http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us February The present work aims to contribute to the knowledge of the influence of environmental temperatures on the reproductive dynamics of the population of the Smooth Newt Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis (Boulenger, 1882) at “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park (north of Rome, Central Italy). The data collection took place for a long – term investigation from the breeding season of 1995 – 1996 until the breeding season 2014 – 2015 (with the exception of the seasons 2003 – 2004, 2004 – 2005 and 2005 – 2006); the breeding season is considered the beginning of the filling of temporary ponds until they are completely drained. Samples were taken every fifteen days. During the breeding seasons investigated, the greatest concentration of individuals in water occurs in the period between January and May. The maximum presence of newts in water occurs with a maximum temperature range that oscillates from 14 °C to 17 °C and a minimum temperature that oscillates from 3 °C to 7 °C. From the analysis of the data it would therefore emerge that the minimum atmospheric temperature may constitute one of the most significant environmental parameter for the reproductive phase of the Smooth Newt. This data agrees with the observations reported in the present work and suggests that the identified trend can be extended to populations of Mediterranean environments. http://ijeab.com/detail/reproductive-phenology-and-environmental-temperatures-in-the-smooth-newt-lissotriton-vulgaris-meridionalis-boulenger-1882-amphibia-urodela-in-a-mediterranean-habitat/ Antonio Pizzuti Piccoli http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-112202324-Reproductive.pdf Insects, diseases and weeds are the three main biological elements that have the greatest influence on agricultural output losses and farmer profits. The two most crucial practises in agriculture for maximum yielding are chemical application and weeding. In the past, spraying was performed using a knapsack sprayer, and weeding was carried out manually and with a bullock-drawn weeder, both of which required a lot of time and effort. For spraying and weeding in modern agriculture, farmers employ a variety of power-operated tools. However, because each task was carried out independently, it took more time and effort to finish the weeding and spraying tasks. Multioperational equipment or machinery is required to decrease operating time, cost, and the number of passes. As a result, efforts have been made to create a machine that can complete both tasks in a single pass. Considering these points, mini tractor operated sprayer cum weeder was developed. By using the developed sprayer cum weeder time saving of 95.79 %, 90.42 % and 38.71 % could be achieved as compared to existing manual methods, animal drawn machine and power operated machine and developed machine could also save 91.50 and 8.84 % operational cost as compared to existing manual methods and power operated machines in spraying and weeding operations respectively. The weeding efficiency of the developed machine for combined operations was found 84.53 % as compared to power operated weeder (86.12 %) which is more or less equal while it is only for weeding operation. http://ijeab.com/detail/comparative-performance-of-the-developed-mini-tractor-operated-sprayer-cum-weeder-with-the-various-types-of-existing-spraying-and-weeding-methods/ M. V. Jalu, P. S. Ambaliya, Y. H. Modhvadiya http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-10120232-Comparative.pdf In West Africa, and particularly in Mali, rice is the staple food of the population. However, its production is faced with various constraints, including soils poor on the one hand and difficult access to inputs on the other. Indeed, waste, especially excreta, contains nutrients that are essential for crop development. It is within this framework that this study was conducted to determine the human urine effect on the production of NERICA 4 rice in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. Different urine doses in combination or not with organic fertilizer were put in competition through an experimental design in Ficher Block with eight repetitions. The results after variance analysis showed statistical differences between treatments. The yield increase was most marked with the 111 kg N/ha urine + 5 t organique fumure (T7), which provided the highest rice yield with 1623 kg/ha compared to the mineral fertilizer control (T9) with 1550 kg/ha.The analysis of economic profitability shows that the dose 111kg N/ha urine alone with a ratio of 3.32 is better than the other doses of fertilizers compared to the FAO standard (RVC > 2). http://ijeab.com/detail/economic-efficiency-of-human-urine-as-fertilizer-in-the-production-of-nerica-4-rice-in-the-sudano-sahelian-zone-of-mali/ Ousmane Coulibaly, Sory Sissoko, Alou Coulibaly, Yacouba Maiga, Mohamed Dicko, Sidiki G Dembele, Mohamed S Maiga http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-112202313-Economic.pdf A study was undertaken at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, to investigate the Effect of priming treatment and storage containers to enhance the seed quality of tomato seeds. The experiment, conducted in 2021-2022, utilized a randomized complete block design to assess various seed priming techniques and their influence on tomato germination and morphological characteristics. Eighteen month-old seeds of tomato seeds were exposed to the following priming treatments T0: Control (untreated). T1: Priming with GA3 @ 25, 50 and 75 ppm for 24 hours and drying at room temperature. T2: Priming with KNO3 (Potassium Nitrate) @ 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 % for 24 hours followed by drying at room temperature. T3: Priming with Ethanol @ 25, 50 and 75 ppm for 24 h and drying at room temperature. Within the various priming treatments, tomato seeds subjected to GA3 priming at a concentration of 50 ppm exhibited the highest rates of germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seed vigor index, viability percentage, and radicle emergence. Following closely were seeds primed with KNO3 at 1.5%. Conversely, ethanol at 50 ppm resulted in the lowest values for germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seed vigor index, and viability percentage. Notably, GA3 priming at 50 ppm demonstrated a substantial improvement, enhancing tomato germination by 24.6% compared to unprimed seeds in 18-month-old seed samples. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-priming-treatment-and-storage-containers-to-enhance-the-seed-quality-of-tomato-seeds/ Nisha, Axay Bhuker, Mukesh Kumar, Rahul and Gagandeep Singh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-10120241-Effectof.pdf Every year, Pakistan is on the verge of a serious water crisis. It is expected that the crisis of water shortages in Pakistan will reach an alarming level in the near future. Water degradation, climate change, particularly recent global warming, overuse, misuse, diminishing water availability, a lack of water management policies, pollution, population growth, and environmental neglect have all contributed to this crisis. This has undermined Pakistan's economy. Floods in Pakistan have adversely affected livestock, infrastructure, lives, and property, as well as agricultural land and crops. Floods negatively impact agricultural production and the country's economy without adequate water management. The travel and tourism sector in Pakistan plays a crucial role in the country's economy and contributes to its growth and development. However, despite its potential, this sector remains unsatisfied and faces several challenges and limitations. Furthermore, Pakistan faces a persistent electricity shortfall that has led to the implementation of load shedding across the country. The shortage in electricity supply has become a significant issue for both businesses and consumers, impacting the economy and overall quality of life. This paper examines the cost-benefit analysis of building a dam to reduce flood damage, promote tourism, and boost agriculture and electricity. It is difficult to provide accurate estimates of dam construction costs due to a lack of precise information. So many assumptions have been made to complete the analysis. There will also be a sensitivity analysis to test some assumptions. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-cost-benefit-analysis-of-building-a-dam-in-pakistan-to-mitigate-floods-promote-tourism-boost-agriculture-and-generate-electricity/ Shahzad Ismail http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-107202312-ACost.pdf Cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus), Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and Plusia orichalcea (Fabricius) causes considerable yield loss in economically important crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, cotton, tobacco, castor, and pulses etc. The nation has been using more pesticides to combat these insects, which has increased environmental pollution, pesticide resistance, pest resurgence, and residue in food, soil, and water. The present study was assessed to susceptibility of P. brassicae, S. litura and P. orichalcea to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Metarhabditis amsactae and mass multiplication of infective juveniles (IJs) in all three insects. Two strains, HAR-St-II and HAR-Ht-III of M. amsactae were tested against all three insects, at four inoculum levels i.e. 5, 10, 20 and 40 IJs /insect larva, under laboratory conditions at Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2021-2022. Results revealed that in both the strains of M. amsactae, as the observation time and level of IJs increased, there was a significant increase in per cent mortality of all three insects. Observation on recovery of M. amsactae was less from cadaver of P. orichalcea than P. brassicae and S. litura. http://ijeab.com/detail/in-vitro-efficacy-of-entomopathogenic-nematodes-epns-against-economically-important-insect-pests-of-cauliflower/ Babita Kumari, Anil Kumar, Sujata, Lochan Sharma http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-10120247-InVitro.pdf The northeast subsidiary of Koutiala is a very ancient and important cotton production zone in Mali. Commonly called old cotton basin of Mali, this subsidiary counting ten sectors divided between two divisions, is today finds confronted to environmental problems. However, it is difficult to locate the essential reasons of this problem so much the factors are numerous. To assess the impact of different factors on environment, this study devoted itself as objective to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of the environmental vulnerability of the northeast subsidiary of Koutiala between 2003 and 2017. It used several types of data for this purpose (climatic, satellite, socioeconomic and demographic, geographical). The used methodology was based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), after standardizing the data using the empirical normalization method. The study reveals that the main factors of environmental vulnerability are mainly composed of indicators of occupation of the soil (NDVI and Occupancy rate of the soil by cultures which are present in 100.0% of the factors), socioeconomic (in 83.3%), climatic (in 66.7%) and socio-demographic (in 58.3%). It also reveals that the sector of Konséguéla in the southwest (division of Koutiala) is the least vulnerable contrary to that from Kimparana to the north (division of San) which is the most vulnerable. Globally between 2003 and 2017, there is a downward trend of the environmental vulnerability of the northeast subsidiary of Koutiala. http://ijeab.com/detail/multi-criteria-analysis-of-the-environmental-vulnerability-of-the-cotton-zone-of-mali-case-of-the-northeast-subsidiary-of-koutiala/ Tahirou Barry, Hamidou Diawara, Souleymane Sidi Traoré, Rachid Abdourahamane Attoubounou http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10120249-Multi-criteria.pdf Nanotechnology means any technology on a nanoscale that has application in the real world. Nanotechnology involves the production of materials with exceptional precision and dimensions on a scale as small as one billionth of a meter and implies the ability to generate, utilize structure, components and devices. Nanotechnology is the science of building very small particles. Visualizing the scale of nanotechnology can be challenging, but it is essential to understand that 'nano' refers to particles that are incredibly tiny. The ongoing exploration aimed to synthesize stable, environmentally friendly, and biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Acacia modesta leaves and assess their biological activities. Prior research has underscored the effectiveness of nanotechnology in facilitating the production of faster, smaller, and more portable products and systems that are notably more efficient. Utilizing plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis represents an alternative and more environmentally conscious approach. The green synthesis of nanoparticles aims to reduce waste generation and advocate for sustainable methodologies. In recent years, the focus has shifted towards green processes utilizing mild reaction conditions and non-toxic precursors to advance nanotechnology and foster environmental sustainability. The X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that all AuNPs possessed a polycrystalline structure, evident from the intense graphical peaks within the complete spectrum of 20 values, ranging from 10–80°, supported by data from scanning electron microscopy. Leaves of Acacia modesta were gathered, dried, and powdered, resulting in a net weight of the powdered leaves material of 25 grams. Phytochemical screening of various Acacia modesta extracts preceded the purification of gold nanoparticles. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of AuNPs and crude aqueous Acacia modesta leaves were assessed using the well diffusion method and Slant agar dilution method. The dried powder was mixed with distilled water in a 1:10 ratio and boiled for 30 minutes. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the nano-particles' size to be within the range of 30–150 nanometers. Acacia modesta AuNPs exhibited substantial efficacy against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Strep.pyogenes, and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. In addition to these microorganisms, Acacia modesta AuNPs also demonstrated significant activity against Trichodermas, Aspergillus furfur, Penicilium and Candida albicans. Based on the findings of this current research study, it can be concluded that Acacia modesta has the potential to inhibit the growth of various pathogenic microorganisms, which could be harnessed by the medical sector for the development of effective drugs to address a range of acute to chronic infections. http://ijeab.com/detail/green-synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles-using-acacia-modesta/ Adil Khan, Sardar Mohammad, Hakeem Ullah, Sadia Sardar, Sahibzada Muhammad Aqeel, Waleed AL-Ansi, Guochao Xu http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-101202411-Green.pdf Mali still has natural relics rich in fauna such as that of the Nafadji forest. The study aims to analyze the link between wildlife species and their habitat and to identify the migration corridors they follow. Kings' method was used to inventory the wildlife. The layout of the corridors was carried out both by visual observation of the wildlife and their signs of presence. A survey was carried out among the populations and the technical services to understand the movements of the fauna and the difficulties of management. A total of 366 individuals divided between 14 species, 10 families and 5 orders have been identified. The indirect gradient analysis applied to the matrix of 224 observations x 14 faunal species to understand the relationship between species and their habitats discriminated 4 groups: G1 consisting of Mellivora capenssis, Hystrix cristata, Papio anubis, Orycteropus afer, Tragélaphus scriptus, G2 including Erythrocebus patas, Redunca redunca, Sylvicapra grimmia, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, G3 represented Canis adustus, Gazella dorcas, Hippotragus equinus and G4 with Hyena hyena, Viverra civetta, Papio anubis. The analysis reveals that habitat and food factors condition the distribution of wildlife and their migration along the corridors. Controlling these factors is therefore essential for the effective management of wildlife and their habitat. The involvement of the Nafadji alone is not enough to ensure the protection of wildlife, but it will require close collaboration with the communities and all stakeholders in the forest and along the corridors. http://ijeab.com/detail/wildlife-migration-corridors-from-the-community-forest-of-nafadji-to-the-boucle-du-baoul-biosphere-reserve/ Hady Diallo, Coulibaly Ousmane, Yacouba Maiga, Aly Poudiougo http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-10120243-Wildlife.pdf Zucchini is the Cucurbitaceae family and rich in nutrients. In Indonesia, cultivation of zucchini is still low and zucchini has the potential to be developed. Improvement of cultivation technology is required to ensure optimal growth and yield of zucchini. The research to study effect of gibberellin and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of zucchini plants. Was conducted from July to October 2023 in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. The Research was a factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design with two factors, first factor was gibberellin concentration with 3 treatment levels (0, 150 and 300 ppm) and the second factor was the dose of nitrogen fertilization with 5 treatment levels (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg/ha). The observation data results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued honest significant difference test HSD at 5% error level. To determine the relationship pattern between observation variables, regression test was conducted. The results showed that significant effect of gibberellin and nitrogen fertilization on growth and yield of zucchini plants. There were increasing in plant length, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, number of fruits and fruit weight. Nitrogen fertilization caused increasing in plant length, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, number of fruits, fruit weight and chlorophyll index. The results of this study revealed that gibberellin and nitrogen fertilization positive effect in increasing the growth and yield of zucchini plants. Based on the results of this study recommended that the optimum gibberellin and nitrogen are 150 ppm and 150-250 kg/ha. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-gibberellin-and-nitrogen-fertilizer-on-growth-and-zucchini-cucurbita-pepo-l-yield-in-tropical-regions/ Gandi Warisman, Damanhuri, Eko Widaryanto http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-101202410-Effectof.pdf Wetlands are one of Togo's most important natural resources. However, human pressures on these already vulnerable environments are contributing to a reduction in their surface area and, consequently, to a loss of biodiversity. The aim of this study is to assess the vulnerability of wetlands to climate change through a diachronic analysis of changes in climatic parameters over the period 1970-2021. To do this, we first mapped land use units from 1987 to 2019 in order to identify the various pressures on wetland ecosystems in the Oti plain in northern Togo (Ramsar site of the Oti-Kéran-Mandouri protected areas). Secondly, we identified wetland degradation factors and the socio-economic impacts of this degradation on local populations. The results show that the surface area of the natural land-use units of the Oti plain has declined over the last thirty years. Over the same period, the climate in the area has been highly variable, alternating between dry and wet periods, with a general trend towards lower rainfall and higher temperatures. The effects of this climate change, coupled with human-induced degradation factors, are having a negative impact on the socio-economic situation of local populations. The Participatory Analysis of Powerty and Livelihood Dynamic (PAPOLD) also enabled farmers to be classified into three prosperity classes (Poor, Moderately Well Off and Well Off). The results provide a decision-making tool for sustainable, participatory management of the wetlands of the Oti plain. http://ijeab.com/detail/land-use-dynamics-and-socio-economic-impacts-of-wetlands-in-the-oti-plain-in-the-face-of-climate-change/ Lardja Lamboni, Maïmounata Belem http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-101202413-Landuse.pdf The faba bean is a crucial pulse crop known for its high protein content and its ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. The growth and yield of this crop are influenced by various agronomic practices, such as sowing date and tillage method. To investigate these factors, a two-year field experiment was conducted in the dry and hot environment of Egypt's western desert. The experiment aimed to evaluate the yield and its components of faba bean under four different sowing dates and three tillage practices. To accurately simulate the outcomes, the Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) model was employed. This model allowed for the prediction of seed yield, total above-ground biomass, and harvest index based on the varying sowing dates and tillage practices. It was found that the highest seed yield, reaching 4011 kg ha-1 in the first season and 4115 kg ha-1 in the second season, was achieved when the plants were sown on October 15th. Additionally, the seed yield peaked at 3690 kg ha-1 in the first season and increased to 4074 kg ha-1 in the second season when the no-tillage practice was implemented. The other yield components followed a similar trend to the seed yield, responding to the different sowing dates and tillage practices. The DSSAT model proved to be a reliable tool for simulating the seed yield and total above-ground biomass, exhibiting a Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) above 0.80 when compared to the calculated values. However, for the harvest index, the NSE was 0.669 in the first year and 0.772 in the second year. Despite this slight discrepancy, the DSSAT model remains a valuable decision support tool for predicting faba bean yield under various agronomic practices. http://ijeab.com/detail/evaluating-the-effects-of-different-sowing-dates-and-tillage-practices-on-faba-bean-yield-based-on-dssat-model/ Ashraf Nour El-Sadek http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-101202416-Evaluating.pdf In the recent years Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have gained much attention as an alternate source of sustainable power production. In MFCs the bacteria at anode are used as catalyst for extraction of electrons from biodegradable substrate. In the present study bacteria having electricity production potential were isolated from pond’s sludge and were identified using different microscopic, staining techniques and with the help of different biochemical tests. Double chambered MFCs were constructed to check the ability of those bacteria for current generation. Initially double chambered MFC was constructed using 250 ml of sludge as a source and maximum current produced was 119 mV. This experiment was repeated using 500 ml of mixed culture and the maximum current production of 169 mV was recorded. Glucose, peptone and yeast extract were used as a substrate for the growth and current production by bacteria. Different parameters such as chemical mediators, different electrode types and sizes and salt-bridge concentrations were utilized for production and amplification of current generated in MFC. Methylene blue indicator dye was found suitable for enhancing current in MFCs for short time. Two modes of feeding were used to increase the lifetime of cell i.e., and from the results of current study, it was concluded that fed batch mode was more effective as compared to non-fed batch culture. http://ijeab.com/detail/remodeling-in-microbial-fuel-cell-mfc-design-and-parameters-for-the-sustained-production-of-electricity/ Mohammad Farooq, Hanif Ul Islam, Adil Khan, Salman Khan, Sardar Mohammad, Waleed AL-Ansi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-10220242-Remodeling.pdf Chia has become enormous recognition as a super food worldwide, as reflected by a sharp rise in both consumption and cultivation. Salicylic acid (SA), a vital signaling molecule, is essential for plant tolerance responses to biotic and abiotic stress preserving healthy plant growth and enhancing productivity in stress condition. A field investigation of carried out during Rabi season of 2021 and 2022 at experimental field of Horticulture Department, C. B. G. Agriculture PG College, BKT, Lucknow to examine the “Influence of foliar application of salicylic acid on growth and yield of chia (Salvia hispanica L.)”. The treatment consisted of five dose of foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 75, 150, 300 and 600 ppm). The experiment was laid out in a design of Randomized Block Design (RBD) and replicated three times. The foliar application of SA resulted in greater plant height, number of branches, fresh weight and dry weight of plant, yield and yield component of chia during the study. Generally the greatest values were registered from 300 ppm foliar application of salicylic acid. http://ijeab.com/detail/influence-of-foliar-application-of-salicylic-acid-on-growth-and-yield-of-chia-salvia-hispanica/ Jashkaran Singh, L. P. Yadava, Raj Nandini Singh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-101202415-Influence.pdf The current study set out to evaluate and examine the difficulties faced by houseboat owners in solid waste management as well as possible solutions to these difficulties. The study was conducted at four sites of Dal Lake: Lakut Dal, Bod Dal, Gagribal, and Nigeen Lake. A list of registered houseboats was acquired from the Lake Conservation Management Authority (LCMA) in 2023 indicates that there are 950 houseboats in Dal Lake. Data were gathered using a structured interview schedule. A sample of 100 houseboats, 25 from each site, was selected using stratified random selection; this represents about 10.5% of the total population. The study found that the restrictions faced by houseboat owners differed depending on how easily LCMA services could be accessed at each location. The absence of a nearby color-coded waste facility was cited by 92% of houseboat owners in Site 1 as their main concern. Site 2's outcomes were comparable, the absence of consistent (weekly) solid trash collection services being identified by 84% of houseboat owners as their main challenge, 88% of site 3 houseboat owners cited the absence of solid trash collection services provided by LCMA, and 56% of site 4 houseboat owners said they were happy with the existing collection services. Nonetheless, the largest obstacle faced by 40% of houseboat owners is the absence of regular garbage collection services. The houseboat owners in Dal Lake nevertheless face several challenges on a daily basis, which are discussed in more depth. http://ijeab.com/detail/solid-waste-management-mismanagement-from-houseboats-of-dal-lake-assessing-strategies-for-effective-waste-reduction-and-resource-recovery/ Umer Inayat, Rizwana Malik, Adnan Abubakr, Bilal Ahmad Bhat, Samreena Jan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-10220246-SolidWaste.pdf This study examined the impact of cooking, Co-60 gamma irradiation (5 kGy and 10 kGy) and combined irradiation (10 kGy) and cooking treatments on the amino acid profile and physicochemical properties of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) seeds, as well as the quality of the seed oil. The treated and untreated (control) seeds were mechanically dehulled and milled into flour using an attrition mill, and subsequently analysed for chemical composition, amino acid profile, functional properties and quality of the seed oil. The results showed a significant increase in the fat content (p ≤ 0.05) after cooking and post-irradiation cooking treatments. The cooked seed samples recorded a 3.84% increase in total mineral content although there was a loss in the total percentage minerals after combined irradiation and cooking which could be linked to leaching of soluble minerals into cooking water. The 10 kGy irradiation dose improved the total essential amino acids present in the seed possibly due to the lyses of adherrent microflora. Percentage cysteine was highest in the 5 kGy irradiated seed sample with about 4.8% increase compared to control. There was a 92.6% loss in foaming capacity of the seed flour as a result of processing; however, 5 kGy irradiated sample recorded only about 26% loss in the foaming capacity. The anti-nutrients were significantly reduced by cooking, irradiation, post-irradiation cooking up to about 60%, 40%, 26.7% and 60% for cooked, 5 kGy irradiated, 10 kGy irradiated and post-irradiated cooked samples, respectively. Tannin content was not significantly affected (p http://ijeab.com/detail/amino-acid-profile-and-physicochemical-properties-of-african-locust-bean-parkia-biglobosa-seeds-as-affected-by-combined-irradiation-and-cooking/ Alex O Asunni, Stephen A. Fagbemi, Ajibola M. Oyinloye, Catherine B. Gowon, Victor N. Enujiugha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-10220244-Amino.pdf An attempt was made to reduce the tomato disease severity caused by several fungal pathogens in the field conditions and increase the growth and yield of tomato through the application of different concentrations of Trichoderma-fortified compost. The antagonism of the tested stock culture isolate of TH 7 of T. harzianum was found to be stable in its antagonistic character and observed more than 90% growth inhibition of all the tested pathogens. Based on the confirmation of the repeated antagonism test, the highly antagonist isolate of T. harzianum TH 7 was selected to prepare the Trichoderma-fortified compost. In the field experiment, post-emergence seedling mortality was completely free whereas Trichoderma-fortified compost at 300 g colonized Trichoderma was used in the treatment T6. All other doses of Trichoderma-fortified compost reduced the seedling mortality 60 to 80% and 20% reduction of seedling mortality was observed in the treatment T1 where compost was used without Trichoderma. Early blight, collar rot and southern blight, root rot and Fusarium wilt are also recorded in the field from the growing stage to the last harvesting period. All the diseases were completely controlled with the treatment T6 except early blight, where the highest reduction was 75% with the treatment T6 and T5. A similar trend of reduction of diseases was observed in the case of other treatments. Although, anthracnose was not observed in the tomato plants but at the ripening stage of the crop 2.5% tomato fruits were infected with anthracnose disease. Tomato fruits in the field were completely free from anthracnose fruit rot in the treatment T6. The treatments T4 and T5 reduced 75% and 80% anthracnose fruit rot in the field condition. All the treatments significantly increased the growth-promoting components in comparison to the untreated control in the treatment T8 where no supplements were added. Significantly the highest 28.08% yield was recorded in treatment T6 followed by 21.67% increased yield in Treatment T5. The highest quantity of tomato was harvested at the 3rd harvest in the case of all the treatments. http://ijeab.com/detail/trichoderma-fortified-compost-in-controlling-diseases-and-increasing-yield-of-tomato/ Rezwana Rahman, Md. Khurshed Alam Bhuiyan, Md. Abu Ashraf Khan, M. Mofazzal Hossain, Md. Tanbir Rubayet http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-10220243-Trichoderma.pdf Market gardening plays an important role in household food security and is an income-generating activity for market gardeners in the rural commune of Djirataoua. The objective of this study is to study the advantages of market gardening in the district of Djirtaoiua. To achieve this objective, the data collection method mainly involved individual surveys and focus groups on each of the six (6) sites, namely Djirataoua North, Djirataoua South, Kodrewa-Maradou, Radi-Adrewa, RPC (Rural Promotion Center) and Bakaoua. A total of 209 producers representing 5% of the producer workforce. Focus groups were held with the members of the cooperative. The data were processed by the Excel spreadsheet, IBM SPSS statistics 25 and Minitab 18 software for percentage calculations and subjected to the multivariate PCR and AFC statistical tests. The results show that thirteen (13) market gardening crops are grown in the district of Djirataoua. . The most widely grown crops are anise, red pepper, green pepper, onion and tomato. The least commonly grown crops are watermelon, sweet potato, carrot, potato and pepper. Thus, for phytosanitary treatment, chemicals are generally the most used. Thus, this activity has significant socio-economic impacts. The average annual income generated by this activity ranges from less than 200,000 CFA francs to more than 1,000,000 CFA francs. However, market gardeners encounter problems in the practice of this activity. To ensure the smooth running of this activity, solutions such as reducing the cost of the fee, support for agricultural inputs, technical support and the search for outlets for the products are proposed by market gardeners. There is no doubt that market gardening is an alternative to the chronic food insecurity problem experienced by the people of Djirataoua in particular and, in general, the problem of chronic food insecurity. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-benefits-of-market-gardening-in-a-context-of-food-insecurity-in-the-commune-of-djirataoua-in-niger/ Younoussou Rabo, Inoussa Ali Garba, Ali Mahamane http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-101202417-Thebenefits.pdf Adoption of housing and feeding practices among pastoral sheep farmers in Tamil Nadu, India were examined through an ex-post facto research design involving 1,160 farmers from 12 districts across seven agro-climatic zones. The study found that 95.78% of farmers own their sheep, with 66.47% practicing daytime grazing and night-time penning. Housing practices were diverse: 60.60% used field or backyard pens and 21.03% employed closed pucca houses. Inadequate housing was prevalent, suggesting a need for improved education on proper housing techniques. Feeding practices indicated that 52.16% of farmers utilized common property land and harvested fields for grazing, with 38.28% supplementing this with additional fodder. The preference for grazing over concentrate feeds was attributed to cost and lack of awareness. Water provision was generally sufficient, with 52.33% of farmers supplying water twice daily. The findings underscore the necessity of a multifaceted approach to enhance smallholder sheep farming by addressing economic, educational, and infrastructural challenges. Addressing these issues can facilitate the transition to more sustainable and profitable practices, ultimately improving farmers' livelihoods and contributing to the broader agricultural economy in Tamil Nadu, India. http://ijeab.com/detail/housing-and-feeding-practices-in-south-indian-pastoral-sheep-rearing-systems/ N.K. Sudeepkumar G. Kathiravan, P.R. Nisha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-109202328-Housing.pdf The present study was undertaken to gather suggestions from technical staff and beneficiaries of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) under SKNAU, Jobner, to improve training programmes and extension services. Three KVKs were selected for comparison based on administrative control: Fatehpur-Shekhawati (SAU), Bansur (ICAR), and Chomu (NGO). A total of 125 respondents (50 technical staff and 75 beneficiaries) were surveyed. Data revealed that the highest-ranked suggestions from staff included immediate filling of vacant posts and strengthening infrastructure (MPS = 80.00) career advancement (77.33) and vehicle facilities (76.66). Beneficiaries emphasized organizing more off-campus training (MPS = 97.77), separate training for farm women (96.88) and promotion of skill-based/self-employment training (95.55). These findings indicate a strong demand for localized, inclusive, and capacity-building interventions. The study offers evidence-based recommendations for strengthening the impact and efficiency of KVK initiatives. http://ijeab.com/detail/enhancing-kvk-training-through-trainer-and-trainee-suggestions-at-sknau-jobner-rajasthan/ Jitendra Kumar Meena, Madhuri Joshi, Lokesh Kumar, Nitesh Kumar Tanwar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-109202427-Enhancing.pdf