http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us August In the present study results, Orange were successfully produced and analysed for physical, chemical and sensory properties. It was observed that the resultant orange juice samples had a pH range of between 3.50 – 4.81 for samples for samples. A reversed case occurred on these samples for titratable acidity with a range of 1.47 – 3.18%. Cam Sanh (7) showed the highest concentrations of citric acid (3.18), The Total soluble sugar (TSS), Titratable acids (TA), TSS were also important parameters, related to orange quality, where Cam Canh(9) had the highest TSS value (17.8), and Cam Sanh (7) had the lowest TSS value (6.70). According to the above results, noticeable differences were observed among orange varieties.Oranges reduced the sugar content and increases the vitamin C content of the juice,and also has very high nutritional value. It is a very good source of vitamins, minerals and amino acids. Products were formulated and sensory evaluation was done by selected panel members. The results showed that there were significant differences in quality attributes, nutrients, and functional components among different orange varieties, which might be affected by the species, origin place, growing season, environmental factors, ripening, and changes in the storage process. The results of this study will provide valuable guidance for the identification and utilization of growing orange. http://ijeab.com/detail/quality-analysis-of-orange-varieties-in-the-mekong-delta-and-kontum-vietnam/ Lang Thi Nguyen, Phuong Hoang Le, Hieu Chi Bui, Khoa Anh Bien http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-106202415-Quality.pdf This study investigated the impact of varying wind speeds on water distribution uniformity using a 6 m × 6 m lateral spacing configuration with rotating sprinklers at the field of the village Luhana located in Western Haryana, India, during 2019-20. Three replications were conducted under different wind conditions: 0-4 km/h, 4-8 km/h, and 8-12 km/h. For wind speeds ranging from 0 to 4 km/h, observed speeds averaged 3.0 km/h, with distribution uniformity ranging from 79.17% to 86.33% in the northwest direction (average 82.46%). Wind speeds between 4 and 8 km/h yielded an average of 6.4 km/h, with distribution uniformity varying from 81.42% to 84.22% (average 82.88%). At wind speeds of 8-12 km/h (average 10.8 km/h), distribution uniformity ranged from 79.73% to 83.57% (average 81.42%). Variations in the uniform distribution of water were less prominant at wind speeds between 0-4 km/h. But it was observed that a range of wind speed 8-12 km/h, significant deviation from the uniformity distribution of water was observed. http://ijeab.com/detail/wind-speed-s-impact-on-the-distribution-uniformity-of-sprinkler-irrigation-system-in-haryana/ Raj Kumar, Ram Naresh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-106202419-Windspeed.pdf During the 2022-23 research conducted at the Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology in Kanpur, a comprehensive investigation was undertaken to analyze the physical parameters, functional properties, and biochemical parameters of 20 varieties/genotypes of finger millet. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), and all findings were deemed statistically significant. Among the varieties assessed, IC0321712 exhibited the highest value in terms of test weight, indicating its potential for robust grain yield. Notably, IC0475978 demonstrated exceptional functional characteristics, particularly in dispersibility and water absorption capacity, suggesting its suitability for various food applications. Furthermore, variety IC0476418 emerged as biochemically superior, boasting elevated levels of carbohydrates and proteins. Additionally, it contained significant amounts of essential amino acids such as methionine and tryptophan, which are crucial for human health. These findings hold significant implications for breeding programs and the promotion of finger millet consumption. By identifying varieties/genotypes with superior nutritional profiles and specific health-promoting properties, this research contributes to the advancement of agriculture and the diversification of nutritious grain sources. http://ijeab.com/detail/investigating-biochemical-characteristics-of-key-finger-millet-eleusine-coracana-l-varieties-genotypes/ Neelesh Mishra, Lalit Kumar Singh, V. B. Gore, Kundan, Amit Deep Mishra http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-106202417-Investigating.pdf Active packaging is developed as a favorable method to address the challenge and prolong the shelf life of perishable foodstuffs while maintaining their freshness and quality. This abstract provides an overview of the active packaging systems and their roles in preserving food quality and safety. Active packaging incorporates various technologies, oxygen scavengers, moisture absorbers, antimicrobial agents, and flavor-release systems, within the packaging materials. These technologies actively interact with the food product to create a modified atmosphere or inhibit microbial growth, resulting in improved preservation and quality retention. Active packaging provides many benefits, including its ability to reduce food waste, enhance product safety, and meet consumer demands for convenience and sustainability. In inference, active packaging offers a favorable opportunity to enhance the shelf’s life of food products and maintain their freshness and quality. http://ijeab.com/detail/role-of-active-packaging-for-food-freshness-and-quality-maintenance/ Priyanka, Raveena Rani, Rekha Yadav, Neha Bajal, Balwan Singh Mandal, Ajay Kumar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-10720241-Roleof.pdf Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts on the ovaries, menstrual irregularities, and hormonal imbalances. PCOS is a complex condition with a wide range of symptoms and varying degrees of severity. PCOS not only affects women of childbearing age but also adolescent girls and post- menopausal women. Most of the women affected by PCOS belong to the age group of 18-44 year. This condition affects about 5-10 percent of women of reproductive age and it is the most common endocrine disorder in women. Some of the most common symptoms include irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, and weight gain. PCOS is also associated with an increased risk of infertility, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Treatment for PCOS is focused on managing symptoms and reducing the risk of complications. Lifestyle changes, such as exercise and a healthy diet, are often recommended as the first line of treatment. Medications may also be prescribed to regulate menstrual cycles, reduce androgen levels, and improve insulin sensitivity. PCOS can be a challenging condition to manage, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, most women with PCOS can lead healthy and fulfilling lives. Regular medical check-ups, healthy lifestyle choices, and ongoing support from healthcare providers can help women with PCOS to manage their symptoms and reduce their risk of complications. http://ijeab.com/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-from-diagnosis-to-treatment/ Raveena Rani, Priyanka, Rekha Yadav, Neha Bajal, Balwan Singh Mandal, Ajay Kumar* http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-10720242-Polycystic.pdf This research aims to analyze fish morphometrics and analyze the results of gill net catches of flying fish such as the size suitable for catching flying fish. This research was carried out from December 2022 to April 2023 in Lawallu Village, Soppeng Riaja District, Barru Regency. The research method used is a case study, the unit of which is a fishing activity using one unit of flying fish gill net at the research location. Data collection was carried out by going directly to the field following the fishing operation, determining how the fish was caught and directly measuring the fork length, height, width, and body circumference of the flying fish. The parameters observed are the dimensions of the fishing gear which determines the performance of the flying fish gill net, and the size of the catch. Data was analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The research results showed that flying fish were caught using gill nets with a mesh size of 3.81 cm. The total catch was 450 fish from the range of 13.0-23.2 cm, the highest size was in the range of 16.3-17.3 cm with 86 fish, while the lowest size was in the range of 22.2-23.2 cm. 17 heads. The percentage of flying fish that were worth catching was 76%, the total catch was 340 fish, in the size range of 15.2-23.2 cm & the percentage of flying fish that were not worth catching was 24%, the total catch was 110 fish, in the size range 13.0-15.1 cm. http://ijeab.com/detail/morphometric-analysis-and-gill-net-catch-results-of-flying-fish-in-lawallu-village-soppeng-riaja-district-barru-regency-south-sulawesi-indonesia/ Nabilah Panti Ariqoh, Mahfud Palo, Muh. Afdal, Najamuddin http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-107202410-Morphometric.pdf This study evaluated the standardization and method validation of rifaximin using different acid and phosphate buffer conditions (pH 1.2, 6.8 and 7.4). Although all tested conditions showed excellent precision (less than 2% RSD), limitations in linearity and precision were observed. Although the correlation coefficients were high (0.9898 to 0.9972), they deviated from the ideal (1.0), indicating possible nonlinearities. Accuracy ranged from 89.45% to 94.16%, indicating slight under- or overestimation of rifaximin concentration. These limitations compromise the reliability of the rifaximin quantification method. Other optimization strategies are recommended, including exploring different pH conditions, refining the concentration range of the standard curve, and considering alternative analytical methods such as HPLC when possible. By addressing these limitations, a more robust and reliable method for rifaximin standardization can be achieved. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-novel-uv-vis-spectrophotometric-method-for-quantifying-rifaximin-method-development-and-validation/ Shibani Raut, Geetanjali Amat, Akshya Ku Mishra http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-107202416-ANovel.pdf Superior varieties are one of the technological components that are very important in achieving high production. The use of nitrogen fertilizer is the most important factor for plant growth and development. Chemical fertilizers in general and nitrogen fertilizers in particular are important determinants of productivity levels per unit area, and the importance of increasing the use of chemical fertilizers in soil conditions that lack organic matter. The research was carried out from February 2023 to May 2023 at Agro Techno Park, Jatikerto Village, Kromengan District, Malang Regency. The research was carried out in the form of a factorial experiment arranged in a Randomized Group Design (RGD). Consists of 2 factors, where the first factor is three varieties of glutinous corn and the second factor is the dose of nitrogen fertilizer. The first factor, varieties which consist of 3 levels, namely: Arumba Variety (V1), Srikandi Variety (V2), and URI 1 Variety (V3). The second factor, nitrogen fertilization dosage with 4 levels, namely: No fertilizer/Control (A0), Nitrogen 100 kg ha־¹ (A1), Nitrogen 200 kg ha־¹ (A2), and Nitrogen 300 kg ha־¹ (A3). Overall, the variety treatment and N fertilizer dose showed a significant interaction effect on all growth parameters except for the number of leaves at 42 DAP, and leaf area at 14, 21, 35 and 49 DAP. The variety treatment and N fertilizer dose showed a significant interaction effect on all yield parameters except ear length. Variety treatment and N fertilizer dosage had an influence on the analysis of increasing starch, amylose and amylopectin content. The Srikandi variety had the highest yield in every growth and yield of glutinous corn followed by the Arumba and URI 1 varieties. In the treatment with a N fertilizer dose of 300 kg ha־¹ had the highest yield in every observed parameter. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-nitrogen-fertilization-dosage-on-growth-and-yield-of-three-varieties-of-glutinous-corn-zea-mays-var-ceratina/ Ardian Tri Wahyu Ridha’i, Sudiarso, Karuniawan Puji Wicaksono http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-10720244-Effectof.pdf The study was carried out in two tahsils of Yavatmal district i.e., Darwha and Ner of Maharashtra state with the objective to study the knowledge about project on climate resilient agriculture (PoCRA) among the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. For this study 60 PoCRA beneficiaries and 60 non-beneficiary farmers were selected on the basis of adoption of sprinkler irrigation system on subsidy. The data collected was analyzed and result of study revealed that (100%) of beneficiary farmers were belongs to high level of knowledge of sprinkler irrigation system under PoCRA Project. In case of non-beneficiary farmers, (63.33%) majority of farmers found to have medium level of knowledge about the sprinkler irrigation system, followed by (36.67%) of them having high level of knowledge whereas none of them was found in low level of knowledge. http://ijeab.com/detail/factors-affecting-on-knowledge-of-beneficiary-farmers-about-project-on-climate-resilient-agriculture/ Rameshwar Chirde, Umesh Chinchmalatpure, S. P. Salame, A. M. Todkar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-10720246-Factors.pdf The present study was conducted in Fatehabad district, Haryana to determine the impact of nutrition education on knowledge gain of young women with PCOS. Among PCOS respondents 52.0, 44.0 and 4.0 percent were in the age group of 19 to 25, 26 to 32 and 33 to 40 years, respectively. It was observed that 52.0 percent of the PCOS respondents were students, whereas 46.0 and 2.0 percent were housewife and in service, respectively. After imparting nutrition education to them there was increase in their knowledge scores. From the present study it is concluded that early diagnosis and treatment of PCOS is pivotal for normal health, well-being and improved nutritional status of young women suffering from PCOS. http://ijeab.com/detail/to-assess-the-impact-of-imparting-nutrition-education-on-knowledge-gain-of-young-women-with-pcos/ Raveena Rani, Dr. Veenu Sangwan, Shikha, Priyanka, Meenu, Dr. Varsha Rani http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-10720248-Toassess.pdf This study focused on developing eco-friendly management strategies for early blight disease in tomatoes, caused by Alternaria solani, through the use of botanical extracts from eight plants: Neem, Prosopis, Nerium, Senna, Lantana, Pungam, Coconut, and Calotropis. The research was carried out at the Agricultural College and Research Institute in Vazavachanur, Thiruvannamalai, to assess these botanicals in vitro and in vivo effectiveness against the pathogen. In laboratory conditions, the extracts were tested at a 10% concentration, and their ability to inhibit the pathogen's mycelial growth was evaluated. Neem leaf cold extract exhibited the highest inhibition at 77.8%, followed by Nerium at 75.9%, while Senna showed limited effectiveness. In a field trial using the PKM-1 tomato variety, the lowest disease index was observed with neem leaf extract spraying (28%) and Nerium extract (30.2%), indicating their potential as effective alternatives for managing early blight. http://ijeab.com/detail/sustainable-management-of-tomato-early-blight-with-plant-extracts/ Abarna R, Jinisha Blessie J.P http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-107202411-Sustainable.pdf 12 heat tolerant, low tropical virus resistant potato CIP clones were evaluated to select candidate varieties that can be planted 15-30 days earlier than normal season in north Indian plains of Haryana. Regarding this research trials were conducted in three districts Karnal, Narnaul and Sirsa in rabi (winter) season of 2021. Out of 12 clones, 11 are red skin whereas clone 4621 has white skin tubers. Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Lima, Kufri Khyati and one red skin variety Kufri Uday were planted as control. The experiments were planted in randomized block design with three replications. Planting was done in the first week of October almost 20 days earlier than normal season planting. Trials were dehaulmed at 75 days after planting in all the locations. Morphological and yield parameters were recorded and statistically analysed. In all the locations, the highest marketable and total tuber yields were recorded in variety K. Lima. It was statistically at par to clone 4611, 4620, K. Pukhraj and clone 4613. Among the locations, Sirsa was found most suitable place for table potato cultivation followed by Narnaul and Karnal. Two clones 4614 and 4616 found suitable for processing. Participatory varietal selection for tuber yield and market acceptability was done at Sirsa however, organoleptic test was conducted at Sirsa and Narnaul. Based on yield and market acceptability, K. Lima was preferred by stakeholders followed by clone 4621 and 4611. Among clones, 4621 was preferred by stakeholders for its good taste. http://ijeab.com/detail/identification-of-heat-tolerant-virus-resistant-candidate-varieties-for-cereal-based-cropping-system-through-participatory-varietal-selection-approach/ Pooja Pandey, Mohinder Kadian, PC Sindhu, Gaurav Kant, Neha Yadav http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-10720249-Identification.pdf In response to the mounting environmental and anthropogenic challenges, there has been a notable shift towards adopting biological approaches as pivotal components of integrated and sustainable weed control strategies. Over the course of centuries, the efficacy of employing biological agents for weed management has emerged as a cornerstone in addressing these challenges. This review article aims to delve into the historical evolution and contemporary significance of biological agents in weed control, highlighting their pivotal role in modern agricultural and ecological practices. Our exploration begins with a classical perspective on the biological approach, shining a spotlight on arthropods, particularly insects. A unique angle introduced involves the redistribution of local arthropods as a nuanced method for effective weed control. Transitioning to the bioherbicide section, we delve into the realm of formulated natural products and their diverse formulations, recognizing their pivotal role in biological weed control. However, the landscape of biological weed control is not without its challenges. Financial constraints, side effects, and divergent opinions pose hurdles that warrant attention. Yet, despite these challenges, the narrative maintains an optimistic outlook. The underlying belief is that, in the future, biological methods will evolve to offer not only effective but also sustainable solutions for weed control practices. In essence, this abstract navigates through the historical successes of biological weed control, explores specific facets such as arthropods and bioherbicides, confronts existing challenges, and ultimately anticipates a future where biological methods emerge as more promising and sustainable players in the field of weed control. http://ijeab.com/detail/biological-control-of-weeds/ Dr. B. L. Meena, Kriti Sharma http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-106202410-Biological.pdf As per 20th livestock census, the total poultry population in India has increased by 16.81% and the total poultry production recorded was 851.81 million during 2019. Out of total poultry population 37.8 % is under backyard production system in Rajasthan. However, the southern Rajasthan has about 16.3 % of total poultry of Rajasthan and it also has 41.2 % of total poultry of Rajasthan under backyard system. The total poultry population in Rajasthan has registered a phenomenal increase of about 80% over last livestock census and the current poultry population is 14.62 million, however, it is only 1.72% of poultry population of India (BAHS, 2019). The present study was conducted to assess the effect of feeding amla (Emblica officinalis) powder on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. One hundred sixty broiler chicks (day old chicks) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicates of 10 chicks each. The treatment included the (T1) control, (T2) control group supplemented with amla powder @ 0.5%, (T3) control group supplemented with Amla powder @ 1.0%, (T4) control group supplemented with Amla powder @ 1.5%. The effect of supplementation was observed on the body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, FCR, nutrient utilization, nutrient balance, carcass traits viz., live weight, slaughter weight, eviscerated weight, dressing weight, weight of heart, liver, gizzard, and economics in broiler chicks. http://ijeab.com/detail/to-study-the-effect-of-feeding-of-amla-powder-on-growth-performance-of-broiler-chicks/ Pradeep Nodal, Siddhartha Mishra, Tetarwal J.M., Chopra G http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-107202422-Tostudy.pdf Maize plants grown in monoculture system that often cannot utilize sunlight optimally. Intercropping methods with several C3 intercrops such as rice, soybeans, and bambara groundnuts are expected to enhance the solar radiation use efficiency (RUE) of maize plants. This study aims to improve the solar radiation use efficiency (RUE) of maize (Zea mays L.) through the arrangement of various intercrops layouts. The experiment was conducted from July to November 2021 at the Faculty of Agriculture Experimental Field, Jatimulyo, Malang, East Java. The experiment consisted of Split Plot Design (SPD) with Orthogonal Contrasts for control treatments. The main factor consisted of the type of companion crops, such as rice, soybeans, and bambara groundnuts, while the second factor was the companion crop layout, consisting of three level: one row, two rows, and three rows. The results showed that the intercropping pattern with two rows of soybeans produced the highest land equivalent ratio (LER) value of 1.38 compared to other treatments. Additionally, the intercropping system generally provided the highest interception and solar radiation use efficiency of 94.07% and 6.19%, respectively, where the companion crop treatments in one and two rows each yielded the highest RUE values of 6.88% and 6.43%. Based on the research conducted, it was concluded that the arrangement of intercrop plant layouts in the intercropping system can enhance solar radiation use efficiency (RUE) and offer potential optimization of space and resources in agricultural systems. http://ijeab.com/detail/increasing-solar-radiation-use-efficiency-rue-of-maize-zea-mays-l-through-arranging-the-layout-of-several-intercrop-plants/ Rizhanda Adi Fortuna, Agus Suryanto, Sitawati http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-107202415-Increasing.pdf Dam reservoir level prediction is important for dam construction, operation, design and safety. In this study, dam reservoir level change predictions were investigated using the M5 Decision Tree (M5 Tree) and Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) models. For modeling the daily dam reservoir water level (t), the lagged time of reservoir water level (t-1), stream flow (t) and precipitation heights in the dam basin (t) were used. The model results were compared with the results of conventional multiple linear regression (MLR) models. The models were analyzed with graphical and statistical results. The coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) performance criteria were taken into account when comparing the prediction models. The results showed that M5 Tree and Anfis model results gave a better performance in predicting the dam reservoir level change. http://ijeab.com/detail/forecasting-of-dam-lake-water-level-using-m5-decision-tree-and-anfis-models/ Özden Nur Şentürk*, Fatih Üneş, Mustafa Demirci, Bestami Taşar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-10820243-Forecasting.pdf Atherosclerosis is a disorder that causes the inner lining of arterial walls to accumulate lipids, cholesterol, and other chemicals. This restriction of blood flow results in high cholesterol, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, diabetes, obesity, and associated cardiovascular disorders. The current study sought to evaluate the ability of plant extract Trigonella foenum graecum ability to decrease cholesterol in vitro. Plant extracts were used at varying doses to block the activities of enzymes pancreatic lipase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase. The extracts were then sequentially extracted using solvents including methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and dichloromethane. According to the findings, the ethanol extract had the greatest significant hypolipidemic impact by reducing enzyme activities, and this was followed by the extracts of hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. The ethyl acetate extracts showed the lowest hypolipidemic activity. These findings imply that the administration of several Trigonella foenum graecum plant extracts may have unique potential cholesterol-lowering qualities for reducing fat absorption via inhibiting pancreatic lipase. http://ijeab.com/detail/in-vitro-evaluation-of-cholesterol-lowering-properties-of-plant-extract-trigonella-foenum-graecum-l/ A. Senthilkumar, M. Padayappa, M. Moorthi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-107202417-InVitro.pdf A field experiment was conducted in January 2023 at the upland farm of the College of Agriculture, Lembucherra, West Tripura, to evaluate the performance of ten different high-yielding varieties of foxtail millet (Setaria italic L.) under upland conditions. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 10 varieties viz., IIM-FXM-4 (V1), Prasad (V2), Garuda (V3), GPUF-4 (V4), GPUF-3 (V5), Fingu (Local) (V6), Black (Local) (V7), SiA-4200 (V8), SiA-3159 (V9), SiA-3156 (V10)with plot size of 4.5m x 3.0m and 100-50-50 NPK kg ha-1 recommendation of fertilizer dose.Results of the experiment showed that among the varieties GPUF-3 recorded significantly highest values of plant height (135.33 cm), number of tillers plant-1 (8.50), dry matter accumulation (14.76 g) in all the growth stages of foxtail millet during the year of experimentation. GPUF-3 recorded superior yield attributes namely number of ears plant-1 (4.47), number of grains ear head-1 (1418.62), grain weight ear head-1 (4.97), length of ear head (21.33 cm) and 1000 seed weight (3.63 g) which ultimately produce higher seed yield (2245.81 kg ha-1) stover yield (4215.02 kg ha-1) during the year of experiment.From the economic point of view GPUF-3 fetched higher in terms of gross return, net return and B:C ratio due to higher seed yield. http://ijeab.com/detail/growth-parameters-yield-attributing-characters-and-economics-of-different-hyvs-of-foxtail-millet-setaria-italica-l-in-the-upland-of-tripura/ Deeptanu Aich, Debashish Sen, Saurav Das, Biman De, Debasree Saha, Niladri Paul, Abhijit Saha http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-107202418-Growth.pdf Irrigation scheduling is determining the amount of water to be applied and when to achieve desired crop production and quality, to maximize water conservation, and to limit any adverse effects that may be experienced by the environment, such as the leaching of nutrients beneath the root zone of the crop. The study was carried out at the experimental site of Vegetable Research Centre (VRC) of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, to investigate the effect of different soil moisture regimes on the yield of chilli crops and growth parameters related to irrigation scheduling. Also, as part of the study, it was determined the minimum irrigation amount that needs to be provided in order to achieve significant returns for the crop, along with recommended guidelines for measuring soil moisture status. Four Treatments of irrigation that of four different Maximum allowable depletion (MAD) levels at 20% (T1), 40% (T2) 60% (T3) and 80% (T4) were taken for this study. Soil moisture content was estimated using gravimetric method periodically in 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm soil profiles. Field experiments were conducted on chilli (also known as chilli pepper) during 2021-2022. Four irrigation treatments were maintained based on the maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of available soil water. Field experiments showed that irrigation schedule with 40% (T2) maximum allowable depletion of available soil water gives the maximum water use efficiency while the highest yield was obtained as 7624 kg/ha (T1) for chilli crop. It was also found that for scheduling of irrigation for chilli crop, 0-20 cm soil profile should be considered as most of the water was found to be extracted from this layer by the plant. http://ijeab.com/detail/water-management-for-chilli-capsicum-annuum-l-crop-in-sub-tropical-humid-region/ Ashish Krishna Yadav, P. S. Kashyap http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-108202417-Water.pdf Rapid urbanization and concrete indoor living environments are posing challenges to human beings and their beloved pets in terms of indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Raising indoor plants has the potential to not only control indoor air quality, but also maintain psychological comfort and health. In the recent COVID-19 pandemic period, indoor plants have highlighted the importance of these plants in their overall maintenance of health and mental well-being. It is highly recommended to plant this tree after reviewing various research benefits. Keeping in mind the above view, we reviewed recent studies on indoor plants and their benefits in improving indoor environments like quality air index, temperature, humidity, etc., as well as providing psychological benefits. This systematic review of the literature demonstrates that various plant species effectively remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other pollutatns, reduce stress, and boost cognitive function. Some important strategies, such as phytoremediation, which uses bi-directional phytofilters and endophytic bacteria, offer the best air purification with well-being and cognitive performance, promoting biophilic design in indoor spaces. Studies are investigating the relationship between indoor plants and various pollutants, taking into account factors such as light intensity and plant species that play key roles in bi-directional phytofilters. In spite of some challenges, integrating plants into healthier indoor environments. Future research should refine plant selection, optimize growth conditions, and explore new technologies for better air quality and well-being. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-role-of-indoor-plants-in-improving-air-and-mind-comprehensive-review/ Hemant Dnyaneshwar Chandore http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-107202425-TheRole.pdf The article analyzes traditional agriculture as low-efficient, excessively resource-intensive, and anti-ecological and substantiates the need for its transition to modern cellular and hydroponic agriculture against the backdrop of an unfavorably changing climate. http://ijeab.com/detail/traditional-low-efficient-and-anti-ecological-agriculture-must-be-replaced-with-modern-cellular-and-hydroponic-agriculture/ Mikhail Krasnyansky http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-107202424-Traditional.pdf The characteristics of crack, rotten, sprout, skin peel and good potatoes non destructively with gray level co-occurrence matrix properties (GLCMP), radon, gabor, local binary patterns (LBP) and histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) with default parameters and values i.e. adapted method were compared with improved method. Gabor feature length (16) of improved method was lower compared to adapted method and improved method and it requires less time to plot gabor magnitude and spatial kernels for all potato classes. Radon feature row vector size is same for both adapted and improved methods for all potato classes but differ in column vector size. At theta value of 90° (improved method), the time taken to plot radon transforms is lower compared to adapted method (using theta value 180°). Gray level co-occurrence matrix properties (GLCMP) such as contrast, correlation, energy and homogeneity values were compared to both adapted and improved methods for all potato types. Contrast values found lower in adapted method for all potato classes compared to improved method. But remaining three properties found highest in adapted method for all potato classes compared to improved method. The default values used in adapted method of HOG feature vector length (26140) is higher compared to improved method (1330) for all types of potato images. For crack and rotten potato images, an improved method required higher time to plot visualization than adapted method, while for sprout, good and skin peel images, adapted method has more visualization time. The LBP feature length in improved method was found higher (185) compared to adapted method (59) for all potato classes. The mean time to plot squared errors in adapted and improved methods for crack images were found to be 0.6378 s and 0.6305 s respectively, for rotten images 0.2098 s and 0.2622 s, for sprout images 0.1911 s and 0.2209 s, for skin peel images 0.2197 and 0.2197 s, for good images 0.2672 and 0.2565 s. http://ijeab.com/detail/comparison-of-adapted-and-improved-feature-extraction-techniques-of-different-potatoes-types-using-image-processing/ D. Ravindra Babu, R.C.Verma, Navneet Kumar Agrawal, Isha Suwalk http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-10820248-Comparison.pdf The experiment comprised of 10 lines were laid out in a randomized block design replicated three times at 6 different locations at Dong Xuan and HeThu season from Tra Vinh . Analysis of variance indicated the presence of significant genetic variability among the genotypes for peanut under all the 6 location. All analysies of variance for the yield of peanut that were pooled over the six locations . Genotypes x Enviroment ( GxE) interactions were also found significant and the mean squares due to environment were highly significant indicating sufficient diversity among the environments. Four lines HATRI 02DP, HATRI 03DP, HATRI 14DP give hight yield both dong xuan and wet season . performed better by in all the locations both satbility at Dong Xuan and HeThu seasones. This varieties is good for multilication in the future . http://ijeab.com/detail/evaluation-of-genotype-enviroment-interactions-of-new-peanut-varieties-conditions-of-tra-vinh/ Nguyen Trong Phuoc, Le Hoang Phuong, Nguyen Thi Lang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-108202414-Evaluation.pdf Field experiments were conducted at the research field of the Cau Ngang, Tra Vinh from May to October to determine the influence of row spacing on growth and yield of peanut under wet and dry season (2023). The experimental design was a 6×5 factorial was a split-split plot experiment laid out in randomized complete block design with three replicates. The factors studied included: Variety [(A1) MD7; (A2) HATRI 03 ĐP; (A3) HATRI 02 ĐP; (A4) HATRI 14 ĐP; (A5)VD08; (A6) VD01-01]; (M) Row spacing [(M1) 20×20 cm, (M2) 15x20 cm, (M3) 15×15 cm, (M4) 10x20 cm, (M5) fellow farmers 10x10 cm] The result showed that Peanut varieties HATRI 03 DP, HATRI 02 DP, HATRI 14 DP, VD08, VD01-01 have weight the seed 100, number of branches/plant, and significantly higher yield than MD7 varieties. The planting spacing of 15 cm x 20 cm for leaf , plant height, number of plant harvested and yield is higher than the spacing of 20 x 20 and 15 x 15 cm in the wet and dry season in 2023. Spacing of 20 x 20 cm and 15 x 15 cm for the highest yield. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-row-spacing-on-the-growth-and-yield-of-peanut-arachis-hypogaea-l-varieties-in-cau-ngang-tra-vinh-vietnam/ Phuoc Trong Nguyen, Khang Minh Le, Loan Hong Thi Nguyen, Lang Thi Nguyen http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJEAB-10820244-Effectof.pdf The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the access of men and women to productive resources, focusing on three aspects: ownership of assets, access to credit, and decision-making regarding lending sources. Data was gathered from the mid-hill sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh. The results revealed that a significant portion of the women surveyed did not have ownership rights to land, whether agricultural or non-agricultural. Instead, joint ownership of assets other than land was prevalent in the area. Access to credit, a key factor in women's empowerment, showed that female respondents were more likely to rely on friends, relatives, or informal credit groups. Regarding decision-making on credit, joint decision-making was common in selecting credit sources. The study suggests that strict enforcement of existing laws is necessary to ensure women's property rights, and efforts should be made to promote ownership of assets to enhance women's empowerment and household livelihood security. Additionally, measures should prioritize easy access to formal credit for women, and the formal credit system should be expanded to reach those in need. http://ijeab.com/detail/women-s-access-to-productive-resources-a-case-study-of-mid-hill-sub-humid-zone-of-himachal-pradesh/ Deepika Sharma, Rashmi Chaudhary, Krishan Kumar, Yasmin Janjhua http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJEAB-10820249-Women.pdf The present study carried out with ten blackgram accessions collected from NBPGR regional centre and T-9(Check) from ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad. The experiment was conducted in experimental farm, Department of Genetics, Osmania University Hyderabad during Rabi,2021. The ANOVA results revealed that for treatments all the yield,physiological and biochemical parameters were showed significant variability except 100 seed weight. All the yield and physiological parameters were significant for genotype x treatment except number of branches per plant and canopy temperature. The character seed yield (g/pl) was observed under irrigated condition highest by IC436524 and lowest by T-9. Whereas highest seed yield (g/pl) was observed under drought condition by IC426766. It was also observed that the genotype IC426766 28.84% over its control and 37.65% over T-9 under drought condition. The genotype IC426766 also showed higher proline content, RWC, lower MDA, higher SPAD reading and lower canopy temperature under drought condition. Among ten blackgram accession IC 426766 was identified as drought tolerant/resistance based on morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters. http://ijeab.com/detail/morpho-biochemical-parameters-in-blackgram-vigna-mungo-l-hepper-genotypes-under-drought-stress-condition/ G. Kumara Joshi1, K. Srinivas Naik2, Bhattu Rajesh Nayak1 ,Yugandhar.A1and G.Vijay Kumar*1 http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJEAB-107202426-Morpho.pdf In fruit crops there are many practices and technologies to improve the quality of fruits. The pruning, girdling or ringing, smudging, thinning and bending are practices to affect the carbon nitrogen ratio in fruit crops. C:N ratio control by these practices. C:N ratio may change through these practices and improves the fruit quality and yield. In this review article we tried to discuss all these special horticultural practices which used to improve fruit quality, production, and plant vigour which leads to higher yield of crops. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-retrospect-on-special-horticultural-practices-in-fruit-crops/ R. D. Aghav, P. M. Haldankar, A. P. Samant http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJEAB-108202412-ARetrospect.pdf Chicken is the most commonly farmed species with over 90 billion tons of chicken meat produced per year. Many food-producing animals are given antibiotics daily to grow faster and prevent diseases in many parts of the world. When antibiotics are used for the purposes of growth promotion a small amount is often administered as compared to therapeutic use. Therefore, this may cause bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance (World Health Organization, 2017). There are several challeneges related to antibiotic free bird production. Several alternatives to antibiotics, including probiotics, prebiotics, competitive exclusion, enzymes, and organic acids, have shown promise in replacing antibiotics. The use of prebiotics aids in preventing the colonization of the digestive system by harmful pathogens, achieved by creating an unfavorable environment through pH alterations in the intestinal content. Probiotics, which are live strains of strictly selected microorganisms have beneficial effects on health. The incorporation of enzymes in poultry diets offers several advantages, including reduced digesta viscosity, improved digestion and nutrient absorption, increased feed intake, and enhanced weight gain. Maximizing performance and sustaining poultry productivity will rely on employing well-balanced combinations of diverse alternatives alongside effective management practices. This approach remains essential for accomplishing our ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic usage. http://ijeab.com/detail/antibiotics-in-poultry-examining-alternatives-for-safer-food-production/ Ankit Sharma, Anil Kumar, Sumit Gangwar, Shashikant, Gautami Sarma, Rishav Kumar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJEAB-108202418-Antibiotics.pdf Introduction: Agriculture is carried out mainly through three types of farming systems namely, natural farming system, inorganic farming system and organic farming system characterized by the different types of inputs and agricultural management practices used for cultivation of land and production of crops. Context: Green revolution brings several changes in agriculture production system via inorganic farming which promotes unsustainable practices for ecosystem and human health. Therefore organic farming practices are more prefer by farmers for obtaining better price. Objectives: In this context it is necessary to find out the economics of major crops grown under Organic Farming System and identify the constraints of production in hilly region of Uttarakhand as compare to Inorganic friendly farmers. Method: A purposive study was conducted in district Tehri - Garhwal and Almora under hill state of Uttarakhand. The result is based on the randomly selected 120 farmers (60 Organic Farming System Farmers and 60 Inorganic Farming System Farmers) interview. The costs of production of different crops have been worked out by using the standard cost concepts with suitable statistics. Results & Discussion: The gross as well as net income or profit of different crops increased significantly by two to three times under organic farming system whereas they remained stagnant and even declined under inorganic farming system over the years. The costs of production of crops per hectare and per quintal under organic farming system are lower than under inorganic farming system. Gross and net incomes or profits are nearly 2 times higher under organic farming systems. Overall organic farming system produces more and sustainable agriculture output with less energy, low cost and fewer resources with many constraints. http://ijeab.com/detail/an-economic-analysis-of-organic-farming-for-sustainable-agriculture-and-facing-the-constraints-by-organic-farmers-of-uttarakhand/ Dr. Awadhesh Narayan Shukla, Dr. Sarju Narain, Dr. Ajay Kumar Tripathi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJEAB10820245-AnEconomic.pdf This study analyzes the changes in land use and the evolution of landscape patterns in Maoming City from 2000 to 2020, revealing the dynamic changes in land use and their ecological effects during urbanization. The results show a significant decrease in cultivated land area, a notable increase in construction land, and a slight decrease in grassland area during this period, indicating that the ecosystem faces certain pressures. The fluctuations in the number of patches (NP) and patch density (PD) reflect a trend of landscape fragmentation in Maoming. The number of patches in cultivated land and woodland has decreased, and the Interspersion and Juxtaposition Index (IJI) and Aggregation Index (AI) indicate that patch distribution tends to be disordered and uneven. At the overall landscape level, diversity has decreased, and the Shannon's Evenness Index (SHEI) has remained relatively stable but is insufficient to offset the negative impacts of reduced diversity. The Landscape Disturbance Index (LDI) shows that landscape interference in Maoming peaked in 2010 and then declined, suggesting that ecological protection and integrated management measures have been effective. The mean disturbance index (MLDI) is higher in the southern Maonan and Dianbai districts, mainly due to higher urbanization, population density, and active economic activities, while the northern Xinyi City, with lower urbanization and fewer human activities, exhibits a lower disturbance index. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-study-of-the-spatiotemporal-evolution-of-land-use-and-landscape-patterns-in-maoming-city/ Chenlu Wei, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJEAB-108202438-TheStudy.pdf Ecological sensitivity analysis is an indicator for studying regional ecological potential problems and environmental measurement, which plays an important role in regional ecological planning and management. In this study, Geographic information system (GIS) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were used to analyze the sensitivity of the ecological environment of Kaiping City. Five evaluation indicators were selected to construct a sensitivity factor level index system, and the evaluation and spatial analysis were carried out. Firstly, the single-factor evaluation was carried out, the AHP method was used to determine the weights of each factor, and then, based on the GIS spatial analysis function, the comprehensive ecological sensitivity was divided into five levels, and the comprehensive ecological environment sensitivity distribution map was obtained. The results showed that: (1) Among the five ecological evaluation factors, land use factors had the greatest impact on the sensitivity of the ecological environment in Kaiping, with a weight value of 0.48. According to the degree of impact on ecological sensitivity, they are ranked as land use, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI）, elevation, slope, and water buffer from largest to smallest. (2) The overall sensitivity of the ecological environment was high, with the extremely highly areas and highly sensitive areas accounting for 46.23% of the total area, the medium sensitivity areas accounting for 10.04% of the total area, and the sum of extremely low sensitivity areas and low sensitivity areas accounting for 43.47%. (3) In terms of spatial distribution, the extremely highly sensitive areas and high sensitivity areas of the ecological environment are distributed at the edges of the south and north; the extremely low sensitivity areas and low sensitivity areas are distributed in the central and eastern parts and extend to the north and south sides. http://ijeab.com/detail/ecological-sensitivity-analysis-of-kaiping-city-based-on-gis-and-ahp-method/ Peidan Feng, Ruei-Yuan Wang, Shaofu Deng http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJEAB-108202439-Ecological.pdf Agricultural growth with stability has been a matter of concern in Odisha. As paddy is the major crop growing in the state, the present study was therefore carried out with the objectives to examine the changes in cost and Prices, growth, trend, parity between cost and Prices, gap between FHP (Farm Harvest Prices) and MSP (Minimum Support Prices), impact of MSP on area, production and productivity of Paddy in Odisha. The data of cost and Prices of Paddy were collected form the period 2000-01 to 2019-20 and analysed the temporal change, growth by using CGR (Compound Growth Rate), instability by using CV (Coefficient of Variation), trends by using linear and non-linear trend model, index number, effectiveness of the Prices policy during the harvest periods was examined by the deviations of FHP from MSP and classified into positive and negative deviations. These deviations calculated by using MAPD, MAND, AMPD and AMND formulas. To study the impact of lagged Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) on the acreage allocation, production and productivity, linear Regression equations have been fitted. The result shows that the temporal change of cost of Paddy crop increased subsequently over the period of time. This increase could due to increase in level of input use for Paddy is increases in Odisha. The growth analysis revealed that the growth in various cost of Paddy are found positively significant at 5 per cent level for overall period. For FHP and MSP of Paddy crop are found positively significant at 5 per cent level for overall period. The Coefficient of variation for various cost and Prices was found to be high in the Period-I and low in the Period-II, on the whole, it was observed that the degree of stability is increasing for over the period. There was an increase in trend in cost and Prices of Paddy during overall period and among the competitive parametric models third degree model are found best fitted based on R² significance The gap analysis in which deviations of FHPs from MSPs of Paddy crop results in maximum positive deviations (FHP ruled higher than MSP) in Odisha. The result shows that previous year Prices influences current years’ area, production and productivity of Odisha. http://ijeab.com/detail/dimension-of-input-cost-and-output-prices-of-paddy-in-odisha-state-of-india/ N. V. Shende, V. S. Shinde, U. T. Dangore, R. D. Vaidkar, V. K. Khobarkar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJEAB-108202410-Dimension.pdf This study employs the Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to create a complete ecological environment sensitivity evaluation system and perform an ecological sensitivity analysis (ESA) of Qingdao City. First, a single-factor ESA was performed by selecting seven indicators of slope, aspect, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), river buffer zone, Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC), and soil classification, which were then superimposed in GIS based on the weight of each factor, yielding a quantitative ESA of Qingdao. The results indicate that the general ecological sensitivity of Qingdao is largely light and medium. The area proportions of extremely sensitive regions, highly sensitive areas, medium sensitive areas, low sensitive areas, and insensitive areas are 4.09%, 10.4%, 25.58%, 35.1%, respectively. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-study-of-ecological-sensitivity-analysis-of-qingdao-city-using-gis-and-ahp-method/ Tingyin Tan, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJEAB-108202440-The Study.pdf With the help of technology, we can cultivate nutritious vegetables at home using clay pots, empty tins, and discarded utensils. This is known as kitchen gardening. It has been discovered that kitchen/home gardens significantly contribute to the improvement of food security for rural, resource-poor households in developing nations. It is essential for people to keep their health to eat a nutritious diet. Grains, breads, legumes, fruits, vegetables, herbs, and so forth make up a balanced diet. Vegetables are a vital part of a balanced diet since they offer a range of nutrients required for many body functions. About 300 g of vegetables and 100 g of fresh fruits are needed each day (50 g of green leafy vegetables, 200 g of other vegetables, and 50 g of roots and tubers). Growing a variety of crops in your home garden is one of the simplest methods to guarantee that you have access to a balanced diet with enough macro- and micronutrients. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-complete-guide-kitchen-gardening/ Ms. Harsha S. Kumbhalkar, Mr. Rushikesh D. Aghav, Dr. Suraj P. Khedkar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJEAB-108202425-AComplete.pdf This article is based on CLCD (China Land Cover Dataset) and employs the Markov-PLUS model to simulate and configure land use structure, predict future trends, deepen the understanding of the causes and mechanisms of land use change, provide a scientific foundation for the formulation of city land policies, and promote scientific planning, efficient utilization, and sustainable development of land resources. The key result is that forests and cropland are the majority of land types in Yangchun City, accounting for over 90%, with cropland distributed northeast to southwest strip. From 2015 to 2020, the dynamic degree of single land use in grassland was -6.39%, with the fastest drop rate. The dynamic degree of comprehensive land use is relatively small, at 0.13%, indicating that the overall changes in land use types are minor, but there are still changes, primarily the conversion of forests to cropland, with 7926.75 hectares of forest converted to cropland and 5669.37 hectares of cropland converted to forest. These variations are impacted by various factors such as building distance, GDP, slope, elevation, and annual average temperature. Prediction shows that urban growth would increase impermeable surfaces and harm the ecological environment; maintaining cropland can increase cropland area while slowing urbanization; and ecological conservation helps to safeguard water bodies and forests while reducing bare land. Therefore, it is suggested that Yangchun City should protect forests and farmland, implement appropriate land use policies, promote ecological agriculture and forestry, optimize land use structure, strengthen grassland and shrub land management, control the expansion of bare land and impermeable surfaces, implement ecological protection measures, establish monitoring systems, and strengthen public participation and publicity education to achieve sustainable use of land resources as well as social sustainable development. http://ijeab.com/detail/simulation-analysis-of-spatiotemporal-evolution-of-land-use-in-yangchusn-city-using-markov-plus-model/ Jiahong Lai, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJEAB-108202445-Simulation.pdf To analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of land use change and carbon stock in Qingyuan City from 1990 to 2020 and the relationship between them, to provide theoretical decision-making references for balancing economic development and ecological civilization construction and promoting rural revitalization. Based on remote sensing data, ArcGIS was used for land use change visualization, and the Carbon module of the InVEST model was used to estimate carbon stocks to explore the impact of Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) on carbon stocks. The results show that from 1990 to 2020, the area of cultivated land, forest land, and grassland in Qingyuan City decreased, the area of construction land and water area increased, and the size of the unused land area remained unchanged. The land use type with the largest share of carbon stocks is forest land, and the smallest is unused land. The total carbon stock was 132,300,135 Mg (mega gram) in 1990 and 131,613,007 Mg in 2020, a decrease of 687,128 Mg in total carbon stock. Changes in the area of grasslands leading to changes in the area of carbon stocks are the most obvious, and the conversion of cultivated land, forested land, and grasslands to construction land is the main cause of the loss of carbon stocks.. http://ijeab.com/detail/land-use-change-monitoring-and-carbon-storage-assessment-in-qingyuan-city-using-the-invest-model/ Shuxian Pan, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJEAB-108202446-LandUse.pdf Caffeic acid O-methyltransferases (COMTs) are essential enzymes for producing natural products in plants, specifically involved in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway and the monolignol biosynthetic pathway. These enzymes are responsible for the methylation of caffeic acid compounds, which are the building blocks for many plant-derived compounds with various biological activities. The investigation of the evolutionary divergence, expression patterns under diverse abiotic stress conditions, and lignin content-related features of the COMT gene family in Sorghum has not been explored. In this study, forty-eight SbCOMTs were identified in S.bicolor. Based on the examination of evolutionary relationships, 48 SbCOMTs were classified into two distinct categories. The gene characterization and the conserved motif patterns in each group were similar, demonstrating the reliability of the phylogenetic categorization. Chromosomes 5 and 7 have been found as the hotspot of SbCOMTs with 10 and 7 genes respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the conservation of Sorghum COMT genes among Zea mays and Oryza sativa. Investigation of regulatory elements specifies the significant roles that COMT genes play in the monolignol biosynthetic pathway of S. bicolor. Analysis of miRNA, transcription factor binding, and gene expression analysis provides insights to further engineer lignin biosynthetic pathway for better biofuel yield. We found that two SbCOMTs (SbCOMT26& 36) were highly expressed and their relative contents were similar to the variation drift of lignin content under abiotic stress conditions in S. bicolor. These results provide a clue for further study on the roles of SbCOMTs in the development of Sorghum and could favourably be foundations for the cultivation of Sorghum with higher biomass and yield with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. http://ijeab.com/detail/genome-wide-identification-characterization-and-expression-analysis-of-the-caffeic-acid-o-methyl-transferase-comt-gene-family-of-sorghum-bicolor/ Prashanth Bollempally, Vinod Kumar Anumandla, Anjana Priyadarshani Kanathala, Srinivas Naik Kethavath, Prashant Singam http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJEAB-108202442-Genome.pdf Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is a global health problem, especially in the developing countries and in India it is also a formidable health challenge. The World Health Organization (WHO) report already identified Iron Deficiency Anaemia as world’s most serious health risk factor. The vulnerable groups are pre-school children, school going children, adolescent girls, pregnant women and partially lactating women. Fortification, as generally understood, refer to the process of addition of a nutrient to a food to improve the quality of nutrient to meet the recommended dietary allowance of the population to correctthe existing nutrient deficiency amongst them. Green Gram Dhal (Vigna radiata) was chosen as a vehicle for this study as it is the most acceptable pulse among all Indians irrespective of being vegetarian or non-vegetarian and it contains good quality of protein that helps in iron absorption, moreover pulse, considered to be the second staple food in India, has not yet being considered as a vehicle for iron or any kind of fortification. The in vitro bioavailability of iron in the green gram dhal flour fortified with extrinsic iron and ascorbic acid as iron absorption promoter was studied as compared to non fortified green gram dhal flour. It was found that green gram dhal flour fortified with both extrinsic iron and iron absorption promoter had the highest impact on enhancement of the absorption of both native and added iron, especially in acidic pH, however dhal flour fortified with extrinsic iron only had also the enhancing impact on iron absorption mainly in acidic pH. Thus it can be predicted that fortification of green gram dhal flour with extrinsic iron and iron absorption promoter increases the bioavailability of both native and added iron. http://ijeab.com/detail/in-vitro-bioavailability-of-iron-from-green-gram-vigna-radiata-dhal-flour-fortified-with-extrinsic-iron-and-its-absorption-promoter-ascorbic-acid/ Rimpa Bose, Binata Nayak http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJEAB-108202444-In-Vitro.pdf This study aimed to evaluate the influence of varied intensities of summer pruning on five predominant apple cultivars in ultra-high-density planting systems on yield and quality performance at harvest. The experiment was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022-23 growing seasons under the Kulgam district of J&K (UT) in the North-Western Himalayan region of India. Experimental plants were evaluated at harvest for yield and quality performance. The economic value of various treatments was calculated by estimating total costs (Rs/tree), gross income (Rs/tree), and Net income (Rs/tree) by framing questionnaires and collecting requisite information. Results revealed that summer pruning showed varied results in terms of various observations due to different genetic makeup, growing habits, bearing patterns, market price, and fruit quality. Significantly at par highest average yields/tree was obtained in Red Fuji (49.741kg) and Jeromine (49.268 kg) while the lowest value was obtained in Red Chief (27.919kg). However, Redlum Gala excelled over other cultivars in terms of Fancy (4.148kg), A-grade (27.517kg), and B-grade (4.158kg) although its yield was 42.313kg/tree which was lower as compared to Red Fuji and Jeromine. Maximum C-grade apples were obtained in the case of Red Fuji (23.998 kg/tree) and minimum in Red Chief cultivar (2.267 kg/tree). Mild summer pruning resulted in significantly the highest yield (47.076kg/tree) as compared to other summer pruning intensities. Summer pruning significantly affected the quantity of various apple grades. The maximum quantity of Fancy-grade apples (3.451kg/tree) was obtained in medium summer pruning whereas, mild summer pruning resulted in the highest A-grade (25.465kg/tree). Results revealed that the highest average yield was obtained in the mediumly pruned Red Fuji cultivar (57.53kg/tree) which was significantly at par with mildly pruned Jeromine (56.48 kg/tree). Better results in terms of Fancy-grade apples were obtained in mediumly pruned Redlum Gala (5.69 kg/tree) as compared to other treatment combinations. Similarly, mildly pruned Jeromine excelled in other treatment combinations in terms of A-grade apple yield (36.78 kg/tree). Similarly, various treatment combinations varied in terms of B-grade and C-grade apple yield. A negative correlation was observed between the crop yield (t/ha) and pruning severity in almost all cultivars excluding Red Fuji. A strong linear negative correlation (-0.99) between summer pruning and crop yield was observed in the Red Chief variety. A slight positive correlation was observed in the case of Red Fuji. The economic viability of various treatment combinations varied and was found better in terms of BC ratio in mediumly pruned and severely pruned Jeromine cultivar (3.67) followed by mediumly pruned Red Chief cultivar (3.57) and the lowest in unpruned Red Fuji (0.80). http://ijeab.com/detail/yield-and-quality-performance-of-apples-under-varied-summer-pruning-intensities-in-the-north-western-himalayan-region/ Haseeb Ur Rehman, Manzoor Ahmad Ganai, Tasneem Mubarak, Ab Shakoor Khanday and Shahid A Shergojry http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJEAB-108202428-Yield.pdf Tisane is a generic term for tea made from herbs instead of leaves of tea plant. In recent times, tisanes are gaining increasing popularity among consumers because of new bioactive compounds and their health benefits. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate herbal tisane using guava, mint and tulasi leaves along with some spices. All the leaves were subjected to a series of pre treatments before development of tisane. The unblanched and solar dried leaves showed better color retention when rehydrated. Tisane dips were made weighing 1.7g each, in which control sample is unblanched guava leaves. Spice’s mix contains 10% mint, 10% cinnamon, 20% basil and 10% ginger as constant. Sample treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively formulated using different compositions of guava leaves: spice mix like 40:60, 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30. Sample T4 (70:30) recorded higher amount of carbohydrate content (58.75%), protein content (22.15%), fat content (4.4%), total phenolic (150.1mg GAE/g), total tannin content (1.214mg CE/g) and was highly accepted by sensory panels. Based on the results it concludes that the formulation with 70:30 ratios of guava leaves and spice mix showed better results and can be best alternative to commercial tea with various health benefits. http://ijeab.com/detail/development-and-evaluation-of-guava-leaf-spiced-herbal-tisane-dips/ S. Jayasree, M. Kirthy Reddy, V M S N S Prasanth, K. Rajesh, K. Manaswini, R. Venkata Srikanth, M. Himasree http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJEAB-108202448-Development.pdf