Surface in Chili Plant Ecosystems Cultivated by IPM

Ruth Stella Petrunella Thei

Chili (Capsicum sp. ) is a strategic commodity with high economic value in Indonesia. Pest control on chili plants generally uses synthetic chemical insecticides which can reduce the diversity of arthropods. Reduced diversity of food sources for natural enemies can increase pest populations. The objectives of this study were to determine the abundance and diversity of arthropods in the chili plant ecosystem with integrated pest management (IPM). The observation area was 6 acres. Sampling was carried out in August-October 2020 in Jagaraga Village, West Lombok District, Indonesia, on chili fields using the IPM technique, namely a combination of the use of pheromone and botanical insecticides and non-IPM cultivation techniques using chemical insecticides, and carried out using the Yellow Pan Trap and Pitfall Trap. Observations were conducted on the generative growth stages of the chili plants. Results indicated that 612 ground surface arthropods were recorded in chili plots using the IPM technique representing 41 species, 24 families and 10 orders. The order Collembola, which acts as a decomposer was the most abundant (42.81% of the total collected arthropods), followed by Hymenoptera (28.92%), and Diplopoda (12.25%). Analysis of functional groups showed that the species richness of arthropods in IPM plots was higher than that of non-IPM. On IPM plot, almost all functional groups were found, namely predators (18 species), decomposers (11 species), parasitoids (1), and pest of 11 species. The high number of predator species in IPM chili fields indicates the large number of niches available and the abundance of prey for predators to colonize. The order Hymenoptera is the most abundant predator group collected from the chili field with IPM system. The Shannon index value of arthropods on the IPM plot of 2,887 indicates that the chili ecosystem with IPM was a fairly stable habitat, the natural control mechanism was going well. Every agronomic action carried out should be able to preserve and increase the carrying capacity of the environment so that it can support the development of organisms for sustainable stability.

Impact of Growing Media and Nutrition on Growth and Yield of Broccoli Microgreens (Brassica oleracea)

Noviandani Khairunnisa, Warnita, Dini Hervani

Microgreens are a new class of vegetables that are harvested within 7-21 days after sowing, have a lot of nutritional potential and are a new trend in the food industry. One type of microgreens that is grown commercially is broccoli. The nutrients in broccoli microgreens are 4-6 times more than mature plants, contain good vitamin C, and contain antioxidants that can help protect the body from the harmful effects of free radicals. Cultivating microgreens requires the right planting medium and nutrients to support plant growth. The research objective was to obtain the interaction between the types of growing media and the nutrients used to increase the growth and yield of broccoli microgreens. This research was carried out from October to November 2022 at the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University. The study was a two-factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. The first factor is several types of planting media, namely soil, cocopeat, and rock wool. The second factor consisted of several types of nutrition, namely AB mix and young coconut water. Observational data were analyzed using statistical analysis of variance test F. If F Count treatment is greater than F Table 5% then it will be continued with the DNMRT test at 5% level. The results showed that there was an interaction between the type of growing media and the nutrition given to the growth of broccoli microgreens. The use of rock wool growing media and AB mix nutrition gave the best response for the observed parameters of seedling height, number of leaves, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content. The results of the antioxidant analysis carried out when harvesting broccoli microgreens gave a red color change when given HCl, whereas if NaOH was added drop by drop there was no blue color change. So it can be concluded that broccoli microgreens contain betacyanin.

Study of Small-Scale Capture Fisheries in West Sulawesi Waters "Case Study of Large Pelagic Fishing Rod in Mamuju Regency"

Roswati, Najamuddin, Alfa Filep Petrus Nelwan

Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Province, has the potential for pelagic fish, especially large pelagic fish, namely tuna, skipjack and cob, which are very prospective. The majority of fishermen in Mamuju Regency use fishing rods to catch large pelagic fish. Fishing rod fishermen with a large pelagic catch target are in Mamuju Regency, Simboro District, precisely in Sumare Village but currently it is known that there has been a decrease in the number of fishing rod fishermen in Mamuju Regency since the last 5 years experiencing a decrease in production. This study aims to determine the status of small-scale capture fisheries in a sustainability perspective according to ecological, technological, social and economic dimensions for small-scale fisheries in Mamuju Regency, and recommendations for sustainable capture fisheries. The study was conducted using qualitative methods using Rapfish analysis to determine the sustainability of fishing efforts. The results showed the highest dimensions in fish resources (70.13) and fishing technology (50.06) which means quite sustainable (good) while in the social dimension (38.47) and economic dimension (28.75) in the bad category which means there needs to be special attention in handling.

Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream Enhanced with Blue ternate

Jessica D. Astillo, Margie V. Avenido, Floramae M. Bantilan, Rezel Jay A. Laroda

The main thrust of this study was to determine the profile of Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue ternate in terms of ingredients and costing, tools and equipment, procedure, shelf life, nutritive value, sensory qualities and level of preferences in three different treatments in the aspect of appearance, taste, aroma, and texture. The study utilized experimental design with the aid of a descriptive questionnaire which determined the sensory preferences of the respondents towards the three treatments of the Ice cream in terms of appearance, taste, aroma, and texture. This study was conducted at Bohol Island State University in the six campuses with thirty (30) purposively selected participants who tasted and rated the Ice cream. To obtain the nutritive content samples were sent to the First Analytical Service and Technical Cooperative Laboratories for nutritional content and microbial analysis. After the data were retrieved, these were tabulated and interpreted using the Average Weighted Mean. The Friedman Test was used to obtain the difference in the participants’ sensory preferences for the three treatments. Findings revealed that the ingredients and tools in making the Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue ternate were minimal, less expensive, and available in the local market. The nutritive content of the Guso (Eucheuma sp.) is Iron, Sodium, Calcium, Fats, Calories, Dietary fiber, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D3 is within the range of recommended daily intake for Filipinos. Shelf life ranged from 2 to 3 months stored at the standard temperature of ice cream, which is 0°F (-18°C) or colder. All treatments of Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue ternate was liked by the participants in all four attributes. Generally, the result of the study showed that there was a significant difference in the respondents’ preferences for Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue ternate in terms of taste, and texture. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. However, data reveals that there is no significant difference in the respondents' preference for Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue ternate in terms of appearance and aroma. Research findings showed that was a feasible nutritious Ice Cream safe for human consumption. Hence, a proposed technology guide is offered for the dissemination of the research output.

Microbial Assessment of Solid Waste and Bioaerosol Associated with Open Dumping Sites of the Kathmandu City, Nepal

The study aims to isolate and identify bacteria and fungi (mold) present in solid waste and its associated bioaerosol in the Kathmandu city. A total of 10 samples; 5 different solid waste samples and 5 different bioaerosol samples, collected from 5 open dumping sites in the Kathmandu city, were transported to the microbiology laboratory of St. Xavier’s College for processing. Standard microbiological procedures were followed for the identification of isolates. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates following CLSI 2020 standards. In the collected solid waste samples, the bacterial colony count ranged from 1.27 × 108 to 2.8 × 108 CFU/ml, whereas the fungi colony count ranged from 1 × 105 to 4 × 105 CFU/ml. Bacterial colony counts from bioaerosol samples ranged from 116 to >300 CFU/90mm/15 minutes, whereas fungi colony counts were between 2 and 6 CFU/90mm/15 minutes. Out of 48 bacteria and 34 molds identified, Bacillus spp. (27%) and Aspergillus niger (29%) were found to be predominant than other isolates. Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli isolated from solid waste samples of dump site S3 showed maximum resistance to the different antibiotics used. The common microbial isolates from solid waste samples and bioaerosol samples included 7 different bacteria and 4 different molds. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogenic fungi in waste dump sites pose public health-related risks.

Relationship between traffic density, metal accumulation, pollution status, and human health problems in adjoining soils and vegetables within the South-South Region of Nigeria

Road transport is associated with the elevation of trace metals in the adjoining soils and vegetables and rate of metal accumulation on these media is directly related to the traffic density. This research investigated the association between traffic density, metal accumulation, pollution status, and human health problems in adjoining soils and vegetables within the southern Region of Nigeria. Top soils and vegetables (Vernonia amygdalina and Jatropha tanjorensis) were obtained from roadsides along roads with high traffic density namely: Abak, Aka, Ikot Ekpene, Nwanaiba, and Oron. Top soils and vegetables were also obtained from roadside along a road with low traffic density (Ekpri Nsukara) and used as the Controls. These samples and their Controls obtained within Uyo Metropolis using standard procedures were subjected to acceptable analytical treatments and determined the levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn using Spectroscopic methods. Results obtained revealed that, the mean concentrations of these metals in studied soils and vegetables were within their acceptable limits by FAO/WHO. However, higher mean concentrations of these metals were obtained in soils and vegetables from roads with high traffic density than in the Control. Higher mean levels of all the metals were recorded in J. tanjorensis than in V. amygdalina. The contamination factor of the metals in soil varied between moderate and very high contamination classes. The ecological risk factor of the metals ranged from low to the very high risk classes for the respective metals. Potential ecological risk factor revealed very high risks for the metals determined. Higher transfer factors were obtained for J. tanjorensis than V. amygdalina, though below one. Principal component analysis identified one key factor for the accumulation of these metals in the studied soils and vegetables. The metals were within their oral reference doses but, Cd and Pb were above their recommended daily intake limit. The consumption of V. amygdalina and J. tanjorensis exposed the consumers to risks associated with high Cd and Pb, respectively though; the consumers of J. tanjorensis were generally more susceptible to more non-cancer risks. The potential cancer risks associated with the trace metals via the consumption of the studied vegetables varied between the low and moderate cancer risk classes. However, the target cancer risk values obtained for the metals were higher than the threshold risk limit for ILCR < 1 × 10−4 .by USEPA. The total cancer risk revealed that, Cd and Cu were the major carcinogens in the studied vegetables while, the consumers of V. amygdalina have a higher risk of developing cancer than J. Tanjorensis. The study has shown the relationship between road transport and traffic density on the accumulation of metals in soil and vegetables. Health risks associated with the exposure to metals via the consumption of the studied vegetables has also been exposed.

Agronomic Characteristics of Upland Red Rice Lines Resulted from Crossing IPB3S and Promising Line of Red Rice in Medium Elevation Areas

Red rice is one of the important functional food sources because its anthocyanin content is very beneficial for human health. One of the processes to produce new superior varieties of rice is by cross-breeding. The aim of this study was to determine the agronomic performance of the promising lines of red rice resulted from crossing of IPB3S variety with the promising line of red rice compared with the parents and comparison genotypes in the medium elevation lands. The experiment was carried out in June - September 2022 in medium lowland rice fields (375 m asl) in Central Lombok district, NTB, Indonesia, which was designed using a Randomized Block Design (RCBD) consisting of 14 treatments, namely 9 ideal type red rice lines resulted from Pedigree F5 selection, 1 promising line of red rice from crosses between Kenya and Angka, two parents (the promising line of paddy red rice “GH F2BC4P19-36”, and IPB3S variety), and two control varieties (Situ Patenggang and Inpago Unram 1), repeated 3 times. Observation variables included plant height, days to harvest, number of productive and non-productive tillers, length of panicles, number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle, weight of 100 grains, grain weight per clump and yield potential (tons/ha). The results showed that the red rice line G6 (F5 IPB3S/F2BC4P19-63// Fat/F2BC4P19-63-PD3/17) showed higher grain yield potential (4.79 t/ha) compared to the two parents, namely IPB3S (3.34 t /ha), GH parent (3.27 t/ha), Situ Patenggang (3.92 t/ha) and Inpago Unram 1 (3.35 t/ha). Plant height, number of productive and non-productive tillers per clump, panicle length, numbers of filled and unfilled grains per panicle, grain weight per clump and potential grain yield per hectare were significantly different between genotypes while days to harvest and 100-grain weight were not significantly different.

Growth and Yield Responses of Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) to Paclobutrazol Concentrations and P-Fertilizer Doses during the Rainy Season

Nurrachman, Irwan Muthahanas, Anjar Pranggawan Azhari, Wayan Wangiyana

Field experiment conducted from November 2021 to April 2022 on farmers' fields in Sukamulia, East Lombok, Indonesia, aimed to determine the growth and yield response of chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) to treatment with Paclobutrazol concentrations and phosphorus fertilizer doses during the rainy season. The factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three blocks and two treatment factors, namely Paclobutrazol concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and phosphorus fertilizer doses (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha P2O5). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD at 5% significance level. The results showed that Paclobutrazol concentration significantly decreased growth rates of plant height and the doses of P fertilizer increased the number of productive branches per plant. However, the interaction between the treatment factors had a significant effect on flower initiation and fruit weight per plant, with the highest chili fruit yield, i.e. 549.5 g/plant, was obtained on chili plants receiving treatment combination of 150 ppm Paclobutrazol concentration and P-fertilizer dose of 90 kg/ha P2O5. This treatment combination also resulted in the earliest flower initiation (at 42.2 days after planting).

Characterisation of several isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis for the selection of fusarium-resistant oil palm varieties

This work was aim to evaluate the pathogenicity and the level of aggressiveness of ten strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis (Foe) on palm oil seedlings susceptible to vascular wilt. For this purpose, the radial growth, sporulation and the morphological characteristics of ten strains of Foe from the farm palm of the Cameroon Development Corporation (South-west) were studied in vitro. In addition, 500 oil palm seedlings susceptible to vascular wilt and aged 5 months were distributed in a randomized complete block device, and inoculated with said strains. External symptoms of Fusarium wilt were observed on those seedlings and the correlation between these parameters was also investigated. The data collected in prenursery did not establish a significant difference in the aggressiveness of the isolates. However, regarding the pathogenicity, 7 strains have shown a high pathogenicity. As for the radial growth, strain F presented fastest growth was 8.12 cm in diameter, unlike the strainI whose growth was the lowest is 3.98 cm in diameter. The C strain is one that is abundantly sporulated126,5x105spores/ml; however, isolates B and J do not sporulate. No correlation was detected between the different parameters. But, considering the results obtained, the F and I strains could be the most aggressive and can potentially be used to test the timber yard of the specialized Centre for oil palm research of La DIBAMBA to select the most resistant to vascular wilt.