http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us August 2023 Hevea brasiliensis is an important economic crop which produces natural rubber. Supplemental LED night lighting improves its growth, however the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. The study analyzed the transcriptome of H. brasiliensis plants under the treatment of LED night lighting. The light treatment resulted in 1047 and 411 differentially expression genes (DEGs) during the day and night time, respectively. Functional group analysis showed that DEGs in the day time enriched into 185 metabolic pathways and that DEGs in the night time enriched into 116 metabolic pathways. A total of 92 DEGs were identified between night lighting and control plants. These DEGs were involved in regulation of pigment metabolism, photosynthesis, circadian rhythm, and carbohydrate metabolism. The genes associated with circadian rhythm were altered during the day and night time. The gene involved in carbohydrate metabolic process was upregulated and the related KEGG pathways associated carbohydrate metabolism were upregulated. These results concluded that supplemental LED night lighting improve growth of hevea plants by upregulating genes associated with photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, so as to synthesize more carbohydrates. http://ijeab.com/detail/transcriptomic-analysis-of-hevea-brasiliensis-seedlings-under-supplemental-led-night-lighting/ Xingcheng Yao, Hanqi Tu, Xinlong Wang, Jun Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-10720231-Transcriptomic.pdf The aim of this study was to characterise the diversity and structural parameters of the woody stand in the contracted vegetation of western Niger at three sites located along a rainfall and human settlement gradient. An inventory of the woody flora and a measurement of the dendrometric characteristics of the trees were carried out on 120 plots of 2500 m2 subdivided into plots 12.5 m apart. The species richness was 17 species in 9 genera and 12 families on all the sites investigated, with 11 species on the Kouré plateau, 13 on the Guittodo plateau and 17 in the Gorou Bassounga classified forest. Density was 234.79, 555.09 and 683.79 ind/ha, basal area 4.21, 7.2 and 8.62m2/ha and tree cover 19.8, 45.34 and 60.75¨%, respectively on these three sites. In terms of structure, the stand has a high proportion of relatively young individuals. Shannon's diversity (2.37 to 2.81 bits) indicates that the environments are of low diversity and Pilou's equitability (0.56 to 0.63) highlights a phenomenon of dominance in the three stands. The lowest similarity index (0.44) is obtained between the Kouré plateau and the Gorou Bassounga classified forest, and the highest (0.46) between the Kouré plateau and the Guittodo plateau. These results testify to the low diversity and young structure of this dying vegetation. http://ijeab.com/detail/diversity-and-structure-of-woody-stands-in-the-contracted-vegetation-of-western-niger-following-a-rainfall-and-anthropisation-gradient/ Amadou Aboubacar, Issoufou Baggnian, Iro Dan Guimbo, Zounon Christian Serge Felix http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-10620238-Diversity.pdf Climate change is currently posing a challenge to social cohesion in rural communities in Côte d'Ivoire, given the social upheavals it has caused. In Ouangolo, for example, the perfect cohabitation between Fulani herders and indigenous farmers is gradually being called into question by the adverse effects of climate change. The small hydraulic dams are drying up, creating social divisions as a result of conflicts of interest over their control. It is this issue that this study addresses. It is based on a qualitative approach and requires the use of Alain Touraine's sociological action theory. In the end, it emerged that climate change has led to a reduction in Ouangolo's water resources, to the point where the last water points are now the subject of covetousness between the local farmers and Fulani herders. Each party wants to preserve its access to water resources. The Peulhs, observing the partial or total occupation of the grazing and ox-grazing areas around the dams that they own, make the animals cross into the cultivated areas, destroying everything in their path. This does not leave the locals indifferent. They express their indignation. So, in a context where these watering holes have become an existential issue for these populations, there is a risk of major confrontation over control of the water. In Ouangolo, conflict is a recurring phenomenon between these two players. http://ijeab.com/detail/climate-change-and-sustainable-management-of-agro-pastoral-dams-in-the-department-of-ouangolo-from-water-scarcity-to-inter-community-tensions/ Oura Kan Constant, Sinan Adaman http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-106202311-Climate.pdf Taking Hangzhou City as the study area, Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was used, selecting natural factors such as terrain, vegetation, climate, and hydrology for analysis. On the basis of evaluating the suitability of a single factor of human settlements, a Human Settlements Environment Index (HEI) is constructed to explore the natural suitability characteristics and spatial differences of human settlements in Hangzhou. The research results indicate that the natural suitability index of the human settlement environment in Hangzhou is between 0.06 and 0.93, with the overall pattern being the highest in the central region and gradually decreasing towards the northeast and southwest. The distribution area of more suitable areas is the widest, accounting for 26.55% of the province's area. The land area of highly suitable areas accounts for 22.69%, while the area of generally suitable areas accounts for 20.69%. The area of critical suitable areas and unsuitable areas is relatively low, accounting for 13.10% and 16.97%, respectively. Especially for the urban area of Hangzhou, low terrain undulation and flat terrain are its advantageous natural conditions, but its vegetation cover, climate, and hydrological conditions are inferior to other research areas except for the urban area. Therefore, based on the comprehensive analysis, its HEI is lower than the surrounding areas. http://ijeab.com/detail/evaluation-of-natural-suitability-of-human-settlements-environment-in-hangzhou-based-on-gis/ Fei Gao, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-107202313-Evaluation.pdf This study aims to analyze the role of communication media, both conventional and digital media, in increasing the skills and productivity of cattle farmers in Minahasa District, Indonesia. The research was carried out using survey and sampling methods by purposive sampling with the main sample criteria, namely: having a computer or smartphone that uses it as a source of information and innovation in beef cattle farming science and technology. Research problem: conventional media is increasingly being replaced by digital media with computer/smartphone facilities, where cattle farmers obtain information on livestock science and technology at any time and anywhere with an internet communication network. What are the roles of communication media, both conventional media and digital media, in improving the skills and productivties of cattle farmers in Minahasa Regency. To answer the problem, analyzes of the relationship between independent variables were used, namely the role of print media (X1), the role of classic electronic media (X2), and the role of internet electronic media (X3) with the dependent variable namely skills (Y1) in raising beef cattle and value added (Y2) to beef cattle production, and the effect of the cattle raising skill variable (Y1) on the added value variable of cattle production (Y2) using Pearson correlation analysis. The results of the analysis show that improving the skills of raising beef cattle in rural areas can be done by streamlining factors other than counseling/training in the field, also by utilizing digital communication media which are more populous. Beef cattle farming skills affect the added value of cattle farming, so that farmers' skills still need to be improved. The communication media factor, especially digital media, has become the dominant factor for improving cattle farming skills using digital electronic media (computers, tabs and smartphones). The technical skills of cattle farming due to digital communication media facilities affect the added value of both production and the economy of cattle farming, so that the skills of cattle farmers need to be improved through experience of science and technology content of cattle farming on digital communication media. Digital communication media that are often used by cattle farmers, such as social media YouTube, Facebook, blogs and others, which are increasingly being watched by cattle farmers. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-role-of-communication-media-in-increasing-skills-and-value-added-production-of-beef-cattle-farming-in-minahasa-regency/ Anneke K. Rintjap, Adrie A. Sajow, Zadrak M. Warouw, Richard E.M.F. Osak, Mochamad Sugiarto http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-10720232-TheRole.pdf When growing seedlings for commercial purposes, excellent seed quality is crucial. Seed quality influences germination rate because seeds that sprout slower typically produce lower-quality seedlings. In numerous plants, seed moisture content has a significant impact on seed germinating speed. This study investigates the impact of various moisture content (MC) reductions on maize germination parameters and determines the moisture content level essential for maize germination. A comprehensive laboratory experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments and three replicates. The treatment levels were maize seeds not sun-dried after collection (control), maize seed sun-dried for 3 days, maize seed sun-dried for 6 days, maize seed sun-dried for 9 days, and maize seed sun-dried for 12 days. Data were obtained on shoot length, root length, seedling length, germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), mean germination time (MGT), and seedling vigour index (SVI). All germination parameters were taken and calculated and the experiment was terminated two weeks after planting (WAP). Results indicated that the control significantly (p http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-maize-seed-moisture-content-reduction-on-germination-parameters-as-influenced-by-sun-drying/ T. M. Awopegba, Augustine A. Matthew http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-10720233-Impact.pdf The purpose of this study is to use the Landsat satellite image of Dongguan from 2005 to 2021, combining the dimidiate pixel model and stochastic matrix method, to calculate the vegetation coverage grade and land use type area, express the urbanization process with construction land, and analyze the relationship between the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of vegetation coverage and urbanization expansion. The results indicate that: (1) The overall distribution of vegetation coverage is consistent, showing a spatial distribution characteristic of "high in the east, low in the west, and lowest in the north". (2) During this period, the overall coverage area of medium low, medium, and medium high vegetation decreased, while both low and high vegetation coverage areas increased. (3) The area of construction land has increased significantly, with the increased built-up area coming from bare land, followed by vegetation and water bodies. (4) The spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of vegetation coverage are closely related to urbanization expansion. This study can provide reasonable scientific data support and an effective decision-making basis for evaluating the regional ecological environment, construction, and urban development of Dongguan City. http://ijeab.com/detail/spatial-temporal-evolution-characteristics-of-vegetation-coverage-and-urbanization-expansion-in-dongguan-based-on-remote-sensing/ Qiuhui Zhang, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10820231-Spatial-Temporal.pdf Tomatoes are one of horticultural commodities which have many benefits for the community, including spices, fruits and vegetables. Tomato cultivation techniques using fruit shade and thinning can be done to overcome the constraints of the mismatch between the quality of products produced by farmers and the quality of products desired by community. Shade has a function to create environmental conditions in accordance with plant conditions, while fruit thinning has a function to maximize the results of photosynthesis so that it can improve the quality of tomatoes. This study aimed to determine the effect of shade and thinning on the result and quality of tomatoes. The study was conducted from January to May 2022 in the Malang, East Java. This research used a Completely Randomized Design with Nested Pattern which consisted of 12 treatments with 3 replications, so that from 36 units of combination treatment. The treatment used was a combination of the use of fruit shade (0,25 and 50%) and thinning intensity (0,3,4 and 5). The analysis of the data used was the F level test of 5%. If the 5% F test had a significant effect, then it was followed by a 5% HSD test. The results showed that the use of fruit shade and thinning significantly affectd the parameters of flower emergence, fruit weight per hectare, fruit weight per fruit, fruit volume, fruit diameter, and no significant effect on the parameters of total dissolved solids. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-shade-and-thinning-on-yield-and-chemical-content-of-tomato-lycopersicum-esculentum-mill/ Akbar Saitama, Akbar Hidayat Zaini, Eggy Akhmad Armandoni http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-107202314-Effect.pdf The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of ginger extract in the formulation of camel sausage. Four treatments were investigated: T1 control and the other treatments (T2, T3 and T4) were treated with 5, 10, and 15 % ginger extract (v/w). Chemical, physical, sensory properties and histological examination were evaluated. Sausages treated with ginger extract had higher moisture, lower fat content and no significant differences in protein content. Collagen content was significantly increased in treated cooked sausages. Fat and moisture retention significantly increased in camel sausage treated with ginger extract. The addition of ginger extract significantly improved the color and shrinkage measurements. A Light micrograph of camel sausage treated with 10% ginger extract exhibited severely broken muscle fibers and severely destructed connective tissue. Sausage treated with 10% ginger extract recorded the highest score for texture, tenderness and overall acceptability. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-using-different-levels-of-ginger-zingiber-officinale-roscoe-extract-on-the-quality-characteristics-of-camel-s-sausage/ E. F. Zaki http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-107202310-Effect.pdf With the increasing attention paid to ecological and environmental issues, the monitoring and exploration of carbon storage have become increasingly important in ecosystems, attracting numerous attentions from academia and industry. Based on the era background of "double carbon", this study first discussed and sorted out the relevant theories, analyzed the changes and characteristics of various categories in the study area based on land use data, and analyzed the spatial-temporal changes of carbon storages in Maoming City from 1980 to 2020 through transfer matrix and dynamic degree analysis and the InVEST model to explore the impact of land use change on carbon storages. The analysis results show that there is a positive correlation between carbon storage and vegetation coverage, and the transfer of arable land and forest land is the main reason for the decrease in carbon storage. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to optimizing land use structures and controlling the expansion of construction land caused by urbanization in order to achieve the goal of protecting the ecological environment. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-change-analysis-of-land-use-and-carbon-storage-in-maoming-based-on-the-invest-model-and-gis/ Wanying Liang, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-10820236-AChange.pdf It has been acknowledged that the poor and the impoverished are the most vulnerable to climate change worldwide, and when we consider gender, women are more vulnerable to climate change than males, and as a result, they suffer the most. Because data collectors collect information from household heads, who are primarily men, these women are left out of the data collection process. According to the SDG Report 2022, this is one of the primary difficulties we are now dealing with. For the study, we selected the Indian cities of Jaipur and Ayodhya, and we conducted a qualitative survey of women from underprivileged families, including families Below Poverty Line. The impact of climate change on women's lifestyles, disease transmission, trends natural disasters, food consumption, daily work patterns, changes in traditional knowledge, and why it is important to take action for India’s sustainable development are all discussed in this paper. This research will help raise awareness of the regional NGOs and give insight into how to frame policies and initiatives that support women. This research will also shed light on areas with comparable temporal patterns, such as Jaipur and Ayodhya, in other parts of the world. http://ijeab.com/detail/climate-change-impacts-on-women-in-ayodhya-and-jaipur-emphasize-the-need-for-sustainable-development-in-india/ Tejaswini Jaajpera, Priya Bharti, Lalita Vithal Baragi, Kolchar M. Rajaneesh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-1082023-Climatechange.pdf The off-season vegetables are regarded as important agricultural commodities in Nepal, offering significant commercial potential. These vegetables have been identified as valuable value chains that can improve the livelihoods of small-scale farmers through advancements in production and marketing techniques. This study examines the price flexibility and seasonality patterns of major vegetables in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, with the aim of providing policy recommendations to address the inelastic demand and reduce import dependency. The analysis reveals mixed elasticity in the demand for tomatoes, with inelasticity from November to March and higher elasticity from April to June. Potatoes exhibit predominantly inelastic demand, while onions demonstrate mixed elasticity with inelasticity from July to October and elasticity from November to April. Additionally, cauliflower and cucumber show high inelasticity during the harvesting season and comparatively elastic demand during off-seasons and pre-harvesting periods. The study also identifies high seasonality in the prices of cauliflower and cucumber, moderate seasonality in onions, and low seasonality in potatoes and tomatoes. Considering the high import share of vegetables in Kathmandu Valley, recommendations are provided to reduce import dependency and promote domestic production. These include supporting local farmers through incentives, access to quality inputs, and agricultural training programs. Improving post-harvest infrastructure, such as storage facilities and transportation networks, is crucial to minimize spoilage and optimize the supply chain. Enhancing market efficiency through streamlined supply chains and transparent pricing mechanisms can benefit both farmers and consumers. Promoting value addition in vegetables, investing in research and development for improved varieties, and fostering collaboration and networking among stakeholders are suggested to enhance productivity, competitiveness, and market expansion. While these recommendations focus on increasing domestic production and market efficiency, further analysis of import dynamics and trade policies is necessary to effectively reduce imports and ensure a balanced market supply. http://ijeab.com/detail/market-dynamics-and-seasonal-pricing-of-major-vegetables-in-kathmandu-valley/ Anisha Giri http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-10720234-Market.pdf The purpose of this study is to analyze the land use evolution and characteristics of Suzhou wetlands. Located in the Taihu Lake basin, Suzhou has abundant wetland resources, covering 339,500 hectares and accounting for 40% of the land area. The huge wetlands have high environmental and ecological indicators. With the support of RS and GIS technology, Landsat OLI 30 m remote sensing images, vector data, 30 m DEM, and other data are used. Through analysis and processing, land use type maps, wetland distribution maps, and research area overview maps are generated, and their land use area, dynamic degree, and transfer matrix are calculated. The results show that from 2013 to 2020, the total area of Suzhou wetlands showed a decreasing trend, with a total change of -8.77%. In the past seven years, Suzhou's urban construction rate has been relatively fast, and the main supply sources of construction land were lakes, mudflats, wetlands, and woodlands. Based on this, the impact of economic development and construction on the protection of environmental ecology should be emphasized and implemented in wetland management and protection strategies in order to promote sustainable environmental development. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-land-use-evolution-of-suzhou-wetlands-based-on-rs-and-gis/ Lirong Xu, Ruei-Yuan Wang, Zhe Zhu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-108202311-Analysisof.pdf The release of phosphorus (P) from bottom sediments is an important source of nutrient enrichment in many lakes. Reductive dissolution of P and iron (Fe) has been regarded as a mechanism responsible for the P mobilization in sediments. In this work, sedimentary P fluxes in the central portion of Lake Maracaibo were studied, considering the influences of dissolved oxygen, redox potential, pH, and Fe in the overlying water. Experiments were performed to laboratory scale in a batch system under anaerobic conditions in 1976, 1983, 1998 and 2009. For 2023, predictive models were applied. The estimated contribution of sediment to the P content in Lake Maracaibo ranged from 4.84 to 8.14x106 kgP/year, and the P release rate ranged from 1.66 to 10.30 mgP/m2.d. On the last day of the experiment, the P concentration of the sediment was 0.251 mgP/g and of the sediments from the lake (hypolimnetic cone) was 0.253 mgP/g. Fe and the redox potential account for approximately 57% of the variability in total P in overlying water. The annual contribution of sedimentary P to the P content of the lake ranged from 11.13% in 1976 to 27.25% in 2023 (52.72% in 2009). http://ijeab.com/detail/phosphorus-release-from-a-tropical-estuary-sediment-a-laboratory-study-of-lake-maracaibo-venezuela/ Hilda Ledo, Rafael Moreno-Rojas, Julio Marín, Marinela Colina, Julio Torres http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-10820232-Phosphorus.pdf Background and objectives of study; Auto mechanics in Ghana have positively contributed to the transportation sector. However, they leave behind diverse waste materials on the soil within their workshops and the surrounding areas. These materials contain heavy metals, which in high concentrations, negatively effects the nervous, reproductive and vascular systems. This research aims at determining the levels of heavy metals such as lead, zinc, chromium and cadmium at the magazine. The results shall indicate the extent of pollution of the soils, and thereby contribute to data on heavy metals in Ghana. Methods: Fourteen soil samples were collected from two zones at Suame magazine in Kumasi in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Seven (7) samples from the spare parts dealers (lower zone) and the other seven from the working site (upper zone).The samples were digested and the concentrations of the metals determined by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results: Zinc had the highest concentration of 58.52 mg/kg and the least being chromium with concentration of 1.70 mg/kg. These concentrations were within the permissible limits of WHO. Conclusion: Heavy metals concentration was higher at where artisans work and low at the spare parts zone. http://ijeab.com/detail/determination-of-levels-of-heavy-metals-in-soils-at-suame-magazine/ Bartels Benjamin, Boadi Mensah Michael http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-10820239-Determination.pdf East Java region is known for its good land potential for agriculture. One area that has a large enough agricultural land is Malang Regency. This feasibility study in the long run can become the foundation for establishing oil palm plantations and also a palm oil processing industry in the region. Thus, a feasibility study of various important aspects is carried out for the sustainability and sustainability of the development of the oil palm plantation industry in Malang. The purpose of this study is to see how land and environmental conditions suitability and to study and map the suitability of oil palm land in Malang Regency. The study was carried out in October - December 2021 in the southern Malang region and the southern Blitar location as a comparison area and industrial survey to find out data on oil quality in the southern region of Malang Regency and Blitar. Studies use survey methods to describe situations and events with the aim of solving problems in a systematic, fluctuating and accurate manner regarding the facts and characteristics of a particular population or area. Land suitability variables are in the form of geographic data, such as slopes and determination of points; macro climate data and micro climate data, such as radiation intensity, RH, temperature, flood potential and soil data including physical properties, such as soil texture, structure and depth; biological properties, such as c-organic content, litter thickness and presence of earthworms and chemical properties, such as analysis of N, P and K content, pH and base saturation and soil CEC. Based on a comparison of soil analysis data in the areas of Malang, Sumatra and Kalimantan, it can be said that the land suitability of Malang Regency is in accordance with the needs of oil palm plants based on land suitability. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-the-potential-of-malang-regency-as-a-center-for-oil-palm-plantations-in-east-java/ Karuniawan Puji Wicaksono, Paramyta Nila Permanasari, Akbar Saitama http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-10820238-Analysisthe.pdf