http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us June Northwestern Nigeria has been identified as one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change in Nigeria. The study assessed the perceived effects of climate change on the farmer’s livelihood. This study employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative analytical methods. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select four local government areas (LGAs) from Kano State and random selection of 260 farmers from 52 cooperatives within these LGAs. The collected data were analysed appropriately to achieve the objectives of the results. The results indicate that 57.7% were aware of climate change and understood it through patterns of rainfall, temperature, and changes in yield. The majority of the farmers (84.2%) believed that climate change was responsible for an increase in the rate of diseases among the family members in the area and an increase in the distance travelled in search of drinking water. A reasonable percentage of farmers (62.7%) believed that the main road was eroding, making it difficult to get to the market, schools, and health centers. To cope with climate change, farmers used climate-sensitive varieties and crop diversification. In conclusion, climate change has had a real impact on resources like agriculture, water availability, family health, roads, and social networks. Therefore, we recommend providing farmers with technical training on the consequences of climate change and coping strategies. http://ijeab.com/detail/perceived-effects-of-climate-change-on-farmer-s-livelihood-in-north-western-nigeria/ Amina Aminu Idris, Ali Abdullahi, Mahmud Ibrahim Daneji, Muhammad Sabiu Suleiman, Sufiyyanu Sani, Aminu Nasiru http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-104202416-Perceived.pdf This paper explores into Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist to examine its portrayal of social realism amidst the backdrop of Victorian London's underclass. Through a multidimensional analysis, it scrutinizes Dickens’ depiction of poverty, exploitation, and societal injustices faced by the marginalized segments of society. By exploring the lives of characters like Oliver, Fagin, and Nancy, the paper elucidates the intricate web of economic disparity, moral decay, and systemic oppression prevalent in the era. Drawing on historical context and literary analysis, it highlights Dickens’ adeptness in capturing the harsh realities of urban poverty and the resilience of individuals navigating through adversity. Ultimately, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of Dickens’ socio-political commentary and the enduring relevance of Oliver Twist in critiquing societal inequities. http://ijeab.com/detail/exploring-social-realism-in-dickens-oliver-twist-a-study-of-victorian-london-s-underclass/ Amritha Vyas http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-104202412-Exploring.pdf Pesticide residues are a consistent concern for consumers. A method validation study was conducted to analyze pesticide residues in Sitopaladi Churna using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode of electron impact (EI) determination. The method employed the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) approach in compliance with European SANTE standards. Results fell within the specified criteria outlined in the validation guidelines. Validation parameters were assessed to confirm the method's suitability for the intended analysis. The optimized method was applied to detect residues of 55 pesticides in the herbal formulation 'Sitopaladi Churna,' with maximum residue limits (MRLs) defined in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Notably, the method demonstrated high effectiveness, providing accurate results (70–120.0%) with precision ( http://ijeab.com/detail/gas-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry-for-quantitative-analysis-of-pesticides-in-sitopaladi-churna-multi-residue-method-development/ Ravi Prakash Jaiswal, Akbare Azam, Najm Ul Rafi, Hemant Kumar Nirala, Sankatha Prasad Sonkar, Dr. Bandana Dwivedi, Dr. Mudit Prakash Srivastav, Dr. Rubi Ahmed, Dr. Ashok Kumar Pandey http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-10520242-GasChromatography.pdf In this study, ajwain seeds measured 2.64 ± 0.45 mm in length, 1.65 ± 0.34 mm in width, and 0.92 ± 0.15 mm in thickness at a moisture content of 6.45% (wet basis). The mean geometric diameter and sphericity were 2.16 ±0.10 mm and 0.635 ± 0, respectively. The ajwain seed has an oval shape and a ridged appearance. Its surface area and bulk density are 11.43 ±0.52 mm2 and 466.22 ±9.18 kg/m3, respectively. The angle of repose obtained was 39.90 degrees. The coefficient of friction between the ajwain seed and galvanized steel was 0.53. http://ijeab.com/detail/several-imperious-physical-characteristics-of-the-trachyspermum-ammi-l-ajwain-seed/ N. R. Sardar, J. P. Rathod, R. V. Prasad http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-10520241-Several.pdf Lime-treated sewage sludge (LTSS) is a potential soil amendment with both benefits and drawbacks. This study aims to investigate the influence of LTSS application on soil microfauna and their subsequent impact on the growth of radish (Raphanus sativus). Soil microfauna, comprising nematodes, protozoa, and other small invertebrates, play a crucial role in nutrient cycling. LTSS application can alter soil properties like pH, nutrient availability, and organic matter content. These changes can influence the abundance and diversity of microfauna populations. LTSS can be a source of essential nutrients for radish growth, potentially leading to increased biomass and yield. Additionally, some microfauna, like certain nematodes, can promote plant growth through root-fungus interactions. High application rates of LTSS could disrupt the microfauna community, potentially reducing beneficial populations and hindering nutrient cycling. Furthermore, LTSS may contain residual heavy metals or pathogens that could negatively impact radish growth. This study hypothesizes that LTSS application will have a biphasic effect on radish growth. At moderate application rates, LTSS may enhance radish growth by stimulating beneficial microfauna populations and improving nutrient availability. However, at high application rates, negative effects on microfauna and potential heavy metal contamination might hinder radish growth http://ijeab.com/detail/potential-influence-of-lime-treated-sewage-sludge-application-on-soil-micro-fauna-and-their-impact-on-growth-of-radish/ Farah Firdous, Swati Singh Chandel, Ekta Pathak Mishra, , Abubaker M. Outhman http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-10520244-Potentialinfluence.pdf Low crop production negatively affects most farming systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Grain legumes like soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) tend to have lower yields in SSA due to various biological and environmental factors. Soybean is susceptible to low soil Phosphorus (P) levels and requires large amounts of P for adequate biological nitrogen fixation through its root nodules. Unfortunately, most small-scale African farmers face difficulties affording the exorbitant costs of mineral fertilizers as over 75% of the fertilizers used are imported, which puts a significant strain on local currencies. This research study has examined previous and ongoing interventions in phosphorus application, explicitly focusing on soybean cultivation in the savannah ecological zones of Nigeria. The aim is to identify the most effective ways to advise farmers on enhancing production and encouraging the adoption of efficient Phosphorus application methods to achieve optimal yields in the face of climate change challenges. The study's significant findings include the following key points: (1) Understanding the crop's morphology to guide appropriate varietal selection. (2) Identifying the soil qualities necessary for successful Soybean cultivation. (3) Determining the appropriate rate of Phosphorus application for optimal results. (4) Selecting the most efficient method of Phosphorus application. (5) Timing the application of Phosphorus correctly to maximize its effectiveness. http://ijeab.com/detail/prospects-and-strategies-for-enhancing-phosphorus-efficiency-in-soybean-production-in-the-nigerian-savannah-regions-a-review/ D.A. Adeshina, S.E. Adeboye, H. Garba, B. Hanis, O.F. Osisami, E. Ighedosa http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-10520248-Prospects.pdf Organic fertilizers have emerged as a vital alternative to address the environmental and human health concerns associated with the use of inorganic fertilizers. This research aims to develop the right nutrient formula for cultivating Pak Choi (Chinese cabbage) using the Wick hydroponic system. Considering factors such as variety selection, cultivation system, and nutrient requirements, this study explores the productivity of Pak Choi plants and the cost structure of cultivation. The research methodology involves testing various nutrient formulas and observing post-harvest plant metrics like wet weight, leaf width, leaf count, and plant height. Descriptive analysis and ANOVA tests reveal significant differences among treatments in plant morphology. Furthermore, cost analysis highlights the efficiency and profitability of each treatment, with Treatment F3 emerging as a cost-effective option with low expenses and good gross profit. These findings offer practical guidance for farmers to enhance vegetable production economically and sustainably in hydroponic cultivation. http://ijeab.com/detail/productivity-and-cost-analysis-of-chinese-cabbage-brassica-rapa-in-hydroponic-wick-system-based-on-formula/ Nurkholis, Anas Tian, Adi Sutanto http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10520247-Productivity.pdf Despite the considerable potential for spring rice production in Bardiya District, the average yield remains below the national average. Various factors affect spring rice production, with seedling age and spacing being significant determinants of productivity. The utilization of older seedlings and improper spacing often lead to decreased yields in transplanted rice systems. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the optimal seedling age and planting spacing for Spring rice cultivars (Chaite-5) in transplanted rice systems. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of spring rice (var. Chaite-5) grown with different seedling ages and planting configurations in Rajapur, Bardiya during the spring season of 2022. The experiment included seedlings from four age groups (19, 22, 25, and 28 days) and three planting geometries (15×15cm, 20×20cm, and 25×25cm). Various parameters such as plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers per hill, panicle length, filled grains, total grains per panicle, sterility percentage, thousand-grain weight (TGW), and grain yield were recorded. The findings revealed that the growth cycle was shortened by 19-22 days for young seedlings (13-day-old) compared to older seedlings (28-day-old), indicating accelerated growth with the transplantation of younger seedlings. Moreover, 22-day-old seedlings exhibited significantly higher numbers of tillers per hill (19) and effective tillers per hill (11), along with higher thousand-grain weight (18.88 g) and grain yield (5121.88 kg/ha). Similarly, crops planted with a spacing of 20 ×20 cm demonstrated significantly higher numbers of tillers per hill (19), effective tillers per hill (10.97), higher thousand-grain weight (20.15 g), and grain yield (5106.50 kg/ha). http://ijeab.com/detail/performance-evaluation-of-spring-rice-variety-chaite-5-with-varied-age-of-seedlings-and-plant-spacing-in-rajapur-bardiya-district-of-nepal/ Anju Mahato, Kamal Kafle, Mamata Shrestha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-104202413-Performance.pdf The business and rearing of ornamental birds have become an important source of income in Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to determine the management and profitability of the ornamental birds, and species assemblage of the cage bird business in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Around 30 ornamental bird shops were found to be working with new promise in this region. It was found that 24 varieties of ornamental birds, including both exotic and indigenous, were traded in Rajshahi City. The most dominant order was Psittaciformes (6 species) followed by Passariformes (3 species), and Columbiformes (7 species) under the families Columbidae (seven), Psittaculidae (five), and Estrilididae (two) species, and only one species is found in the Fringillidae and Cacatuidae families. Shannon's index (H) for species diversity is 2.37, the evenness index (E) is 0.86, and Margalef’s index (d) for species richness is 2.22. Most of the ornamental birds were imported by traders who fulfilled requirements to import them. The bird cages with accessories such as feed, medicine, and artificial pots were also traded in shops in this area. http://ijeab.com/detail/an-account-of-ornamental-bird-status-and-species-assemblage-in-the-bird-shop-of-rajshahi-city-corporation-bangladesh/ Nelufa Yasmin, Md. Aslam Khan, M. Golam Mortuza http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-10520246-Anaccount.pdf Millet is an important ancient cereal crop known for its nutritional value. It has served as a staple food for various cultures for thousands of years, offering a rich source of carbohydrates, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Millet grains are small, round, and have a hard outer layer, making them versatile for processing into various food products. They are commonly ground into flour or grits for making porridge, bread, and crackers, and can also be used in fermented foods like beer and sourdough. In the context of climate change, water scarcity, and global population growth, millet's role in ensuring food security is becoming increasingly important. Food scientists, technologists, and nutritionists are showing growing interest in millet due to its nutritional benefits and potential health advantages. This review paper aims to enhance the processing methods of millet to support its consumption by a large and expanding population. http://ijeab.com/detail/review-paper-on-millet-production-nutrients-processing-and-food-products-for-health-and-sustainability/ Rasika A, Dr. S. M. Chavan, Dr. Jayant Ghatge, Sravya Gopi, Dr. K. Prathapan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-104202417-Review.pdf Nutraceuticals are medicinal foods that plays an important role in maintaining well-being, enhancing health, modulating immunity and thus preventing and treating specific diseases. Nutraceuticals can be defined as substances that have physiological benefits or protection against chronic diseases. Nutrients can be used to improve health, slow the aging process, prevent chronic disease, increase life expectancy, and support body structure and function. Camellia sinensis plant provides different types of tea including black, green, oolong, yellow, brick and white tea. Tea is one of the main beverages consumed around the world, but it is only successfully enjoyed with water for fitness and enjoyment. This review article discusses the analysis of tea nutrients and important bioactive compounds. It also describes the important health benefits of tea consumption. Important bioactive compounds in tea include antioxidants that have been shown to manage diabetes and prevent heart health and digestive diseases and polyphenols are known to reduce inflammation and the growth of cancer cells. In addition to the many known facts, future research will include further investigation into the molecular interactions and other therapeutic benefits of its bioactive compounds, so that everyone can better understand its importance. http://ijeab.com/detail/tea-nutraceuticals-unveiling-health-benefits-and-bioactive-components-a-review/ Sravya Gopi, Dr. Sagar M Chavan, Dr. Jayant Ghatge, Rasika A, Dr. K. Prathapan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-104202420-TeaNutraceuticals.pdf Fifty freshly extracted human permanent mandibular single-rooted premolar teeth were utilized in this study. The anatomical crowns of the chosen teeth were removed with a diamond disc, and pulp tissue was eliminated using barbed broaches. The working length was established by subtracting 0.5mm from the length determined with the tip of the trial file just visible at the apical foramen of each root canal in all specimens. Biomechanical preparation was conducted in all specimens using the crown-down technique with the ProTaper Next rotary file system. The master apical file was set to X4 (Size 40 and 6% Taper). The specimens were randomly assigned to five groups, each comprising 10 specimens. Group 1 utilized Master Gutta-percha points coated with Bio-C sealer, Group 2 used Master Activ GP points coated with Bio-C sealer, and Group 3 employed Master Activ GP points coated with Activ GP sealer as obturation materials with a single-cone technique. Group 4 served as the Negative control, with root canals left unobturated, while Group 5 served as the Positive control, using Master Gutta-percha points without any root canal sealer as the obturation material. All canal orifices were sealed with restorative Glass ionomer cement. Subsequently, specimens were double-coated with nail varnish, except for the apical 3mm of roots, and immersed in petri dishes containing Indian ink dye for 48 hours. After dye removal, nail varnish was completely eliminated, and specimens were longitudinally sectioned with a diamond disk. For each specimen, the half containing the most visible part of the entire root canal was selected, and the extent of linear dye penetration was measured using a Stereomicroscope following Escobar’s criteria. The measurements were recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed using One Way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post-hoc tests. Gutta-percha coated with Bio-C sealer as a root canal obturation material exhibited the highest apical sealing ability compared to Activ GP with Bio-C sealer and Activ GP with Activ GP sealer. Activ GP with Activ GP sealer displayed the lowest or poorest apical sealing ability. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-the-ability-to-seal-the-apex-using-gutta-percha-combined-with-bio-c-sealer-activ-gp-with-bio-c-sealer-and-activ-gp-with-activ-gp-sealer-as-materials-for-root-canal-filling-a-stereomicroscopic-study-conducted-in-vitro/ Mona Ismail Arto, Sharif Mansoor http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-105202414-Assessment.pdf Ecological sensitivity analysis is an important basis for urban planning and layout. This article selects six ecological evaluation factors, including altitude, slope, aspect, water environment, vegetation NDVI, and land use, to construct an ecological sensitivity evaluation system for Xinyi City. Using the spatial analysis techniques of GIS and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a comprehensive evaluation was conducted on six ecological evaluation factors. Meanwhile, the natural breakpoint method was used to divide the results into five levels: extremely sensitive area, high sensitive area, medium sensitive area, low sensitive area, and non-sensitive area. The results indicate that the ecological sensitivity of Xinyi City is generally high, and land use type, vegetation coverage, and water environment are the main factors affecting ecological sensitivity. The five sensitive areas, from non-sensitive to extremely sensitive, account for 0.71%, 18.44%, 38.88%, 33.01%, and 8.96% of the total area of the city, respectively. The highly sensitive areas of Xinyi City are distributed in the northeast, while the non-sensitive areas are distributed in the southwest. The comprehensive evaluation of ecological sensitivity and spatial layout in this article can provide a basis for land use construction planning and ecological environment protection in Xinyi City. http://ijeab.com/detail/ecological-sensitivity-assessment-of-xinyi-city-in-guangdong-province-based-on-gis-and-ahp/ Xiaodong Ye, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-10620243-Ecological.pdf Plantation crops are a vital section of our agrarian economy. They are important for the growth and development of farming sectors in many Indian states. Coconut is one important plantation crop which not only contributes significantly to foreign exchange earnings but also provides significant direct and indirect employment opportunities. So, coconut plantation’s impact on the socio-economic development of farming sector is profound and immense. The present study on Yield gap among the randomly selected 120 coconut growers from Tiptur, Turuvekere, Chikkanayakanahalli and Sira taluks of Tumkur district was conducted during the year 2022-23. The research objective was to assess the yield gap among coconut growers. The yield gap analysis showed that there existed an overall yield gap of about 28.90 per cent where Sira taluk had the highest yield gap of about 34.34 per cent among other taluks followed by Chikkanayakanahalli taluk showing 30.54 per cent yield gap followed by the Tiptur taluk with 26.70 per cent yield gap and then followed by Turuvekere taluk with 24.04 per cent of yield gap. Among the overall coconut growers more than two-fifth of coconut growers (46.67 %) fall under medium level of yield gap followed by high level of yield gap (27.50 %) and then by low level of yield gap (25.83 %). The Kruskal-wallis one-way Anova to know the significant difference in the yield gap among the taluks, disclosed that there is a significant difference in the yield gap among taluks with H-value of 15.03 significant at one per cent level. http://ijeab.com/detail/yield-gap-among-coconut-growers-in-tumkur-district-of-karnataka/ Mohith K, C Narayanaswamy http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-10620246-Yieldgap.pdf This study investigates the marketing channels for mushrooms in Gaya district, Bihar, focusing on two primary channels: direct sales from producers to consumers (Channel I) and sales through retailers (Channel II). The research employs a multistage sampling procedure to collect primary data from producers and retailers. Channel I, where producers sell directly to consumers, exhibits a higher marketing efficiency of 36.70% and a producer share of 97.28% in the consumer's rupee. In contrast, Channel II, involving retailers, results in a significantly lower marketing efficiency of 17.23% and a producer share of 81.76%, due to higher intermediary costs and retailer margins. The study highlights the benefits of direct marketing channels in enhancing producer profitability and efficiency, suggesting that reducing intermediary involvement can substantially improve economic returns for mushroom growers. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to optimize agricultural marketing strategies and support sustainable mushroom cultivation in the region. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-study-on-marketing-of-mushroom-oyster-mushroom-in-gaya-district-of-bihar/ Pulkit Raj, Dr. Ameesh John Stephen http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-10620244-AStudy.pdf The use of bioethanol can save premium usage in addition, bioethanol can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 80% from its combustion results so as to decomp additionally greenhouse effects. Raw materials for producing bioethanol from that materials containing glucose, starch, cellulose. The purpose of the study was to find out of tape yeast concentrations on the bioethanol fermentation process of 8 sweet potato clones. The interaction between clone variation and yeast concentration has a noticeable effect on the results of the analysis of starch levels after the fermentation process. Starch levels showed a very significant decrease in the starch levels of fresh raw materials before the fermentation process. The results showed that the interaction between clone variation and yeast concentration had a noticeable effect on the results of the analysis of alcohol levels produced. The highest alcohol content is produced from Sari clones (150 DAP) with a yeast concentration of 15% with a content of 6.59%. The variation of clones and the concentration of yeast interacts manifestly with the results of the analysis of the total sugar content after the fermentation process. The total sugar measured is the total amount of sugar left after the fermentation process. Results showed a significant decrease in total sugar fermentation process by tape yeast showed the absence of starch hydrolysis and a total overhaul of the resulting sugar into alcohol. The concentration of yeast has no effect on the change of pH in the fermentation process, the pH at the end of the fermentation process is in the range of 4.1-6.3. http://ijeab.com/detail/bioethanol-from-sweet-potato-clones-at-pruning-age-and-yeast-concentrations/ Edyson Indawan, Sri Umi Lestari, Nurita Thiasari, Pramono Sasongko, Ferziana Nurmeilinda Dzikrika http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-10620247-Bioethanol.pdf This research paper examines the marketing channels for Jowar (Sorghum) in Bareilly District, Uttar Pradesh, focusing on the cost, margin, efficiency, and price spread associated with each channel. The study identifies three primary marketing pathways: direct producer-to-consumer sales (Channel I), sales through village merchants or retailers (Channel II), and sales involving commission agents and wholesalers (Channel III). The research utilizes a systematic multi-stage stratified random sampling technique, collecting primary data through personal interviews and secondary data from relevant sources. The results reveal that Channel I, the direct marketing route, is the most efficient with the lowest marketing costs and a high efficiency of 48.81. Channels II and III, incorporating intermediaries, exhibit significantly lower efficiencies (5.87 and 5.15 respectively) and higher price spreads, indicating greater economic burdens for producers and consumers. These findings highlight the detrimental impact of intermediaries on market dynamics. The study advocates for reducing intermediary involvement to enhance marketing efficiency, improve producer profitability, and ensure fair pricing for consumers. This strategy promises to empower local farmers and promote sustainable agricultural practices. http://ijeab.com/detail/study-on-marketing-of-jowar-sorghum-in-bareilly-district-of-uttar-pradesh/ Shivam Kumar, Dr. Sanjay Kumar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-10620245-Studyon.pdf Even though it still accounts for roughly 55% of all employment, the agriculture sector currently contributes only 14% of the GDP (GoI, 2014). According to the Agricultural Census of 2020, there were more than 138 million farm holdings in India. Of these, approximately 24.8 million were small farm holdings with individual operational land holding dimensions of less than 2 hectares, and approximately 92.8 million were marginal farm holdings, defined as having a man or woman operational landholding of less than 1 hectare. Though they will encounter many difficulties, small and marginal farmers in India will undoubtedly remain for a very long time. As a result, what happens to them has a significant impact on the entire financial system as well as the agricultural zone in particular. Consequently, their actions have a significant impact on the agricultural region in particular and the financial system as a whole, both of which affect people's ability to make a living. The current challenge is to bring these smallholders together and alter their economic outlook. The aforementioned circumstances necessitate radical measures and crucial structural changes aimed at reviving Indian agriculture. The most beneficial way for Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) to fulfil the wishes of farmers at the local level is through the Farmer Producer Company (FPC) instrument, which is registered under the Companies Act. Encouraging small farmers in particular to join member-owned producer organisations, tripling their income, and boosting the nation's agricultural sector's output, productivity, and profitability are all crucial objectives. http://ijeab.com/detail/farmer-s-producer-organization-fpos-doubling-the-farmers-income/ Dr. R. Priyanka http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-106202411-Farmer.pdf The demand for corn in Indonesia is currently quite high, in line with the growing population and the increasing need for corn to meet the feed industry. Corn productivity has increased due to the expansion of land area and has not yet reached its yield potential due to climate change. Climate is a determining factor for the success of crop cultivation, thus it is necessary to study the relationship between climate elements and their effects on corn productivity in Ngawi Regency. The study was conducted from September to November 2022 using the survey method. The location was determined using purposive sampling technique directly determined by the researchers based on the corn production centers in Ngawi Regency. The chosen research locations were Pitu, Bringin, and Kendal Subdistricts. The climate classification in Pitu Subdistrict, Bringin Subdistrict, and Kendal Subdistrict has climate types D, C, and C, respectively. Correlation test results show that in Pitu Subdistrict, there is no significant correlation between rainfall intensity, rainy days, wet months, and dry months with corn productivity. Rainy days show a significant positive correlation with corn productivity in Bringin Subdistrict, while in Kendal Subdistrict, rainfall intensity and rainy days show a significant negative correlation with corn productivity. http://ijeab.com/detail/study-on-rainfall-effects-on-corn-zea-mays-l-productivity-in-ngawi-regency/ Didik Hariyono, Palupi Dwi Ramadhani, Akbar Hidayatullah Zaini, Akbar Saitama http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-106202412-Studyon.pdf This study elucidated the efficacy and challenges of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in India, focusing on the Bagma Agri-Producer's Company Ltd. (BAPC Ltd.) in Tripura. Through a rigorous analysis of primary data collected from 32 randomly selected members out of 250 registered participants, the research delineated the multifaceted operations and organizational dynamics of BAPC Ltd. The study employed Ordinal Logistic Regression to elucidate the correlation between socio-economic variables and member satisfaction, revealing a statistically significant positive relationship (p≤0.10) for most factors, excluding gender and non-farm income. A comprehensive SWOT analysis underscored BAPC Ltd.'s strategic advantages, including its multi-product approach and robust institutional linkages, while also highlighting areas for amelioration such as limited value-addition infrastructure. The organization's involvement in eight diverse projects, ranging from dairy to apiculture, exemplified its adaptability to the region's mixed farming landscape. However, the research also uncovered potential threats to long-term sustainability, including competition from nascent FPOs and persistent intermediary influence in supply chains. This nuanced examination of BAPC Ltd. provided invaluable insights into the potential of FPOs as catalysts for agricultural transformation, while simultaneously emphasizing the imperative for sustained support and strategic interventions to optimize their impact on smallholder agriculture in India. http://ijeab.com/detail/operations-management-in-farmer-producer-organizations-a-case-study-of-bagma-agri-producer-company-ltd-tripura/ Biswajit Debnath, Chandan Debnath http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-106202414-Operations.pdf This work offers a unique glucometer procedure for quick and economical plant glucose determination. The effectiveness of the devised method was demonstrated by its successful application to a variety of plant samples. Tagetes erecta showed the greatest glucose content among the plants studied, while Aegle marmelos showed the lowest. This novel method of measuring plant glucose levels is quicker and less expensive than existing approaches, which gives it a major advantage over others. This approach has the potential to be an effective tool in a number of disciplines, such as agricultural science, ecological research, and plant physiology. http://ijeab.com/detail/development-of-a-rapid-and-cost-effective-method-for-estimating-plant-glucose-levels-with-a-glucometer/ Akshya Kumar Mishra, Jagdish Chandra Panda http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-106202416-Development.pdf Sericulture is a vital agro-based industry in India, contributing significantly to the economy and rural livelihoods, with approximately 9.5 million individuals, including a large number of women, employed in the sector. The cultivation of mulberry (Morus alba) is integral to silkworm rearing, which directly influences silk productivity and farmer income. However, the industry faces challenges from many pests. Diaphania pulverulentalis (leaf roller), one of the major pest which causes substantial crop loss. This study investigates the potential of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, focusing on biological control through parasitoids such as Tetrastichus howardi, to mitigate pest damage while safeguarding silkworms for pesticides. The reproductive performance of T. howardi was evaluated on different multivoltine silkworm races, including Pure Mysore, Nistari, HB6, BL6, MO6, and MCon. The findings indicate that certain silkworm races, such as Pure Mysore and Nistari, are more conducive to the mass multiplication of T. howardi, with MO6 exhibiting the highest progeny production. The results underscore the potential of utilizing multivoltine silkworms as alternate host for mass multiplication of T. howardi. http://ijeab.com/detail/investigations-on-the-reproductive-efficiency-and-progeny-fitness-of-tetrastichus-howardi-as-influenced-by-multivoltine-races-of-bombyx-mori-l/ Kishan Kumar R, Tanvi Rahman, Divya M, B. Sannappa, Jaswanth S http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-10320245-Investigations.pdf The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with 8 treatments viz. T1 (RDF 100%), T2 (RDF 75%+ VC), T3 (Rhizobium+ PSB), T4 (RDF 75%+ Rhizobium+ PSB), T5 (RDF 75%+VC+ Rhizobium+ PSB), T6 (VC+ Rhizobium+ PSB), T7 (VC) and T8 (Control/Check) at Agricultural Research Farm of Dolphin (P.G.) Institute of Biomedical & Natural Sciences, Manduwala (Dehradun). Treatments were replicated three times during the experiment. Growth parameters, seed and Stover yield (3155 kg ha-1), Biological yield (5650 kg ha-1) and harvest index were significantly superior in T5 (RDF 75%+ VC+ Rhizobium+ PSB treatment) over other treatments. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-integrated-nutrient-management-inm-on-growth-and-yield-of-field-pea-pisum-sativum-l-crop-under-doon-valley-conditions/ Anil Kumar, Kuldeep Kumar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-10320242-Impact.pdf