Volume 9 Number 2 (March )

Response Evaluation of Chickpea Genotypes for Resisting Helicoverpa armigera (Hub) Throughout Growing Season & Correlating with Yield Parameter

Rajesh Udavant, Sanjeev Bantewad, Ritu Rani, Radhika, Ashwini Tupe

An investigation was worked out at the experimental Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Entomology, VNMKV, Parbhani during Rabi, 2022 expecting resistive outcomes from responses of chickpea genotypes against gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.) for eggs and larval population including pod damage per cent from vegetative to maturity stage during growing meteorological weeks (MW). The correlation of the screening parameter with yield has also been calculated. The mean eggs, larval infestation and pod damage per cent of gram pod borer, H .armigera on genotypes under study is presented in the present investigation. It is found that on genotypes indicated significant differences regarding eggs, larval population and pod damage of H. armigera. The mean no. of eggs was reported on genotypes ICCL 86111 (0.24 eggs/plant). The least larval population was reported on genotypes ICCL 86111 (0.51 larvae/plant). The genotype ICCL 86111 had the least pod damage, 3.36 per cent and ICC 506 was (3.93 per cent) also fairly compatible genotype in this regard followed by BDNG 797 (4.26 per cent), ICC 92944 (5.46 per cent), ICCV 10 (5.88 per cent) and JG 62 (7.15 per cent) respectively. The chickpea yield showed significant correlation in negative manner with mean pod damage per cent (r = -0.774). Significantly Negative correlation was found with morning relative humidity with pest incidence in the genotypes viz., BDNG 797 and ICCL 86111.

Intake of immunity boosters by Covid -19 patients of Bikaner city

Rekha Yadav, Mamta Singh, Raveena, Partibha, Neha Bajal

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute and contagious disease characterized by pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which is caused by a novel corona virus (2019-nCoV). Three hundred post Covid-19 adult (19-39 years) patients were selected for present study comprising 150 males and 150 females. Subjects were selected after procuring the list of patients from Prince Bijay Singh Memorial and Shri Ram Hospital, Bikaner (Rajasthan) by purposive/ convenient random sampling on the basis of their willingness to cooperate during the study. The study had been carried out from January to June 2021. Majority of subjects consumed immunity boosters such as chyawanprash (74.0%), homemade decoction (84.3%), golden milk (78.7%) and citrus fruits (100%). Majority of subjects (74.0%) were aware about the meaning of immunity boosters. Majority (80.0%) of subjects were doing yoga daily. Almost equal number of subjects irrespective of gender drunk warm water whole day, it may be due to the reason that guidelines given by WHO has strongly recommended to drink warm water daily. In present investigation data unfurls that all patients (100%) consuming turmeric as immunity booster spices followed by 64.3 % cinnamon, 18.7% garlic and 5.3% coriander. Majority of subject’s (74.0%) consumed chyawanprash, while 26.0 percent did not consume. During pandemic the consumption of turmeric milk found high as it is good antibiotic; also have positive effect on immunity.

Selection strategies for yield enhancement in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Yogender Kumar, O.P. Bishnoi, Harsh Chaurasia, Sachin, Ashok

A field experiment with 42 genotypes of barley was conducted in order to select key components and promising genotypes for yield enhancement. The experiment was laid in randomized block design with four replications during 2022-23 at Barley Research Area, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The genotypic correlation estimates showed significant positive association of grain yield with days to maturity, spike length and 1000-grain weight. The trait viz., days to maturity exhibited the highest positive direct effect on grain yield followed by 1000 grain weight and spike length. Hence, these traits could be considered as suitable selection criterion for the development of high yielding barley varieties. Cluster analysis assigned all the genotypes into four distinct clusters. Cluster I, contained 14 genotypes recorded with shortest plant height having highest number of effective tillers per meter. Cluster II consisted of 8 genotypes, characterized by long spikes and high 1000-grain weight. Cluster III had 11 genotypes with highest grain yield. Cluster IV comprised of nine early maturing genotypes. The average inter-cluster distance was found to be highest between the cluster I and III followed by between cluster I and IV while the lowest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters III and IV. The improvement in six rowed barley could be achieved through the use genotypes assigned in clusters III, whereas the genotypes which contained in cluster II might be considered as potential parents for two rowed barley to obtain high heterotic response and consequently better segregants for grain yield.

Effect of Priming Treatment to Enhance Seed Quality of (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench)

Nisha, S.S. Jakhar, Axay Bhuker, Mukesh Kumar, Gagandeep singh

With a view to find out the effect of priming on germination and seedling vigour on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) seeds, experiments were conducted during Kharif 2018 in Seed Technology Laboratory, Department of Seed Science & Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana), India.The seed of two forage sorghum variety (HC 136 and HJ 541) were evaluated under five priming treatments viz. T1: Untreated (control), T2: Hydration -dehydration (6 h), T3:Hydration – dehydration (6 h) + 0.25 % thiram treatment.T4: Hydration with GA3 (50 ppm for 6 h),T5:Hydration with sodium molybdate (500 ppm for 6 h) in complete randomized block design and replicated thrice.Maximum germination percentage and seedling length were observed when seeds primed with T4:Hydration with GA3 (50 ppm for 6 h), followed by Hydration – dehydration + 0.25 % Thiram treatment (T3) similar trend was also observed in all parameters. Among the treatments T1 Untreated (control) recorded minimum germination %, Seedling Length, seedling dry weight, Seed Vigour index and dehydrogenase activity. Among all the priming treatments T4 Hydration with GA3 (50 ppm for 6 h) was found to be the best priming treatment. Moreover, priming treatments have more pronounced effect on HJ541 maintained highest quality parameters followed than HC136 of sorghum seeds.

Evaluation of Land Use and Road System for Urban Planning in Luohu District, Shenzhen, Based on GIS

This study aims to evaluate the urban planning system of land use and road system in Luohu, Shenzhen. Based on remote sensing images, 30 m DEM data, population data, and various urban planning standards, the land use types in the Luohu built-up area are determined through comprehensive analysis and evaluation: a road system that covers the slope, area, area ratio, and intersection spacing of road longitudinal sections, as well as a bus system that covers the density of the bus network, non-linear coefficient, network length, average station spacing, repetition coefficient, and station coverage. The study results show that the overall urban planning of Shenzhen Luohu is incomplete, and the land use, road system, and bus routes in the built-up area are not reasonable enough. Finally, suggestions are proposed to address the shortcomings, such as revitalizing existing land resources and promoting the efficient and intensive use of industrial land.

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Aloe Vera Extract

Material science has advanced significantly due to nanotechnology, which enables researchers to work with materials at the nanoscale to produce novel goods. It has been suggested that using plant extract nanoparticles biosynthesis is an economical, and environmentally benign process. Despite various chemical and physical approaches, green nanomaterial synthesis is the most contemporary. We used the Aloe vera plant to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and tested their antibacterial characteristics. UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the produced AgNPs. The XRD peaks, which were indexed, represented the face-centered cubic configuration of AgNp’s. The exhibited peak indicates nanocrystalline-structured silver particles. The average particle size of bio-synthesized NPs which was between 30 and 35 nm is confirmed by SEM. The antimicrobial activity of our synthesized Nps was tested against bacteria (Escherichia. E. coli, Pseudomonas luteola, Bacillus Subtillis) as a function of nanoparticle concentration and the test was done by Disc diffusion method and antimicrobial activity was found to be quite robust. When the outcomes were compared to the effect of antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin 5, Vancomycin 30, and Ampicillin 10, these antibiotics were shown to be less effective than nanoparticles

Relationship Between Compliance Level of Good Agriculture Practices with Increased Production of Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum L)

The increase in sugar cane yields is influenced by many factors, one of which is farmer compliance in implementing good agriculture practices (GAP). The implementation of various cultivation methods and technologies cannot be carried out partially and must be integrated into a technology package. This technology package then becomes effective and efficient in producing high sugar yields. We conducted this research to determine to what extent the implementation of GAP by farmers affects production, including % Yield, % Brix, and % Pol sugarcane. We conducted research at the sugar cane production centre in Malang Regency. The stages of this research were carried out by a) a survey of 20 farmers and locations by looking at the compliance of the GAP with a total area of approximately 10 Ha. This sampling is Purpose Random Sampling with a modified Likert scale technique. b) Carrying out Yield Analysis and Correlation with Rank-Spearman Correlation is carried out to see the relationship between the application of GAP to the yield of sugarcane. The results show the compliance of GAP, which are based on the five main indicators of successful sugarcane cultivation, including land cultivation, fertilization, pest and disease control, defoliation, the process of sending the row material to the factory and all of them has a positive correlation to the yield of sugarcane with farmer compliance to implement GAP reaching 70 %. Then farmers' compliance with GAP in cultivation shows a positive correlation in increasing the results of %Yield, % Brix, and % Pol.

Enhancing maize productivity under abiotic stresses through the combined use of nitrogen, potassium humate, and zinc

Safwat E. A. Abdelhamid, Ashraf N. El-Sadek and Hosam A. Shoman

The soils found in the Kharga oasis in Egypt have been identified as having low levels of nitrogen and organic matter, along with high pH and salinity. These conditions make it difficult for the plants to absorb essential micronutrients. In order to address this issue, a study was conducted with the main objective of evaluating the interactive effect of potassium humate, zinc, and nitrogen fertilization on the grain yield of maize and its various components. The study consisted of two field experiments that took place during the growing seasons of 2022 and 2023 at the research station of the Desert Research Center in Kharga, located in the western desert of Egypt. The treatments in the experiments involved three different levels of potassium humate and zinc combinations, including 20 kg/ha of potassium humate, 375 ppm of zinc, and a combination of both, which were compared to a control group. Additionally, four levels of nitrogen fertilization were applied, ranging from 100 to 400 kg/ha. The results of the study revealed that the highest and most significant grain yields were observed in both seasons when potassium humate and zinc were applied together, resulting in yields of 10,436 and 10,590 kg/ha in the first and second seasons, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the highest significant grain yields in both seasons were achieved by applying 300 kg of nitrogen per hectare, with yields of 9423 and 9196 kg/ha in the first and second seasons, respectively. These findings suggest that the combination of nitrogen fertilization with potassium humate and zinc proves to be effective in maximizing the grain yield of maize. This information is valuable for farmers and researchers in the Kharga oasis, as it provides insights into the optimal fertilization practices that can enhance crop productivity in this specific region with challenging soil conditions.

The Effect of NPK Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea mays Saccharata Sturt.) with Various Planting Arrangements

Muhammad Alfian Nur Zain, Titiek Islami, Anna Satyana Karyawati

Planting layout arrangements greatly influence the sweet corn population and crop yields per unit area. Planting layout arrangements are related to plant spacing, plant spacing that is too wide causes too little population, while plant spacing that is too tight results in competition between plants. Fertilization of macronutrients such as NPK is needed to meet the needs of plants in the maximum population. The research was carried out from May to July 2023 in Jetis Village, Jetis District, Ponorogo Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. The experiment used a split-plot design with NPK fertilizer dosage as the main plot and planting pattern as a subplot. The NPK dosage consists of three levels, namely 200 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1 and 400 kg ha-1, while the planting pattern consists of four levels, namely single row, jajar legowo 3:1, jajar legowo 2: 1 and ring pit pattern. The research results show that differences in planting layout influence the microclimate around sweet corn plants which includes temperature, relative humidity and sunlight intensity. The ringpit planting layout shows a higher population and yield compared to other planting patterns. The single row planting pattern showed the lowest growth and yield of sweet corn. NPK fertilization with doses of 300 kg ha-1 and 400 kg ha-1 can increase the growth and yield of sweet corn plants.

Perception of Agroecological Practices by Farmers in the Sub-Prefectures of n’ganon, Niofoin and Sirasso in the Department of Korhogo (Ivory Coast)

Kouadio Kouakou Parfait, Adaman Sinan, Soro Soronikpkoho, Soro Yadé René

A survey was carried out in villages in the sub-prefectures of N'ganon, Niofoin and Sirasso in the north of Côte d'Ivoire in order to understand the perception of agroecological practices by farmers. The target population consists of 150 individuals including 94 men and 56 women. The results of this survey showed that the majority of farmers are illiterate (86.67%). Farmers are mainly men (62.67%﴿). Then, the farmers surveyed in the three sub-prefectures are 58% engaged in agriculture and 42% practice agriculture and livestock farming. Agroecological practices the most applied by farmers in the three northern study sub-prefectures are: rotational crops (100%), the shrub-crop association (92%) and the sole crop of legumes (78.67%) Indeed, the farmers of the three localities have agricultural practices based on the overexploitation of natural resources, the intensive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. These farmers have a lack of knowledge of agroecological practices. As a result, agroecological practices are very important and deserve the particular attention of agricultural policy makers in general, officials in charge of agriculture and the environment, farmers and researchers in agriculture. particular to preserve the environment, food and health security, and for sustainable agriculture.

Effect of salinity on Growth and Secondary Metabolites of Sesbania Grandiflora seedlings: An Analytical Study

Nisha Nikam, Vara Prasad Kolla, Yamini Choudhari, Roshni Tiwari

Plants can undergo different types of stresses like biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants develop mechanisms to overcome these threats of biotic and abiotic stresses, which influence secondary metabolite production, enhancing the potential to overproduce useful phytochemicals for varied applications. Salt stress has a major impact on Agriculture. It results in losses of 806.4 billion rupees per year due to low production yield. Salinity affects plants in various aspects including water stress, ion toxicity, nutritional imbalance, oxidative stress, metabolic processes, membrane disorganization, cell division, and genotoxicity. Using in vitro plant cell culture to produce chemicals and pharmaceuticals has made great strides. A soft wooded tree, Sesbania grandiflora has many significant medicinal values that have been proven scientifically. It is known to work as an immune modulator along with the property of nitrogen fixation. A study was conducted to determine the effect of NaCl salinity on growth, morphological analysis, and phytochemical content in Sesbania grandiflora using in vitro method. Seeds of Sesbania grandiflora germinated on 10, 20, and 30mM NaCl salt concentrations for varying durations, and total flavonoid and phenolic content production was calculated to observe the correlation between salt stress and phenolic production. Thus, the salt stress effect and its effect on the phytochemicals were observed. The present study findings provide additional information for the accumulation of phytochemical compounds under salt stress in the plant which might help to explain the increased levels of secondary metabolites in other plant species.

Novel medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols rich structured lipids enriched in n-3 polysaturated fatty acids encapsulated by spray drying: Characterization and stability

Novel MLCTs-rich SLs, enriched with n-3 PUFAs, were synthesized to combine the benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and medium-chain FAs (MCFAs). However, these SLs were susceptible to oxidative degradation. To solve this issue, the MLCT-rich SLs were microencapsulated using different wall materials through spray drying technique. Initially, in this study three formulations of different wall materials were designed: modified starch/maltodextrin [MS/MD (2:1)], gum Arabic/maltodextrin [GA/MD (2:1)], and mixed [MIX (MS:GA:MD, 1:1:1)]. Subsequently, all the three formulations were analysed. The analysis included encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, hygroscopicity, water activity, density properties, Carr's index, cohesiveness, flowability, porosity, wettability, solubility, color, and relative crystallinity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to identify the chemical structure of the microcapsule powder. The moisture content ranged from 1.71% to 3.45%, while water activity ranged from 0.17 to 0.31 of all formulations, indicating suitability for long-term storage. Additionally, the highest microencapsulation yield (93.23%) and microencapsulation efficiency (93.74%) were achieved with GA/MD formulation. GA/MD also exhibited the highest relative crystallinity (32.50%). Moreover, FTIR analysis confirmed the successful encapsulation of the oil in the microcapsules. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed spherical shapes without any visible cracking on the surfaces of the microcapsules. Besides, GA/MD formulation demonstrated better results in density properties, flowability, porosity, and wettability. During the oxidative stability, GA/MD microencapsulation provided the best protection against lipid oxidation. These findings highlight the effectiveness of using GA/MD formulation for the production of microcapsule powders containing MLCTs-rich SLs.

The Effect Combination of Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Inorganic Fertilizer on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) var. Granola G2

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a crucial food source highly demanded in Indonesian society. The national potato crop productivity in 2018 was approximately 1,284,773 tons. Enhancing potato availability necessitates increasing productivity by expanding cultivation areas and employing improved cultivation techniques. However, excessive use of inorganic fertilizers may adversely affect soil fertility and quality. Therefore, it is imperative to enhance soil fertility by augmenting organic matter content using organic fertilizers, such as liquid organic fertilizers derived from processed sugar cane residue. Consequently, this study aimed to ascertain the optimal dosage of liquid organic fertilizer for enhancing the growth and yield of potato plants. The research was conducted from June to October 2022 in Nongkojajar Village, Tutur District, Pasuruan Regency. Various tools were utilized, including hand tractors, nameplates, bamboo pegs, gembor, tape measures, a 150 L drum, a stirrer drill, 5 L and 250 mL measuring cups, waring, and a camera. Potato seeds of the granola variety, liquid organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizers (Urea, SP-36, and KCL), as well as soil and water samples, constituted the materials for the research. The experimental research method was employed, utilizing an environmental randomized block design (RBD) with seven treatments repeated four times. Parameters observed encompassed plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight, plant growth rate, soil chemical analysis, nutrient absorption, and harvest analysis. The results revealed that the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer at a 100% dose and the combined treatment of liquid organic fertilizer at doses of 50%, 100%, 150%, and 200% + 80% inorganic fertilizer exhibited superior productivity in potato plants compared to the control treatment without fertilizer. Additionally, these treatments demonstrated comparable potato plant productivity to that achieved with the 100% standard dose of inorganic fertilizer.

Analyzing of Agrotourism Potential in Malang City

Agrotourism, in addition to being a tourist and learning place, also functions as generate income for the Regional Original Revenue. Malang City which most of its area is settlement, can be studied as an agro-tourism based on urban agriculture. The research was conducted in 4 Sub District of Kedungkandang District with microclimate characteristic as follow temperature (22.7- 25.1 °C) and humidity (79 - 86%) support the agro-tourism sector. Research was started from May - September 2022. The strong potentials of the selected locations are (1) Land owned by the Malang City government so that the possibility of using it for agro-tourism areas is more open; (2) At the moment a little paddy-based agro-tourism is integrated with sheep farming and fisheries; (3) There is a tour of the Masked Village in the Northeast aerial photo taking location; (4) There are many potential educational locations to be targeted for marketing agrotourism-based edutourism; and (5) Enthusiastic community. The method of survey was direct observation and then analyzed using SWOT method to find high potential agrotourism areas. The conclusion obtained was the design of agrotourism development in Tlogowaru Sub District is divided into two functions, namely (1) lodging and trade functions, (2) agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery education areas.

Productivity of Arabica Coffee in Brawijaya University's Agroforestry

Agroforestry is an agricultural system that combines annual crops with various woody or annual plants. The research carried out in arabica coffee agroforestry of Brawijaya University’s forest with pines as shading plant. Differences in management mechanisms result in differences in arabica coffee production and environmental conditions in the four pine-arabica coffee agroforestry management models in UB forests. The research’s purpose is to analyze production and biodiversity of arabica coffee in UB forests. Based on the results, it can be concluded that different levels of cultivation management have a significant influence on productive branches, number of unproductive branches, branch length, number of clusters each branch, and harvest yield. The average harvest yield BMP treatment was 3473.39 g each plant. The total diversity index value of understorey plants in UB Forest's coffee and pine agroforestry ranges from 1.4 – 2 (the diversity index values obtained for each plot from LC, MC, HC, and BMP management were (1.4), (1.52), (1.73), and (2.02)) with the value of H'= 1 – 3.322 (Shannon-Wiener diversity index). This result indicated that vegetation especially understorey diversity is classified as moderate.

To evaluate trends in weather variables in Haryana using Mann Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator

Amanpreet, Anurag

Over the 35-year period from 1985 to 2020, an extensive analysis of rainfall and temperature trends across several cities in Haryana, including Hisar, Rewari, Ambala, Karnal, and Rohtak, was conducted. Hisar exhibited a significant yearly increase in May rainfall, while the monsoon season showed a non-significant decreasing trend. Rewari experienced notable rises in March rainfall but insignificant changes during monsoon, while Ambala saw an overall decrease in rainfall, particularly in September. Karnal indicated significant January rainfall increases but insignificant changes during monsoon. Rohtak displayed noteworthy reductions in February and August rainfall but insignificant changes during monsoon. Temperature trends varied across cities, with consistent increases observed in minimum temperatures and sporadic changes in maximum temperatures. Understanding these patterns is crucial for evaluating regional climate variations and devising appropriate adaptation strategies. This comprehensive research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between rainfall and temperature dynamics, offering essential information for policymakers and stakeholders tasked with addressing climate change challenges in the Haryana region.

Impact of added Phosphorus and Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria in Yield and Yield Attributes of Mungbean (Vigna Radiata L.)

Rekha Pandey, Dikshya Pandey, Chetana Bashyal, Janma Jaya Gairhe

Mungbean is an excellent rotational legume crop for farmers with small land holdings. Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) solubilizes phosphorus to make it available to the plant so, their integration can be a supporting factor to increase its yield and enhance soil fertility. A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Farm of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences (IAAS), Paklihawa Campus, Rupandehi during the summer season of 2023. The experiment comprised seven treatments, namely T1: Control, T2: 10 kg P2O5ha-1 , T3: 15 kg P2O5ha-1 , T4: 20 kg P2O5ha-1 , T5: 10 kg P2O5ha-1 + PSB, T6: 15 kg P2O5ha-1 + PSB, T7: 20 kg P2O5ha-1 + PSB tested in Randomized Block Design and replicated three times. Pratigya variety of Mungbean was used. The soil of the experimental field was medium in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium before the experiment. The analysis was done in R studio software. Results revealed that all the growth and yield attributes increased significantly (p < .05) under the integrated treatment (20 kg P2O5ha-1 + PSB). The growth characters viz., plant height (61.65 ± 1.25 cm), nodule number (23.90 ± 2.22), dry matter accumulation(30.74± 1.37 g), and yield attributes like the number of pod plant-1 (26.6± 1.00), pod length (8.24 cm ± 0.05), the number of grains pod-1 (8.84 ± 0.08), biological yield (30.2 ± 0.79 mt/ha), seed yield (2.44 ± 0.05 mt/ha ) and harvest index (7.51 ± 0.18 %) increased significantly in T7 (20 kg P2O5 ha-1 PSB).

Optimization and Modeling for the use of Machine and Maintenance in Agricultural Production System in Allahabad District (Uttar Pradesh), India

Abhishek Velerian Lal, Shankar Singh, Shera Singh

This study constitutes the status of Machinery Power in Allahabad district based upon the survey conducted and data as references and hence proposing an estimated data of the current status of power utilization in Allahabad district and more specifically its three block; viz, Chaka-Block, Jasra-block and Shankargarh-block. Based on these three different block’s differences, the study was conducted for different farming system of Allahabad district to find the status of energy inputs and availability of farm machinery for particular system in blocks. The survey was carried out in the month of March to April, 2016 find the ". One hundred and sixty seven farmers were selected considering the owning improved implements of bullock, tractor and power operated categories were surveyed this study. The data were collected in the prescribed profarma (Appendices .A,B,C and E,F,G) w.r.t. farmers and implements separately, The data regarding farm machines and implements have also been collected from Block development office Allahabad, The survey data indicate that the number of implement per hector, cultivated area in different selected blocks was361.65%, 274.96% and 333.41% in Chaka, Jasra and Shankargarh, respectively with the district average of 36.3. The percentage of Chaff-cutter in different blocks varied from 16.66%,19.64% & 19.60% in Chaka, Jasra and Shankargarh blocks, respectively. Plant protection equipment was very low as the number of sprayer and duster75%,8.35% & 72.54% cultivated area in surveyed blocks. However, most of the farmers were using plant protection equipment and other machines on custom hiring basis. Power operated centrifugal pump sets were most common for under around water pumping and its availability was highest in Chaka block 10.71 % cultivated area followed by 13.33% and 11.76%in Jasra and Shankargarh blocks, respectively.

Effect of use Organic Fertilizer on Yield component yield and quality of Hatri 10, Hatri 475 rice on Chau Phu a Giang, Vietnam

Phuoc Trong Nguyen, Hieu Chi Bui, Ngoc Thanh Le Nguyen, Lang Thi Nguyen

The present study aimed to determine the effect of different organic and inorganic source of fertilizers on growth and performance of rice. The experiment was conducted at locations: Chau Phu A Giang province with two varieties of improved rice with HATRI 10 and HATRI 475. Each experiment has seven treatments. Treatments included a combination of organic and inorganic nutrients at seven rates (F1: 80-40-40+ organic manures 10 t ha-1; F2: 60-40-40+ organic manures 10 t ha-1; F3: 40+40+40+ organic manures 10 t ha-1; F4: 20-40-40+ organic manures 10 t ha-1. F5: only organic manures 12 t ha-1; F6: control no dose of NPK; F7: farmers used: 120-40-60+ organic manures 12 t ha-1). The experiment is arranged on the farmer's field, a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments produced significant results for plant height. Panicle length and grain yield but thousands of grains weight was not significant. Result showed that application of half of recommended 60-40-40 + organic manures 10 t ha-1 produced significantly higher value for grain yield and good for quality improve variety.

Challenges and Solutions in D-Amino Acid Production Methods

D-amino acids play a vital role in the pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries for the manufacture of antibiotics, fertility drugs, sweeteners, and drugs against neural disorders. Examples include; they can be components in analgesics, antistress agents, antidiabetics (e.g., nateglinide), and anticoagulants. Therefore, industrial production of D amino acids is required, and owing to this, research has progressed while aiming towards improving yield and reducing the cost of production. However, to optimize large-scale production, challenges faced in currently used production methods must first be exposed for possible solutions. In this review, we provide a background of recent methods utilized, challenges in these methods, and solutions to enhance the production of D-amino acids.

The Analysis of the Spatio-temporal Evolution of the Heat Island Effect and its Influencing Factors in Huadu District, Guangzhou

Bingyi Li, Ruei-Yuan Wang

This study aims to explore the urban heat island intensity and change characteristics of Huadu District, Guangzhou. Landsat 8 was used as the data source, and an atmospheric transmission model was used to invert the surface temperature of Huadu District, Guangzhou, in winter 2013 and 2021, extract the urban core area, and divide the heat island effect area. The results show that the urban heat island of Huadu District in Guangzhou has changed greatly in 2021. Compared with 2013, the proportion of low-temperature areas and sub-low temperature areas in urban areas has decreased in 2021, while the high-temperature area, sub-low temperature area, and middle-temperature area have increased. In terms of space, the high-temperature area of Huadu District, Guangzhou, is mainly distributed in the built-up area in the south and north of the city; the sub-low temperature area is distributed on the edge of the built-up area; the medium-temperature area occupies most of the district of Huadu District, distributed in the city’s central area and the edge of the low-temperature area; and the low-temperature area is distributed in the water body and dense vegetation area.

Effect of Storage Period on Seed Germination in different Promising Lines of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc)

Eritria Ulina Absari, Noer Rahmi Ardiarini, Kuswanto

Bambara Groundnut seeds produced in this season often stored for some period of time until the next planting season. Storage period is one of the factors determine the quality of seeds while seeds was stored. This research conducted to determine the effect of storage period on seed germination. Seed viability and seed vigour were observed in 6 promising lines of Bambara Groundnut on 2 different storage period. Experiments was conducted in Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang Indonesia, from May to June 2022. Six promising lines of Bambara groundnut produced from different seasons were stored in cold storage for one year and two years. Each promising line that was stored on respective years was tested with between paper method (BP) according to ISTA. Data collected from the observation of germination, viability characters, vigour characters. Experiments arranged in completely randomized design with combinations of 2 storage period; 1 year, 2 years and 6 promising lines of Bambara Groundnut; CCC 1.6, PWBG 6, PWBG 5.2.1, SS 2.4.2, BBL 1.1, TVSU 86. Results showed that Storage period affect seed viability and vigour. Longer period of storage decreasing some germination characteristics. Seeds stored after 2 years have lower vigour index, final germination percentage and dry weight of shoot and root. Lowest final germination percentage in 2 years storage recorded in PWBG 5.2.1 (70%). Seeds stored on 1 year storage period have higher vigour index (30%-60%), higher germination rate and higher dry weight of shoot and root.

Effect of intercropping wheat (triticum aestivum.L.) with mustard (brassica juncea) on yield and economics under organic system of cultivation

Wheat is the most important food grain among the cereal grain crops. In India, wheat demand increases because of an increase in population and diet changes among the people.and wheat occupies 2nd place over the rice. The research was conducted with the aim of checking out the suitable row proportion while wheat was intercropped with mustard under different organic manures and biofertilizers. The field experiment was conducted at the farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, on wheat (Triticum aestivum.L) intercropped with mustard (Brassica junecea.L) during the rabi season in the years 2020–2021. A split plot block design was used with three row proportions of wheat + mustard intercropping (3:1) (2:2) and sole wheat (the main crop),and four treatments of different manures and biofertilizers, and three replications. Based on the complete analysis of the experimental results, it is concluded. that different treatments affected the wheat + mustard intercropping, there was a significant increase in growth parameters, yield attributes, and yield. Among the geometries, G1 (sole wheat) showed good results in biological, economical, straw yield, and harvest index in M4 (vermicompost 5 t/ha + Azospirillum + PSB) in all geometries. There is no significant increase in harvest index in all geometries and treatments. Higher gross returns were absorbed in (3:1) wheat + mustard intercropping in the treatment (G3M4 Vermicompost 5t/ha + PSB + Azospirillum), and the highest net returns were increased was observed in Geometry 2 (2:2 wheat + mustard) of treatment no:3 (M3 poultry manure 5t/ha + PSB + Azospirillum). The highest benefit-cost ratio (2.27) was observed in Geometry 2 (2:2 wheat + mustard intercropping) of treatment M3 (poultry manure + azospirillum + psb)).Hence, research outcomes (2:2) of wheat + mustard intercropping by applying M3 poultry manure along with biofertilizers are beneficial to farmers.

The effects of brine concentrations on the drying characteristics and microbial quality of dried fillets of African Catfish (Clarias gariepenus)

Rufus R Dinrifo

This study evaluates the drying characteristics of brined fillets of African catfish (Clarias gariepenus) at four brine concentrations (0, 10, 15 and 20%) and four drying temperatures (40, 50 60 and 70o C). Fresh catfish samples were obtained from a farm at Ikorodu, Lagos. They were cleaned, gutted and cut into fillets of approximately 5×4×3 cm sizes and soaked in the different concentrations of salt (NaCl) solutions for about 6 hours. Thereafter, the fillets were placed on trays and dried in a cabinet dryer till no appreciable changes in weight of the samples were observed. The drying data obtained were analyzed and employed to construct the drying curves, obtain the drying rate constants, the diffusion coefficients and activation energy. Drying rate increased with drying temperatures, with the fillets experiencing greater moisture loss at the initial stage of drying. Fillets dried at temperatures higher than 60 oC acquired the aroma of cooked fish. Both the drying rate constants and diffusion coefficients increased with increasing temperature. Microbial analysis revealed that the higher the salt concentration, the lower the microbial load on each of the dried samples at the different drying temperatures. The microbial load -population of total viable count recorded in this study varied from 4.50 × 105 cfu/g (70oC, 20% salt concentration) to 3.08 × 107 cfu /g (40oC, 0% salt concentration). Thus, drying temperature and salt concentration has profound effects on the drying rates as well as the microbial load of the dried catfish.

Municipal Solid Waste Landfill as a Dangerous Ungovernable Biochemical Reactor

Mikhail Krasnyansky

The paper discusses a critical dangerous situation regarding unequipped municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills which take place in virtually all developing economics, as well as in many richer countries. In this article, MSW landfills are considered as uncontrolled biochemical reactors that generate dangerous air, water and soil pollutants and negatively affect the health of the population for tens and even hundreds of kilometers around. To this purpose, we have comprehensively examined four operating solid waste dumps in a large industrial city. The so-called "landfill gas" is a 99% greenhouse gas (its composition is a mixture of CO2 and CH4), that is, MSW landfills also make a considerable contribution to global warming. In additional, self-ignition and smoldering of municipal waste inside the MSW landfills giving very dangerous pollution of the environment by their "flue gases" have been studied. Experimentally studied bacterial activity in the body of the MSW landfill which largely determines the "behavior" of the MSW landfill. Also, a technology has been developed to suppress smoldering and burning inside MSW landfills.

Precision Farming: A Review of Methods, Technologies, and Future Prospects

Manish Kushwaha, Shankar Singh, Vijay Singh, Shashank Dwivedi

Precision farming, often referred to as precision agriculture, is a farming management concept that seeks to maximize agricultural operations via the use of technology in order to achieve greater levels of efficiency, production, and conservation of resources. The purpose of this survey study is to offer an overview of precision farming, including topics such as its fundamentals, methodologies, technology, and applications. It investigates the role that a variety of technologies, including global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and sensor technology, play in making it possible to implement precision agricultural methods. In addition, it addresses the advantages, disadvantages, and potential future applications of precision farming in the context of solving issues related to the sustainability of agriculture and the security of food supplies on a worldwide scale.

Effect of Methanol Blends on performance of Two Stroke petrol Engine at varying load conditions

Vijay Singh, Shankar Singh, Manish Kushwaha, Madhulika Singh

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance evaluation of two stroke single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engine, with methanol blended gasoline (40% gasoline, 20% methanol, & 10 % by volume). Performance parameters (brake horse power, specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency,) were determined at varying load condition it is observed that The experiments shows that 10% methanol blend with gasoline gives the best performance for the SI engine. The power output of the engine is almost near about the petrol on blend M10. It is recorded that the higher power output is 2. 85 KW with M10 blends at load 8 Kg as compare to petrol and the lowest power output is from the engine is 0. 82 KW with blend M40 at load 2 Kg. The specific fuel consumption decrease as load increase for petrol and methanol blends. The SFC of methanol (M10) is higher at low load condition and low at high load conditions as compare to other blends.

Extraction of Eugenol in Clove Extract and Evaluation of its Antioxidant Activity

Sneha Shende, Shilpashree B. G.

Higher total phenolic content was observed in steam-distilled clove extract compared to its oleoresin. Ensuring antioxidant activity of steam distilled and clove oleoresin using β-carotene–linoleic acid model system was found to be 85.51±0.19% and 77.88±0.15%, respectively, at a level of 200 ppm. The radical-scavenging activity of steam-distilled extract and oleoresin of clove were 88.93±0.23% and 80.84±0.36%, respectively, at the same level of 200ppm by using the DPPH method. Eugenol content in the steam-distilled extract of clove (0.518±0.005mg/ml) was significantly higher than that of clove oleoresin (0.433±0.007mg/ml). Recovery of eugenol content affected by the period of refluxing and clove extract refluxed for 4 hr found to be highest recovery in the steam distilled clove extract (0.763±0.007) than its clove oleoresin (0.635±0.020) with 13.904 min retention time using RP-HPLC. The steam-distilled clove extract was found to have the highest antioxidant activity than its oleoresin counterparts.