http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us December 2023 Management of nutrient and water scarcity are very important for getting higher yield of tomato specially in winter season in Bangladesh. The application of different fertilizer and manures increase the availability of nutrients which to stimulate plant growth that lead to enhance stress tolerance. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate how different nutrients management practices improves growth by reducing impacts of water stress. Tomato plants were grown in field condition and different growth parameters such as height, root dry weight and shoot dry weight were measured. Yield and yield attributes of tomato were also determined. Recommended fertilizers along with organic manures application improve the growth and yield of tomato plants. On the other hand, growth and yield of tomato was lowest for no fertilization and manures treatment. This study improves our understanding about how nutrient management in water stress increase the growth and yield of tomato plant. http://ijeab.com/detail/effects-of-water-stress-and-nutrient-management-on-the-performance-of-tomato/ Md. Golam Rasul Miah, A. J. M. Sirajul Karim, Md. Moshiul Islam, Md. Dhin Islam, Mohammed Zia Uddin Kamal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-110202310-Effectsof.pdf Dolomite land occurs across five of the nine South Africa provinces and its vast occurrence and distribution makes it difficult to avoid when planning for building projects. Such terrains are generally associated with the formation of ground instability events (sinkholes & subsidences) causing widespread damage to infrastructure or loss of life. Under section 24 of the Constitution of South Africa, (Act 108 of 1996), safe environment and protection thereof has been elevated to a basic human right. In the context of safe land use planning and sustainable infrastructure development, more particularly post-1994, a series of statutes have been promulgated to provide a legislated framework for building practice in South Africa. The National Building Regulations and Building Standards (Act 103 of 1977) as amended, and the current National Building Regulations (NBR’s), have been promulgated to promote uniformity in the law relating to the erection of buildings in South Africa including prioritizing safe land for human settlement. A key principles is that if conditions of the land on which a building was or is being or is to be erected, shows signs of becoming dangerous to property and/ or life, such conditions must be investigated and secured. However, there seem to be challenges in the practical implementation. This paper therefore presents a review into the legislation pertinent to building practice to identify possible gaps, implementation challenges and damaging effects due to inappropriate development of dolomite land. The research further scrutinizes an influence or lack thereof, of the technical requirements aimed at ensuring sustainable development on geologically hazard prone terrains. http://ijeab.com/detail/south-african-legislation-pertinent-to-building-practice-a-review-in-the-context-of-inherent-dolomite-land-hazard/ S. Ngubelanga, J.L. Van Rooy http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-10920235-SouthAfrican.pdf The guarantee of grain yield is an important issue for national security. Wheat is one of the main grain crops in China, and monitoring the spatio-temporal changes in its planting area and yield has important implications for decision-making support. With the development of remote sensing technology, estimating the long-term changes in the area of wheat planting has become a vital agricultural monitoring method. This article uses GF-1 satellite WFV sensor data to estimate the wheat planting areas in Xinye County, Henan Province in 2017, 2020, and 2023, mainly using SVM algorithm for calculation and comparison. After classification, the overall classification accuracy reaches over 95%, and the Kappa coefficient is above 0.95. The results show that the winter wheat planting area in Xinye County has shown an increasing trend over the past six years, from 34296.295 hm2 in 2017 to 56914.662 hm2 in 2023. By analyzing and summarizing the changes in regional crops, it has an important contribution to regional production and agricultural evaluation decision-making. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-dynamic-changes-of-winter-wheat-in-xinye-county-henan-province-based-on-svm-method/ Yan Si, Bing-Yuh Lu, Yun-Shang Wang, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-11120233-Analysisof.pdf Technical efficiency and socioeconomic factors have a significant effect on the productivity of oil palm farming. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze technical efficiency and the influence of socio-economic factors on oil palm farming. Sampling was conducted using the Simple Random Sampling method. The data used are primary data and secondary data. The analysis method used is descriptive analysis and Stochastic Frontier production function analysis with MLE method. The results showed that the average land area of farmers in oil palm plantations was 3.9 ha with an average productivity of 14,638 kg/ha. Production factors that have a significant effect on production are land area, NPK fertilizer, Urea fertilizer and Dolomite. While those that do not have a significant effect are labor and herbicides. The level of technical efficiency achieved was the lowest 0.81 and the highest 0.95 and with an average of 0.86> 0.62 which means that farming is technically efficient. Socio-economic factors such as variables of age and distance from the farm to the farmer's house have the potential to reduce technical inefficiency but have no significant effect and variables that have a significant effect are variables of experience, education, and activeness in farmer groups while factors that increase technical inefficiency that have a significant effect are variables of land area. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-technical-efficiency-and-the-influence-of-socioeconomic-factors-on-oil-palm-farming-in-muaro-jambi-district-indonesia/ Yanuar Fitri, Saidin Nainggolan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-110202311-Analysisof.pdf The variability of rainfall patterns has a significant impact on people's livelihoods especially in areas where rain-fed agriculture predominates. The temporal variability and trend of rainfall was analysed using a newly rainfall time series created from the fusion with ground measurement and satellite data for ten met stations for the period 1983-2021. Mann Kendall's (MK) non-parametric test was used to verify the rainfall trend, the variability was analysed using the Coefficient of Variation (CoV), the annual distribution of precipitation was checked using the precipitation concentration index (PCI) and finally the synchronicity between stations was tested with an Kruskal Wallis (KW) test. The MK-test shows an increasing trend in precipitation for all stations even if this trend is not significant. This increase resulted in a general increase in the amount of rain received in the area. The analysis of rainfall data revealed a moderate intra and inter annual variability (CoV± 20%). The PCI also revealed an irregularity of rainfall due to its high seasonality. The analysis of variance highlighted an asynchrony of the stations. These results provide an in-depth understanding of the recent rainfall variation and trend in the cotton zone of Mali. http://ijeab.com/detail/statistical-analysis-of-recent-rainfall-variability-and-trend-using-a-merged-gauge-and-satellite-time-series-data-for-the-cotton-zone-of-mali/ Souleymane Sidi Traore http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-11120237-Statistical.pdf Background and objectives: Arsenic found mostly in rice and rice products is a carcinogen that affects the skin and internal organs. In recent times, concerns have been on the characteristic chronic concentration of this metal in rice even as FAO forecast increasing global production of rice. The aim of this study is to determine arsenic concentration in both local and imported rice patronized by consumers in the Central Region of Ghana. Method: A total of thirty-three samples comprising of seven locally produced rice and four imported brands were collected in three months from various outlets in Ghana. The samples were separately milled, digested and then filtered. The clear solution was used to run the arsenic test using A.A.S. Results: The local rice had concentration ranging from 0.256-0.420 mg/kg As, while the imported recorded 0.410-0.505 mg/kg As. The values obtained exceeded CODEX value of arsenic concentration in rice. Conclusion: Consumers of rice in Ghana are potentially at risk of arsenic related diseases. http://ijeab.com/detail/arsenic-content-in-rice-in-ghana-a-potential-health-hazard/ Bartels Benjamin, Akua Nkuma, Gadzekpo Victor Patrick Yao http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-11120234-Arsenic.pdf Background and objectives: This research is driven by the need to combat the growing concern of honey adulteration, a practice that compromises the quality and authenticity of this natural product. Adulteration of honey is a pressing concern that compromises its quality, authenticity, and nutritional value. This study investigates the presence of adulterants in honey samples collected from the Cape Coast metropolis in the Central Region of Ghana. Methods: Seven honey samples were analyzed. They were selected from different outlets in the metropolis. Laser- induced fluorescence (LIF) technique was employed to identify potential adulterants by examining the fluorescence spectra of the samples. The fluorescence patterns were compared to a reference database to determine the authenticity of the honey. Results: The LIF analysis revealed distinct fluorescence patterns among the samples, indicating potential adulteration. The control sample exhibited a characteristic fluorescence profile consistent with pure honey, while certain samples exhibited altered fluorescence spectra. This deviation in fluorescence patterns strongly suggests the use of additives or adulterants in the honey samples. Conclusion: The findings indicate the presence of adulteration in the samples. The altered fluorescence spectra observed in some samples strongly suggest the use of adulterants, potentially compromising the quality and authenticity of the honey. To combat honey adulteration effectively, stringent regulatory measures, increased consumer awareness, and continuous monitoring are necessary. http://ijeab.com/detail/adulteration-of-honey-on-the-cape-coast-market-in-the-central-region-of-ghana/ Bartels Benjamin, Aggrey Ernestina, Gadzekpo Victor Patrick Yao http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-11120235-Adulteration.pdf This article takes Zhaoyang District, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, as the study area. By obtaining basic data such as rainfall, soil texture data, digital elevation, land use, and remote sensing images, the RUSLE model is used to estimate the soil erosion modulus in Zhaoyang. Based on this, the soil erosion classification and soil erosion of different land use types in the study area are analyzed. The results have shown that the soil erosion intensity in Zhaoyang, shows a pattern of increasing from southeast to northwest. Most of the land is subject to slight erosion, followed by mild and moderate erosion. The strongly eroded soil is concentrated in the northwest and is greatly affected by altitude and slope factors. The proportion of soil micro erosion is 64.4%, the proportion of mild erosion area is 17.58%, the proportion of moderate erosion area is 11.99%, and the proportion of strong erosion, extremely strong erosion, and severe erosion area are 3.74%, 1.55%, and 0.74%, respectively. The erosion amount of land use types such as construction land and water bodies is very small, and overall it is at a micro erosion level. Shrubs, forests, and grasslands are the main sources of regional erosion, and the soil erosion intensity of cultivated land is high. http://ijeab.com/detail/research-on-soil-erosion-intensity-and-spatial-distribution-characteristics-in-zhaoyang-district-of-zhaotong-city-based-on-rs-and-gis/ Maohua Pan, Ruei-Yuan Wang, Bing-Yuh Lu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-11220233-Research.pdf Background and objectives: “Asaana” is a local malt consumed by majority of Ghanaians of all ages in all the cultures due to its refreshing and nutritional benefits. Since traditional women and methods prepare it, no nutritional information is available during sale. In addition, research data about it is very scanty. This study therefore aims at determining its nutritional and potential energy value to enrich the existing data. Method: The study focused on two types of Asaana preparations. A sample from a local producer prepared by the traditional recipe; and another prepared in the laboratory from two varieties of maize (yellow and white) according to the traditional recipe. Proximate analysis and energy evaluation done to determine nutritional value and energy potential. Results: The white variety had higher moisture (94.20± 0.01%), P (6324.16 ±36.31µg/g), K (6162.76± 128.07 µg/g), Na (718.08± 4.51 µg/g), Zn (865.65± 9.09 µg/g) contents and fat energy (0.44kj/g). The yellow variety recorded higher dry matter (7.39 ± 0.00%), and carbohydrate (88.33± 0.20%) contents and carbohydrate energy (15.0 kj/g). The traditional preparation had higher protein (8.95± 0.11%), fat (1.40± 0.03%), fibre (4.04± 0.08%), Ca (11600 ±76.68 µg/g), Mg (2000.48± 28.20 µg/g), Fe(300.45 ±9.86 µg/g)contents and Protein energy(1.52kj/g). Conclusion: “Asaana” is potentially nutritious and provides basic energy needed for physiological activities. http://ijeab.com/detail/proximate-composition-energy-and-nutritional-value-of-local-malt-asaana-prepared-from-maize-in-ghana/ Bartels Benjamin, Atakora Priscilla Ama, Gadzekpo Victor Patrick Yao http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-11120236-Proximate.pdf Former gold mining land exhibits poor soil fertility, both biologically, chemically, and physically due to the damaging effects of the mining process on the land. Marginal land conditions, like former gold mining areas, necessitate high-viability seedlings. Efforts to acquire quality seeds and boost the productivity of this land involve planting adaptable and high-quality plant seeds, such as the agarwood-producing plant (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). This plant is among the adaptive non-timber forest products that grow and naturally produce without inoculation (injection) on ex-mining lands—gold, nickel, rocky sand, tin, and coal—supplemented with liquid organic fertilizers like Yomari and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk plants. Yomari liquid organic fertilizer, with its high organic and nutrient content, can enhance soil organisms, improve soil pH, while AMF can promote root growth and expansion, aiding roots in water and nutrient absorption through their external hyphae. Consequently, this facilitates the production of numerous and robust roots. This research aims to determine the optimal interaction between AMF doses and Yomari Liquid Organic Fertilizer for the growth of Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk seedlings in former gold mining land. Additionally, it seeks to ascertain the impact of administering the best Yomari organic fertilizer dosage and the best AMF dosage on the growth of Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk on ex-gold mining land. This research was conducted from June to November 2022 in the nursery of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University. Employing a factorial experimental method in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors—firstly, the AMF dose consisting of four levels: 10 grams (F1), 20 grams (F2), 30 grams (F3), and 40 grams (F4), and secondly, the Yomari organic fertilizer dosage comprising five levels: 0 ml (Y0), 0.75 ml/l (Y1), 1.5 ml/l (Y2), 2.25 ml/l (Y3), and 3.0 ml/l (Y4)—each treatment level comprised four replications. Qualitative and quantitative observation data were analyzed using the F-test at a 5% level of significance. Post-hoc analysis for differences among treatments was conducted using the BNT test at the 5% level. Observations included the percentage of live seeds, seed height increment, leaf number, widest leaf width, root weight, and percentage of roots infected by AMF in ex-gold mining soil media inoculated with Acaulospora sp. and Gigaspora sp. The administration of 40 grams of FMA with a dose of 3.00 ml/l of liquid organic fertilizer showed an increase in the percentage of survival, an increase in the number of leaves, an increase in the height of the plant seedlings, the widest leaf width, the percentage of root weight, and the seedlings of agarwood-producing plants infected with AMF. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-influence-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-fma-dosage-and-yomari-liquid-organic-fertilizer-on-the-growth-of-seedlings-of-agarwood-producing-plants-aquilaria-malacensis-lamk-on-former-gold-mining-soil/ Benni Satria, Rachmad Hersi Martinsyah, Armansyah, Meisilva Erona, Warnita http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-11120238-TheInfluence.pdf Since 2018, the Gao region has been the focus of a massive influx of people from all walks of life in search of the gold nugget that would make them rich. Indeed, gold has been discovered at various sites in the region, successively up to the present day. In a context of insecurity and occupation of the sites by armed groups, gold mining is carried out in an anarchic fashion with little regard for the environmental regulations in force. The aim of the study was to analyze the economic and environmental effects of gold panning in a context of armed conflict in the Gao circle, Mali. The methodology adopted consisted in conducting surveys among gold miners and local authorities in the region. Analysis of the survey results revealed that the positive impact was a drop in the unemployment rate among young people and an increase in their income above the minimum wage, according to 86% of respondents. However, the uncontrolled exploitation of sites using inappropriate machinery and techniques poses serious environmental problems, particularly for water, soil, flora and fauna resources. What's more, the waste generated is very poorly managed (59% of respondents dump it in the open air and 35.24% burn it). This has serious consequences for renewable natural resources. One of the main factors encouraging uncontrolled mining on gold panning sites is the failure of operators to comply with, or even ignore, current legislation in areas of insecurity. The Malian government must seek to secure these areas so as to ensure compliance with appropriate operating measures and better organize the industry. This will have the dual advantage of bolstering the coffers of the state and local authorities, as well as ensuring the safety of gold miners on the sites. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-economic-and-environmental-effects-of-gold-panning-in-a-zone-of-armed-conflict-in-the-circle-of-gao/ Abdoulkadri Oumarou Toure, Fatoumata Maiga, Baba Faradji N’diaye, Issa Ouattara, Bamoussa Yalcouye http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-109202317-Theeconomic.pdf Enzymes serve as natural catalysts that exhibit high specificity to their respective substrates and function effectively under mild temperature, pressure, and pH conditions, resulting in superior conversion rates compared to traditional chemical catalysts. These catalysts, sourced from animals, plants, and microorganisms, offer versatility, with lipases standing out for their broad applicability, capturing the interest of various industries. However, the widespread adoption of soluble lipases is hindered by challenges such as high acquisition costs, limited operational stability, and difficulties in recovery and reuse. To address these limitations, enzymatic immobilization has emerged as a viable alternative, aiming to enhance the stability of soluble enzymes while simplifying their recovery and reuse processes. This approach significantly mitigates the overall cost associated with enzyme-dependent processes. This review examines the diverse sources of enzymes, explores various immobilization methods for lipases, and discusses their wide-ranging applications. http://ijeab.com/detail/lipases-sources-immobilization-techniques-and-applications/ Mudassar Hussain, Imad Khan, Bangzhi Jiang, Lei Zheng, Yuechao Pan, Jijie Hu, Azqa Ashraf, Aiman Salah Ud Din, Waleed AL-Ansi, Adil Khan, Xiaoqiang Zou http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-11220238-Lipases.pdf Limited information exists regarding the zootechnical performance of the local chicken ecotype Konde. The objective of this study was to evaluate the laying and growth performance of local hens Gallus gallus domesticus ecotype Konde in a semi-intensive production system. A founder group of breeders (30 hens and 6 roosters) from the Boulgou Province (Garango, Zabré and Tenkodogo) was set up at a ratio of one (1) rooster for five (5) hens. Eggs were collected and identified daily. After five days of collection, eggs were naturally incubated under large brood hens (15 to 20 eggs) and then transferred to a compartmentalized and numbered hatcher. These incubations resulted in 306 identifiable one-day-old chicks (106 in the wet season, 103 in the cold dry season and 100 in the hot dry season). The individual weight (IW) of the chicks was recorded every week from hatching to three (3) months of age. Carcass characteristics were assessed on 10 birds per rearing period at 3 months of age. The laying rate was 33.60% during a 180-day laying period. Observed fertility and hatching rates were 60.33 and 80.31%, respectively. The average weight, length and large diameter of the eggs were 41.33 g, 48.75±2.07mm and 36.42±1.6mm, respectively. The results showed that chicks with an average hatching weight of around 28g reached, at three months of age, 926.64 ± 153 g, 884.06 ± 133 g, and 857.44 ± 105 g during the rainy, cold-dry, and hot-dry seasons, respectively. Carcass yield was 62.19, 66.46, and 65.91% in the rainy, hot, and dry seasons, respectively. A detailed economic evaluation showed a gross profit of 922 FCFA per bird at 3 months of age. Based on the growth performance, the local chicken ecotype Konde could be used for meat production. However, further improvement of performance and sustainability of the chicken’s ecotype Konde through genetic selection and management tools is still needed. http://ijeab.com/detail/laying-and-growth-performance-of-local-chicken-gallus-gallus-domesticus-ecotype-konde-in-burkina-faso/ ZARE Yacouba, GNANDA B. Isidore, KERE Michel, TRAORE Boureima, HOUAGA Isidore, SANON F. Boris, ILBOUDO W. Fernand 1er jumeau, BOUGOUMA-YAMEOGO M. C. Valérie, REKAYA Romdhane, NIANOGO A. Joseph http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-11120239-Laying.pdf This paper investigates the influence of technology-enhanced language learning on English proficiency by conducting a comparative study against traditional teaching methods. In a world increasingly reliant on English for academic, professional, and social communication, the effectiveness of language instruction is of paramount importance. The review of existing literature underscores the growing role of technology in language education, emphasizing its potential benefits such as accessibility and engagement. However, concerns regarding digital equity, overreliance on technology, and potential drawbacks have also surfaced. Given the diverse outcomes reported in previous studies, a systematic comparative study is crucial to gain a more nuanced understanding of the impact of the technology. The paper involves pre-and post-test assessments of participants drawn from various backgrounds who utilize digital tools or undergo traditional language instruction. Quantitative analysis enables a systematic comparison, providing insights into the effects of technology on language learning outcomes.The findings of the study will shed light on whether technology-enhanced language learning significantly enhances English proficiency compared to traditional methods. It acknowledges advantages of technology while addressing the need for a balanced approach to language instruction. The paper offers implications for educators and learners, highlighting the role of technology as a supplementary tool in English Language Teaching (ELT). Acknowledging limitations, including sample size and potential biases, this research contributes to discussions surrounding the integration of technology in ELT, ultimately aiming to empower learners in their pursuit of English proficiency in an interconnected world. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-impact-of-technology-enhanced-language-learning-on-english-proficiency-a-comparative-study-of-digital-tools-and-traditional-methods/ Chandana US http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-11020234-TheImpact.pdf Nep Ngu rice is a valuable genetic of glutinous rice resource and cultural heritage with a long history of cultivation and utilization in Binh Dinh .A total of 102 traditional Nep Ngu varieties selectd at Binh Dinh province Vietnam, were used to explore this diversity using SSR markers and quantitative morphological characters. The study aims to evaluate the genetic diversity of Nep Ngu (Binh Dinh) varieties and involves molecular diversity analysis using 62 polymorphic SSR markers revealed among the 102 varieties. The Nep Ngu (Binh Dinh) varieties generated three clusters at 0.63 similarity coefficient. Some varieties with similar names were grouped into different clusters as molecular analysis showed that they were actually genetically different. The 102 Nep Ngu (Binh Dinh) varieties collected were evaluated phenotypically. In the analysis of quantitative traits, the range of coefficients of variability was high. It varied from 130.74-93.05 % (filled grain) to 30.38–18.16% (unfilled grain). This shows that these traits can be considered most stable as exemplified by their coefficients of variability. The highest values seen in unfilled grain indicate that this character is more affected by the environment and farmers’ cultural management practices. The mean values of quantitative trait measurements were higher (137.87–155.70 cm). The highest values noted in yield (36.33–56.52 g).Looking at agro-morphology, ANOVA showed highly significant differences among the 102 traditional rice varieties. The standardized Shannon-Weaver diversity indices for the quantitative morphological characters ranged from 0.68 to 0.89 with a mean of H’ = 0.79. Cluster analysis using UPGMA grouped the 102 traditional varieties into 3 major clusters. Varieties collected with two lines good for aroma with Line 81 and line 52. Sequence of Nep Ngu 52; Nep Ngu 81 were submitted to GenBank with accession number OR880900 and OR880901 respectively. http://ijeab.com/detail/agro-morphological-characters-and-pcr-based-markers-for-nep-ngu-at-binh-dinh-vietnam/ Lang Thi Nguyen, Trân Khanh Thi Nguyen, Hieu Chi Bui, Khoa Anh Bien, Buu Chi Bui http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-11220235-Agro-Morphological.pdf A strain of Trichoderma harzianum Pers. isolated in Burkina Faso showed significant antagonistic properties against phytopathogenic fungi in vitro and in the greenhouse. The aim of this study was to identify an effective, available and inexpensive medium for its multiplication and large-scale use. Thus, vari ous organic substrates identified as carbon sources were supplemented with others identified as nitrogen sources and then tested using the solid-state fermentation method. An inoculum of the fungus was fermented on these slightly humified substrates for 07 days at room temperature (22-25°C). The number of micropropagules produced per substrate was then evaluated in Colony Forming Units per gram of substrate (CFU/gos). The use of maize bran supplemented with soy flour as a substrate resulted in an average micropropagule production of 1045.5.108 CFU/gos, i.e. a 5228-fold multiplication of the initial inoculum. Maize bran was the best carbon source, with an average contribution of 297,108 CFU/gos whatever the nitrogen supplement, and soy flour the best nitrogen supplement, with an average contribution of 113.7,108 CFU/g0s whatever the carbon source. The development of a formulation based on maize bran and soy flour for the mass multiplication of this strain is envisaged. http://ijeab.com/detail/search-for-a-suitable-substrate-for-mass-propagation-of-a-local-strain-of-trichoderma-harzianum-thtab-isolated-in-burkina-faso/ Tobdem Gaston DABIRE, Masséni Yasmine OUOLOGUEME, Schémaéza BONZI and Irénée SOMDA http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-11220239-Search.pdf Leather tanning produces a variety of solid wastes, the most common of which is chrome shaving waste (CSW), which accounts for about one-third of the total solid waste produced from leather tanning. The biggest problem with this waste is that it contains chromium, which is a pollutant to the environment if the waste is disposed of by traditional methods such as landfilling or incineration. Therefore, the study aims to convert CSW into a proteinaceous material that does not contain chromium, so that it can be used in various applications with added value. In this study, chromium was removed from CSW using either an acid method or an alkaline oxidative method. In the acid method, sulfuric acid (1 molar) was used, while the other method was performed using a mixing ratio of 5:0.2:0.5:1 of CSW: potassium bicarbonate: hydrogen peroxide: water, respectively. The resulting protein was then hydrolyzed using acetic acid (1.5 molar). A chemical analysis of the CSW was performed to determine the percentage of chromium removed from both methods. The percentage of protein hydrolysis was also determined, as well as chromatographic analysis and amino acid analysis of the resulting proteins. The removed chromium was also reused in the tanning of sheepskin samples. The results showed that the alkaline oxidative method for chromium removal was better than using sulfuric acid, with a chromium removal percentage of 94.8% compared to 70.5%. The chromium removed was used in the tanning of leather without any differences in the properties of the resulting leather compared to traditional chrome tanning. The resulting hydrolyzed proteins were found to be collagenous proteins with an amino acid composition that can be used in various applications such as plant fertilizers. Therefore, the treatment and use of CSW achieves economic and environmental benefits for the leather tanning industry, thus achieving sustainability. http://ijeab.com/detail/extracting-chromium-free-protein-hydrolysate-from-leather-tanning-wastes/ Sameh Taha Kassem, Khaled Aly El-Shemy http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-11220237-Extracting.pdf Bioactive peptides from marine species have gained attention due to their promising biological features, and the disciplines of pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and biomedical product development have increased recently. Their molecular mass, immunity, and natural abilities that they evolved are essential for host defense mechanisms. Marine bioactive peptides have extremely complex and diverse structures that vary greatly depending on the sources from which they are obtained. They frequently have secondary structures and can be cyclic in the form of depsi-peptides. Bioactive peptide purification from marine sources can be achieved via chromatography techniques, including reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography, which is a current technique to extract biologically active peptides. Studies of marine plants, microbes, and animals over the last several eras have revealed a huge variety of structurally varied and bioactive secondary metabolites. With a particular focus on the conversion of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical research into commercially available products, this review summarizes current findings in marine peptide research as well as emerging patterns, and its promising directions are briefly reviewed. The use of active peptides derived from the sources mentioned earlier their health advantages and bioactivities are also focused. Along with safety concerns, their possible usages in the processed food industry, wound healing, feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, for the growth of efficient goods, are highlighted. http://ijeab.com/detail/characterization-therapeutic-applications-structures-and-futures-aspects-of-marine-bioactive-peptides/ Azqa Ashraf, Aiman Salah Ud Din, Mudassar Hussain, Imad Khan, Farazia Hassan, Adnan Ahmad, Waleed AL-Ansi, Zaixiang Lou http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-112202318-Characterization.pdf Hydrogels have proven to be of great value because of their useful properties and functions. Temperature and pH-sensitive chitosan-collagen-based hydrogels have drawn research interest in the area of wound care. Their unique mechanism allows them to release antimicrobial agents in response to changes in the environment and aids in efficient healing of wounds. The current review aims to describe various composite hydrogels of chitosan and collagen, their temperature and pH sensitivity, the antimicrobial effect of chitosan-collagen hydrogels and their applications in wound healing. Sources and properties of chitosan and collagen have also been stated in order to highlight their importance in these hydrogels. The main focus revolves around the potential of chitosan-collagen hydrogels as antimicrobial biomaterials for healing wounds in an efficient manner. http://ijeab.com/detail/temperature-and-ph-sensitive-chitosan-collagen-hydrogels-for-antimicrobial-and-wound-healing-applications/ Aiman Salah Ud Din, Azqa Ashraf, Mudassar Hussain, Adnan Ahmad, Imad Khan, Waleed AL-Ansi, Xiaoqiang Zou http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-112202317-Temperature.pdf Consumer’s demand for food products that retain the natural properties and microbiologically safer food has promoted the use of non-thermal techniques for the reduction of microbial load and inactivation of enzymatic activity. However, the bacterial spores and some enzymes show high resistance against non-thermal techniques. Therefore, the application of non-thermal techniques with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) represents an emerging method to increase the shelf life of food products. These combined preservation techniques reduced the microbial load, increase the shelf life without effecting the sensory attributes of food products. The surface of food products would benefit from the preservative effect of both non-thermal techniques and MAP. These integrated techniques are more energy efficient and better preservative effect than the single preservation technique. The use of MAP with non-thermal techniques reduces the intensity of nonthermal treatments required to achieve the desirable results. This review discusses the advantages that may be derived from the combined use of non-thermal techniques and MAP in the preservation of food. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-synergistic-effect-of-non-thermal-techniques-and-modified-atmosphere-packaging-in-food-preservation/ Farazia Hassan, Sehar Anwar, Mukesh, Hafiz Abdul Munam, Muhammad Arslan Asjad, Mudassar Hussain, Zahra batool, Nauman Khan, Muhammad Umair Khalid http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-112202312-Thesynergistic.pdf This research was conducted at Malang during rainy seasons from february until June 2023. The purpose of the study is to obtain optimum tuber yields by applying eco enzyme concentration and NPK fertilizer dosage through agronomic experiments in urban farming systems. The research used Factorial randomized block design. Eco enzyme concentration (E) as First factor: E0 = 0 ml.l-1, E1 = 15 ml.l-1, E2 = 30 ml.l-1, E3 = 45 ml.l-1. The second factor, NPK = (P) NPK fertilizer dose, namely: P1 = 3.75 g plant-1 NPK, P2 = 5.62 g plant-1 NPK, P3 = 7.50 g plant-1 NPK. This research was repeated three times. The results showed Eco enzyme concentration treatment affects the dose of NPK fertilizer on sweet potato plants. At an NPK fertilizer dose of 3.75 g plant-1, the highest fresh tuber weight was produced at an eco enzyme concentration of 30 ml l-1. At NPK fertilizer doses of 5.62 and 7.50 g plant-1, the fresh weight of tubers was the same at all eco enzyme concentrations. The optimum eco enzyme concentration in the NPK fertilizer dose treatment of 3.75 g plant-1 was 27.05 ml l-1, 5.62 g plant-1 was 25.44 ml l-1 and 7.50 g plant-1 was 26.54 ml l-1. eco enzyme concentrations and NPK doses can increase the growth and yield of sweet potato plants, on the variables: leaf area, plant dry weight, tuber fresh weight, harvest index. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-effect-of-eco-enzyme-concentration-and-npk-fertilizer-dosage-on-the-growth-and-yield-of-sweet-potatoes-ipomoea-batatas-l-at-the-urban-farming-planting-system/ Ferziana Nurmeilinda Dzikrika, Sitawati, Nurul Aini, Dewi Ratih Rizki Damaiyanti http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-112202323-TheEffect.pdf This research paper traverse into the concept of double consciousness as presented by W.E.B. Du Bois in his seminal work The Souls of Black Folk and explores how this theme has been redefined and adapted in contemporary black literature. The study examines the symbolic use of double consciousness in characters, narratives, and motifs, tracing its evolution as a literary device and its continued relevance in the portrayal of black identity and experience. Through an in-depth analysis of selected works spanning different periods, the research aims to shed light on the ways in which black writers have engaged with and transformed this concept to reflect the complexities of black life in diverse sociocultural contexts. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-symbolism-of-double-consciousness-in-the-works-of-w-e-b-du-bois-and-its-evolution-in-contemporary-black-literature/ Neethu S http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-112202316-TheSymbolism.pdf This research paper focuses on the phenomenon of Cultural Hybridity within the realm of literature and film, honing in on specific works as case studies to illuminate the intricacies of cultural fusion in globalized societies. The chosen literary work here is Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake, while the film Babel directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu serves as a cinematic counterpart. Through a meticulous analysis of these culturally rich narratives, the study explores how the characters navigate their identities in the face of globalization. The paper traverse into the ways in which the authors and filmmakers employ narrative techniques, character development, and symbolic elements to depict the hybridization of cultures. It examines how these artistic creations serve as mirrors reflecting the broader issues of diaspora, immigration, and the clash of traditional and modern values. By dissecting the chosen literary and cinematic works, this research aims to unveil the unique ways in which Cultural Hybridity is portrayed and its implications on individual and collective identity. The formal analysis of The Namesake and Babel provides a lens through which scholars and enthusiasts can deepen their understanding of how cultural amalgamation is articulated in creative expressions, enriching the discourse on the intersection of art, culture, and globalization. http://ijeab.com/detail/cultural-hybridity-in-focus-exploring-globalized-identities-through-jhumpa-lahiri-s-the-namesake-and-alejandro-gonz-lez-i-rritu-s-babel/ Arjun K Anil http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-112202315-Cultural.pdf Rubber production in rubber trees is affected by dry notch disease, the cause of which has unfortunately not yet been fully elucidated. This study aims to evaluate the impact of biological factors on susceptibility to disease across agro-industrial companies in the West (Zagné), South-West (San-Pédro) and South-East (Anguédédou) zones of the Côte d’Ivoire. The method used is the recording of panel sick length (PSL) of rubber trees in relation to their clonal metabolisms and the attacks of the main pests of rubber trees such as Corynespora sp, Fomes sp and Loranthaceae. The results showed that the three cultivated clonal metabolic class were all affected by dry notch of rubber but at different levels with an average of 34.65 ± 1.77 %. Regarding pests, the study revealed that they significantly influence (Pr ˂ 0.05) the sensitivity to dry notch. Rubber trees attacked by Fomes sp displayed a higher rate of diseased notch (50.56 ± 20.30 %) than that of non-attacked rubber trees (30.58 ± 20 %). Similarly, rubber trees parasitized by Loranthaceae displayed higher PSL (38.41 ± 20.55 %) than those of rubber trees free (30.16 % ± 21.62 %). Only rubber trees attacked by Corynespora sp presented lower PSL (15.61 ± 13.69 %) than those of non-attacked rubber trees (39.76 ± 20.22 %). Depending on the different production zones, Loranthaceae infested rubber plantations more than the other two pests. http://ijeab.com/detail/study-of-biological-factors-likely-to-influence-sensitivity-to-dry-ball-disease-of-rubber-tree-in-three-rubber-production-zones-of-cote-d-ivoire/ Zoh Olivia Dominique, Dolou Charlotte Tonessia, Éric Francis Soumahin, Kouamé Kouassi James Joseph, Amadou Doumbia http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJEAB-112202319-Studyof.pdf Pseudouridine, a common modified nucleotide, is prevalent in bacterial tRNA, rRNA, and snRNA. Initially identified in rRNA and tRNA, its presence extends to snRNA. Despite being the first identified and most prevalent RNA modification, its biosynthesis and diverse roles remain insufficiently understood. This extensively occurring modified nucleotide influences structural and functional attributes in various RNA categories. The isomerization process involves a carbon–carbon bond formation, and Pumilio family proteins (PUFs) are potential Ψ reader proteins. Pseudouridine, a ubiquitous constituent in structural RNAs, is notably absent in mRNA or viral RNAs. Its enzymatic isomerization occurs at the polynucleotide level, independently of cofactors. Compared to uridine, pseudouridine prefers the C3-endo conformation, enhancing stability in specific structural motifs. Evolutionarily conserved in major spliceosomal snRNAs, it plays a crucial role in spliceosome assembly and splicing. Pseudouridine (ψ), comprising 0.2–0.6% of uridines in mammalian mRNA, is enzymatically generated by pseudouridine synthases. Five pseudouridine synthase families orchestrate its site-specific isomerization. In eukaryotic and archaeal organisms, specific synthases rely on noncoding RNAs, like box H/ACA small nucleolar/scaRNPs. These modifications contribute to RNA structural stabilization and functional efficacy. In pre-mRNA and mRNA they guide splicing processes and protect against degradation, acting as a defense mechanism against viral infections. This review delves into the detection, structure, functions, and applications of pseudoridine in RNA. Methodologies like High-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, thin layer chromatography, enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay, capillary electrophoresis, northern blotting, reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction and RNA bisulfite sequencing. establish a robust framework. Pseudouridine's roles in reinforcing RNA structures, modulating translation, and its potential in mRNA. http://ijeab.com/detail/pseudouridine-in-rna-enzymatic-synthesis-mechanisms-and-functional-roles-in-molecular-biology/ Adil Khan, Yu Dong Hu, Salman Khan, Sahibzada Muhammad Aqeel, Imad Khan, Mudassar Hussain, Waleed AL-Ansi, Guochao Xu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJEAB-112202320-Pseudouridine.pdf Cinnamaldehyde (CA) has a special flavor, and numerous bioactivities; nevertheless, it possesses a high level of volatility, low solubility in water, and limited stability. To address the shortcomings of CA and enhance its use in foods, CA-loaded microcapsules were created by complex coacervation. Gelatin (GL) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used as the wall materials of CA. Ideal conditions for obtaining encapsulation efficiency and morphology were found for core/wall ratio 1:1 (w: w), and an emulsification speed 15,000 rpm. The optimized microcapsule formulation demonstrates an encapsulation efficacy of 87.949 ± 1.229 % for CA with payload 41.276 ± 4.189% and a size of 26.093 ± 0.575μm. The examination of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of GL, CMC, GL-CMC complex coacervates and CA microcapsules exhibited an electrostatic attraction among GL and CMC molecules and the creation of hydrogen bonds among core (CA) and shell materials. When 1:1 core: wall ratio and 9000 rpm emulsification speed utilized in the microencapsulation of CA, the thermal stability significantly enhanced, possessed a slow-release property in ethanol 50%, and enhanced the antibacterial activity of CA. http://ijeab.com/detail/innovative-complex-coacervates-of-gelatin-and-sodium-carboxymethyl-cellulose-for-cinnamaldehyde-delivery-impact-of-processing-conditions-on-characteristics-and-bioactivity/ Mahran Abdulla, Shuqin Xia http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJEAB-112202310-Innovative.pdf