http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us December With the rapid growth of the economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the scarcity of land resources has become increasingly prominent, and changes in land use types have become a hot research topic. This study takes Zhenjiang City in Jiangsu Province as an example, using land use data from 2000, 2010, and 2020, and combining ArcGIS with three methods: land use transfer matrix, dynamic degree, and standard deviation ellipse, to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and transfer amounts of land use types in the past two decades. The results indicate that firstly, the land use types in Zhenjiang are cropland, construction land, forests, and water bodies, with the specific area being cropland>construction land>forests>water bodies>wetlands>grasslands. Secondly, forests are distributed in the southwest and northwest of Zhenjiang; wetlands are distributed in the north; water bodies are distributed in the north and central western regions; and construction land is distributed in the north and central regions. Thirdly, in the past two decades, the single land use dynamic degree of construction land has been the highest, at 17.27%, indicating the largest change in area and rapid urban extension in Zhenjiang. The center of gravity of construction land has undergone significant changes, showing a shift from northeast to southwest. http://ijeab.com/detail/analysis-of-spatial-temporal-changes-of-land-use-in-zhenjiang-city-jiangsu-province-from-2000-to-2020-using-gis/ Jinzhao Liang, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-110202431-Analysis.pdf Several efficient cellulase producing microorganisms were isolated. The purpose was to identify and characterize those isolates displaying the greatest cellulase activity for the possible use in the large scale biorefining. Cellulases are inducible enzymes that are synthesized by a large number of microorganisms during their growth on cellulosic materials. Cellulases have attracted much interest because of the diversity of their applications. Cellulases are used in the various industrial process, including textile and laundry, food, feed, leather, pulp and paper. The biochemical characterizations of the isolated Bacterial strains from termite gut. .Isolated strains are efficient namely TG I and TG II. Indicate that they may play a role in cellulose digestion in termite gut. http://ijeab.com/detail/physiological-and-biochemical-characterization-cellulolytic-bacteria/ S. D. Bharambe, Kunvar Gyanendra Kumar, R. P. Singh, A. S. Pawar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-11020244-Physiological.pdf Plastics made from fossil fuels contribute to pollution and disrupt ecosystems. While bioplastics and compostable bags that are made from renewable materials offer promising alternatives, they can also have severe effects such as eutrophication. Bioplastics can increase the soil nutrients like nitrogen (under certain conditions). A huge impact has been made by bioplastic additives on soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties, land, human health, flora and fauna, and the environment in general. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessing-the-environmental-impact-of-compostable-bioplastic-bagstapsi-jain-yashika-grover-shreya-jain-hyma-yadav/ Tapsi Jain, Yashika Grover, Shreya Jain, Hyma Yadav http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-110202423-Assessing.pdf Prosopis cineraria (P. cineraria), commonly known as Khejri, plays a significant role in enhancing soil health, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study investigates the impact of Prosopis cineraria on soil organic carbon (SOC) levels in the context of agroforestry systems in Sardarshahar, Rajasthan. The analysis reveals that the presence of this species positively influences SOC concentrations, contributing to improved soil fertility and structure. The deep root system and high biomass production of P. cineraria facilitate the accumulation of organic matter in the soil, leading to higher carbon sequestration potential compared to non-forested areas. Additionally, the integration of this species into arid agroforestry systems can support sustainable agricultural practices in these challenging environments. This case study highlights the ecological benefits of P. cineraria in maintaining soil health in arid regions and discusses about the dynamics of SOC along seasons and soil depth. The findings advocate the importance of incorporating native tree species like Prosopis cineraria into agroforestry practices to enhance soil organic carbon stocks and promote sustainable land management in Rajasthan and similar arid landscapes. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-prosopis-cineraria-on-soil-organic-carbon-implication-for-arid-agroforestry-with-a-case-study-of-sardarshahar-rajasthan/ Laxmi Pareek, Vinod Kumar Yadav, Suman Lata Tripathi, Shilpa Yadav http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-110202426-Impact.pdf This research aims to determine the substitution of inorganic fertilizers using organic fertilizers and biofertilizers (PGPR) in an effort to reduce farmers' dependence on inorganic fertilizers and reduce subsidized fertilizers by the government. The research method used in this research is a factorial experiment with 2 factors with 6 treatment combinations. The first factor is biofertilizer (PGPR), R0 = without PGPR, R10 = 10 liters ha-1 PGPR and the second factor is P0 (farmers' habitual fertilization (400 kg ha-1 urea + 400 kg ha-1 NPK), P1 (100% inorganic (275 kg ha-1 urea + 250 kg ha-1 NPK)), P2 (75% inorganic (206.25 kg ha-1 urea + 187,5 kg ha-1 NPK) + 25% organic (1,25 ton ha-1)) , P3 (50% inorganic (137,5 kg h-1 Urea + 125 kg ha-1 NPK) + 50% organic (2,5 ton ha-1)), P4 (25% inorganic (68,75 kg ha-1) 1 Urea + 62,5 kg ha-1 NPK) + 75% organic (3,75 ton ha-1)), P5 (100% organic fertilizer (5 ton ha-1)). Variables observed were plant length, number of tillers, grain contents per hill, weight of 1000 seeds, productivity, leaf chlorophyll content and R/C ratio. The result shows that organic fertilizer and PGPR can be used to substitute inorganic fertilizer at 25% to 50% of the recommended dose, especially in its effect on yield. Meanwhile, substitution of 75% and 100% still not shows the effective substitution. http://ijeab.com/detail/substitution-of-inorganic-fertilizer-and-biofertilizer-application-on-wetland-rice-oryza-sativa-varieties-inpari-32/ Marvita Akhiri Rimbasari, Setyono Yudo Tyasmoro*, Karuniawan Puji Wicaksono, Didik Hariyono http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-110202422-Substitution.pdf Guava (Psidium guajava L.), Botanically, guava belongs to the family Myrtaceae. Its basic chromosome number is 11 (2n 2x = 22), foliar application is based on the principle that the nutrients are quickly absorbed by leaves and transported to different parts of the plant to fulfil the functional requirement of nutrition. Experiment was carried out at the Horticultural Research Farm-1, Department of Horticulture, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow- 226025 (U.P.), India during the year 2020-2021, to study the impact of foliar spray of micronutrients and plant growth regulators on guava fruit performance. Observations are recorded fruit set, fruit retention, fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, fruit volume and fruit yield, applications of foliar spray with Borax 0.5%+GA3 40 ppm is most effective in performance of guava fruits viz, fruit set (70.28 %), fruit retention (61.35 %), fruit length (8.68 cm), fruit width (7.83 cm), fruit weight (139.96 g) fruit volume (125.80 ml) and fruit yield (64.85 kg/tree). http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-foliar-spray-of-micronutrients-and-plant-growth-regulators-on-growth-and-yield-of-guava-psidium-guajava-l-cv-l-49/ Sonam Meena, Sanjay Kumar, Rajesh Kumar Meena, Nikita Divaker, Kriparam Meena, Rakesh Meena http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-11120244-Impactof.pdf Climate change has been experienced across the globe, with the most affected being smallholder farmers in least and moderately developed countries. Floods and drought which constitute some of the climatic extreme events have negative impacts on the socio-economic development, with devastating consequences on a country’s economy. The main objective of this study was to assess institutional response on adaptation to climate change and variability at the household level, in three agro-ecological zones in Makueni County, Kenya. The study used survey research design. The three agro-ecological sites were selected using stratified sampling, while simple random method was used to select 289 households for interview. Selection of key informants was done through purposive sampling method. Data was collected through administration of semi-structured and open-ended questionnaires to the selected households, and also through interview of key informants, focus group discussions, observation and photography. Findings indicated that there was significant correlation between the climate change and the agro-ecological zones studied (X2=13.3, df=2, P 0.05). The study established that, government disaster preparedness programs were statistically significantly associated with reduced exposure to climate change and extreme weather events. http://ijeab.com/detail/institutional-response-on-adaptation-to-the-effects-of-climate-change-in-selected-parts-of-makueni-county-kenya/ Faith M. Moses, Christopher Oludhe, Gilbert Ouma, Patrick D. Kisangau http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-11020249-Institutional.pdf The present investigation was conducted to estimate the Impact of spacing and fertilizer levels on growth, yield and economics of grain amaranth during rabi season of 2022 at Experimental farm, Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture, Parbhani. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replication. Main plots were assigned to the different spacing viz S1: 45cm x 15cm, S2 : 45cm x 20cm and S3 : 30cm x 20cm and subplot comprises of four fertilizer levels viz. F1 : 30:20:10 NPK kg ha-1, F2 :45:30:15 NPK kg ha-1, F3 :60:40:20 NPK kg ha-1 and F4 :75:50:25 NPK kg ha-1. The experimental gross plot size was 5.4 x 4.8 m2 and net plot size varied as per treatment. On 21st November, 2022, sowing was carried out by dibbling the seed @ 2 kg ha-1. The result of experiment revealed that sowing of amaranth at spacing of 45cm ×15cm and application of 75:50:25 NPK Kg ha-1 were found more productive and profitable. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-spacing-and-fertilizer-levels-on-growth-yield-and-economics-of-grain-amaranth-amaranthus-hypochondriacus-l/ Shivani Sunil Tandle http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-110202433-Effectof.pdf A farmer’s participatory field experiment was conducted during two kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 at farmers’ fields in Mokheri, Bhojka, Kalimali and Phalodivillages of Jodhpur district of Rajasthan on loamy fine to coarse and medium to low in fertility status. To test the OFT on Efficient use of foliar fertilization technology in Bt cotton cropdeeloped by the Junagadh Agriculture University, Gujarat.The study aimed to analyze the performance and adoption of improved new agriculture technology is a crucialaspects under innovation diffusion process and the most important forenhancing agriculture production at a faster rate. These aspect On Farm Trials technology is one of the most powerful tools for assessment and transfer of technology.The present study was find out the production enhancement and economics through On Farm Trials technology of Bt. cottonon farmers’ fields. The technology On Farm Trial recorded additional pooled yield over farmers’ practices under OFTs the seed cotton and stalkyieldsof Bt. cottonwas increased 14.70 and11.48percent over farmers’ practices. Adoption of improvedpackage of practices under OFTs in Bt. cotton cultivation recorded higher B:C ratio 2.19 as compared to farmers’ practices 1.96 and net returns under OFTs was Rs. 69,287 and farmers’ practicesRs 54,287 recorded. Improved technology (OFTs seed cotton and stalk yields was 19.5 and 23.3 q/ha as compared to farmers’ practices 17.0 and 20.9q/ha. Thus, it may be concluded thatuse of fertilizers as per recommendation with foliar spray of WSF 1 % NPK (19:19:19) at flowering, Boll formation and Boll development stages is effective and economical feasible practice in Bt. Cotton of farming community under irrigated conditon of Rajasthan. http://ijeab.com/detail/on-farm-study-on-the-efficacy-of-nutrient-management-treatments-on-bt-cotton/ Manmohan Puniya, L. R. Choudhary, D. K. Bagri http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-11120249-OnFarm.pdf Radish is one of the well-known root crop and its popularity could be due to its wider climatic adaptation, easy cultivation method and a wider range of its uses. Excessive chemical fertilizer could lead to chemical toxicity in the root crop and affected the growth and yield of radish. A field experiment was assessed to conducted in randomized block design with five treatment and three replications with the setup of T1 –Without manuring,T2-FYM @5Tha-1 +Vermicompost@ 1.75Tha-1+ jeevamrit@5%conc, T3-FYM@5Tha-1+vermicompost@1.75Tha-1 +jeevamrit@ 10%conc, T4-FYM @2.5Tha-1 +Vermicompost @.087Tha-1+jeevmrit@5% conc and T5-FYM @2.5 Tha-1+Vermicompost@ 0.87Tha-1 +jeevamrit @10% conc. respectively to evaluate the effect of organic manure and jeevamrit on growth, yield and quality of radish.The results revealed that treatment T3 -FYM@5Tha-1+vermicompost@1.75Tha-1 +jeevamrit@ 10%conc were significantly enhanced the growth characters i.e. number of leaves(28.67)at 120 DAS, leaf length(26.63cm) at 120DAS , Leaf breadth(6.06cm) after 120 DAS whereas, yield characters i.e. root length (26.16cm),root diameter(3.79cm),TSS(5.250B),Fresh weight of root(20.16g),fresh weight of plant(61.21g), yield(224.64gha-1), were also found highest with T3-FYM@ 5Tha-1+vermicompost@1.75Tha-1 +jeevamrit 10% conc. The study suggested that the application of jeevamrit along with organic manures was found more beneficial and significantly improved the growth and yield of radish under U.P. condition. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-organic-manure-and-jeevamrit-on-growth-yield-and-quality-of-radish-raphanus-sativus-l-under-u-p-condiotion/ Deepti Srivastava, S P Singh, LP Yadava, J K Singh, Richa Singh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-110202410-Effectof.pdf The field of ethnopharmacology recommends the use of traditional approaches for the development of drugs from natural sources. The herbaceous species Andrographis echioides, commonly found in the dry regions of the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka, was the subject of the present study, which aimed to test this hypothesis by isolating and characterizing compounds from the plant. Specimens were collected from Trichy and identified using monographic data. The ethanolic extract was subjected to preliminary analysis, and chromatographic techniques were employed to separate secondary metabolites. The bioactive compounds were then characterized to determine their chemical compositions and molecular structures. This study emphasizes the significance of natural medicines, specifically focusing on diosgenin, a secondary metabolite found in Andrographis echioides. HPTLC analysis of the ethanolic extract revealed promising results, with Rf values similar to those obtained by ultraviolet spectrum analysis. IR analysis indicated the presence of chemical groups with distinct peak formation, while NMR results demonstrated the intricate structure of the molecules and their associated chemical groups. In conclusion, harnessing the power of natural sources in the pharmaceutical industry has the potential to revolutionize drug discovery and development, as long as the challenges associated with standardization, quality control, and safety are addressed. http://ijeab.com/detail/isolation-of-novel-steroidal-saponin-from-the-stem-extract-of-andrographis-echioides-l-nees/ I Helen Diana, Vanathi Sundarapandiyan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-110202430-Isolation.pdf Accurate prediction of evaporation is important for various purposes such as dam structure design, operation, and the development and management of water resources. Determining water evaporation from the reservoir volume is an important parameter for reservoir operation studies, based on hydrological and meteorological data. In this study, daily average relative humidity, air temperature, wind speed, and sunshine duration parameters were used for evaporation estimation. In the study, daily evaporation estimation was performed using the methods of Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Fuzzy Logic - Simple Membership Functions and Fuzzy Rule Generation Technique (Fuzzy -SMRGT). As the study area, the Atatürk Dam, located between the provinces of Adıyaman and Şanlıurfa, has been chosen. In the study, the model results were evaluated according to statistical criteria such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Determination. When evaluating the model results, it was determined that the MLR, ANFIS and Fuzzy-SMRGT models yielded similar results in daily evaporation estimation and that the Fuzzy Logic (ANFIS and Fuzzy SMRGT) models were applicable. http://ijeab.com/detail/estimation-of-ataturk-dam-evaporation-amount-using-fuzzy-logic-method/ Ahmet Gül, Fatih Üneş, Bestami Taşar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-11120247-Estimation.pdf This study was to evaluate the effects, determine the appropriate, fertilizers on peanut production. The experiment was installed in Tra Cu with two variety MD7, L14. Seven fertilizer treatments were designed. The treatments consisted of the application of T1:(Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M); T2: (organic fertilizer =10 ton/ha) ;T3:( Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M) + chemical fertilizers (35N-60P-60K + 150kg Ca + 40kg Mg ) + organic fertilizer 100%); T4: (Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M) + chemical fertilizers(35N-60P-60K + 150kg Ca + 40kg Mg ) + organic fertilizer 75% ;T5( Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M) + chemical fertilizers + organic fertilizer 50%) ;T6: chemical fertilizers (35N-60P-60K + 150kg Ca + 40kg Mg ) +(Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + Probiotics 3M) and T7 control and treatment of farmers: (120 N-60 P-60 K + 200 Ca kg/ha). The experimental design adopted consisted of randomized complete blocks with three replications. Results showed that the analysis of absorption N, P, K in the seeds, both varieties have statistical significance on the experiments. The treatment T5, with the highest N content (2.175) for MD7, and L14 variety (2.588). For P both varieties the highest N content at treatment T7. Only K with MD7 varieties the highest N content at treatment T7 and L14 in the treatment T4. The Ca and Mg content in the seed had the highest in treatment T5 with both two varities. For the leaf: +N content in the leaves in the treatment T2 was the highest N content (4.852) for MD7. For the L14 variety in the treatment T6 (4.989) (Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + CPVS 3M) for the highest N content, followed by the fertilization level in the treatment T3 (4,625) using probiotics (Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + CPVS 3M) + MKC chemical fertilizer + 100% organic fertilizer). P content, on MD7 varieties, at the treatment (T2) using only organic fertilizers and (T3) using biological products (Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + CPVS 3M) + MKC chemical fertilizers + 100% organic fertilizers for the highest P content (1.521; 1.365) respectively. K content, on the MD7 variety, at the treatment T2 and treatment T4, had the highest content (0.142; 0.102) respectively. For the L14 variety, the treatment T7 gave the highest K content (0.612). The leaves in the treatment T3 gave the highest Ca content. Mg content in the leaves depends on the age and genotypic location of the plant. On MD7 varieties, the highest Mg content in treatment T5 (1.140). For the L14 variety, at the level of treatment T3, use biological products (Trichoderma sp + Bordeaux 1% + CPVS 3M) + MKC chemical fertilizer + 100% organic fertilizer for the highest Mg content (0.712) and the lowest in T1 (0.012). It is essential to apply the correct dose and correct time for peanut at Tra Vinh. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-n-p-k-ca-and-mg-fertilizer-application-on-peanuts-in-tra-vinh-province-vietnam/ Tran Khanh Thi Nguyen, Hieu Chi Bui, Lang Thi Nguyen http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-111202412-Effect.pdf Urbanisation per se becomes significant, since it affects land use, cropping pattern, occupational pattern, migration, literacy, access to markets and infrastructure, etc. Dynamics of cropping pattern is usually expressed at macro level and it has a significant bearing on the urbanization, mainly due to the availability and proximity of markets in the urban areas. The specific objectives set forth for the study are, to study the temporal changes and the shift in the cropping pattern and to measure the extent of diversification in the study area. The tools used for the study were descriptive statistics, growth rate analysis, markov chain analysis and diversification indices. The changes in the cropping pattern was estimated for the period from 2000-01 to 2019-2020 and further discussed under two decadal periods. The results revealed that there has been a gradual shift in the cropping pattern in Tamil Nadu state. The shift in cropping pattern, might be due to the awareness of the farmers on the profitability of the crops and developments in the market infrastructure and urbanisation. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-urbanisation-on-cropping-pattern-in-tamil-nadu-an-economic-analysis/ E. Gayathri, K. Sita Devi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-11120248-Impactof.pdf This study was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of the number of branches and the level of nitrogen fertilization on the growth and yield of melon (Cucumis melo L.). The study was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, namely, the number of branches (J1: 1 branch and J2: 2 branches) and the level of nitrogen fertilization (N150, N175, N200, N225 and N250). Observation parameters included plant length, number of leaves, leaf area, flowering time, number of flowers, chlorophyll content, and fruit yield (quality). The results showed that the number of branches and the level of nitrogen fertilizer gave significant results on growth parameters. The application of a higher nitrogen fertilizer level of 250 kg N ha-1 generally increased plant growth in the 1 branch treatment (J1) and increased fruit weight in the 2 branch treatment (J2). This study indicates that the right number of branches and nitrogen fertilization levels can increase melon production. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-effect-of-number-of-branches-and-level-of-nitrogen-fertilizer-on-growth-and-yield-of-melon-cucumis-melo-l/ Sekar Kinanti, Husni Thamrin Sebayang, Eko Widaryanto http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-111202413-TheEffect.pdf Camel milk is unique from other ruminant’s milk in terms of its composition as well as in its health effects. Cheese production from camel milk is considered to be a difficult task due to unique physicochemical properties and its compositional structure. The basic purpose of this research was to optimize the processing conditions of camel milk cheese by using different levels of solid not fat (SNF), fat and CaCl2. Buffalo milk (0.0%, 05%, 10%, and 15%) was mixed with camel milk and the cheese produced, shown better results (protein 17.86%, fat 16%, moisture 64.66%) as compared to other concentrations. The cheese with skimmed camel milk incorporated with 5% buffalo milk gave highly significant (p http://ijeab.com/detail/development-of-camel-milk-soft-cheese-with-different-levels-of-salt-fat-and-solid-not-fat/ Aasma Batool, Faizan Ul Haq, Khubaib Ali, Muhammad Umair Khalid, Usama Zafar, Waleed AL-Ansi http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-111202418-Development.pdf Waste management in India has long been a pressing challenge, exacerbated by rapid urbanization and population growth. Among the various strategies to tackle this issue, waste-to-energy (WtE) initiatives have emerged as a promising solution, converting municipal solid waste into usable energy. This paper explores the current landscape of WtE initiatives in India, assessing their effectiveness, challenges, and future prospects. Despite the potential of WtE technologies to mitigate waste disposal problems and contribute to renewable energy production, their implementation in India faces significant hurdles, including technological, financial, and regulatory barriers. The existing WtE projects across different states, highlighting successful case studies such as the Okhla WtE plant in Delhi and the Narela-Bawana plant, which have demonstrated considerable capacity in waste processing and energy generation. Furthermore, we have analysed the policy framework supporting WtE projects, including government incentives and regulations under the Swachh Bharat Mission and the National Policy on Biofuels. The review also addresses the socio-environmental impact of WtE plants, considering public perception, environmental concerns, and the role of informal waste sectors. Challenges such as high capital costs, operational inefficiencies, and the need for improved waste segregation at the source are discussed, alongside potential solutions and technological advancements that could enhance WtE viability. Finally, we have outlined a roadmap for the future of WtE in India, advocating for integrated waste management systems, stronger regulatory frameworks, and increased public-private partnerships to foster sustainable development. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of India's WtE landscape, offering insights and recommendations for stakeholders and policymakers to optimize waste management and energy production. http://ijeab.com/detail/turning-trash-into-treasure-the-current-landscape-and-future-of-waste-to-energy-initiatives-in-india/ Kirtika Sati, Aditi Vats http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-111202415-Turning.pdf In present communication, nanocrystalline nickel zinc ferrite (NZF) has been prepared by spin controlled coprecipitation method in varied proportions to study the alcohol (primary alcohols viz. ethanol, propanol and butanol) sensing behaviour at room temperature. Nanocrystalline nickel zinc ferrite (NZF) Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 (where x = 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) are subjected to the structural and surface morphological characterizations, porosity and surface activity through Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The variations in electrical resistance of Ni0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4 (NZF1), Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (NZF2) and Ni0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 (NZF3) are measured with the exposure of 500 ppm ethanol, propanol and butanol vapours as a time function at room temperature. 89% sensitivity is detected by NFZ1 for 500 ppm of ethanol vapour. The sensing response followed the order of ethanol > propanol > butanol for all the three samples. The increasing trend of VOC (volatile organic substance) sensing properties by NZFs has been verified through extensive DFT (density functional theory) analysis by adopting PAW (projector augmented wave) technique. DFT calculation supports the pulling effect of Ni atoms in NZF nanoparticles which consequently increases the sensing properties of the NZFs. ELF (Electron localization function) study also supports the accelerated adsorption capacity of nickel doped nanoferrites. http://ijeab.com/detail/green-synthesis-and-dft-study-of-nickel-zinc-ferrite-nanoparticles-a-highly-sensitive-room-temperature-voc-sensing-material/ Chandra Mukherjee, Subhankar Choudhury, Nabajyoti Baildya, Narendra Nath Ghosh, Debabrata Misra, J. Das http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-11220245-Green.pdf This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the combination of plant spacing and mulch application on upland rice (Oryza Sativa L.) variety INPAGO 13. The experiment was carried out using a Split Plot Design (RPT), with the main plots (PU) consisting of M0l (no mulch), M1 (straw mulch), and M2 (Black-Silver Mulch), while the subplots (AP) included T1 (plant spacing 20l cm x 20l cm), T2 (plant spacing 30l cm x 30l cm), and T3 (plant spacing 40l cm x 20l cm x 12.5 cm). The observed parameters included plant height, number of tillers per clump, number of leaves per clump, leaf area per clump, leaf area index (LAI), dry weight per clump, dry weight of rice grains per clump, dry weight of rice grains per m², rice yield per hectare, dry weight of 10l0l0l grains, albedo, soil temperature, and solar energy conversion efficiency. The results showed that both mulch application and plant spacing had a significant effect on growth and yield parameters. The application of black-silver mulch with a plant spacing of 40l cm x 20l cm x 12.5 cm generally improved plant growth. This study indicates that the combination of plant spacing and mulch application can enhance the yield of upland rice (Oryza Sativa L.) variety INPAGO 13. http://ijeab.com/detail/optimization-of-mulching-and-plant-spacing-on-the-improvement-of-productivity-in-upland-rice-oryza-sativa-l-variety-inpago-13/ Waiz Al Qadri, Agus Suryanto, Titin Sumarni http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-11220243-Optimization.pdf The bioethanol production from the biomass is gaining popularity now-a-days all over the world. The bio-ethanol is produced by the process of fermentation of starch, sugars of fruit wastes. Bioethanol can be utilized as bio-fuel for the transport purpose, sanitizer production. Compared to any other sources for bio ethanol production, mixed fruit wastes were cheaper. The present study focussed on utilization of the fruit wastes which are discarded from the local fruit shops and fresh juice shops for the bioethanol production. Mixed fruit wastes were collected and used as the raw material for the bioethanol production takes place via., Candida tropicalis. Yeast is the common species for bio-ethanol, alcohol, biofuel, wine and cider fermentation and conversion of biomass into ethanol. The mixed fruit waste can be converted into biofuel which can acts as an alternative source of bio-ethanol. http://ijeab.com/detail/isolation-and-characterization-of-candida-tropicalis-from-mixed-fruit-wastes-for-bio-ethanol-production/ Dharaneesh T, Lokeshwaran TR, Kalaivanan V, Harish Kumar T, Sharan K, Nismal Aswin A http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-108202427-Isolation.pdf Rubber mini-seedling budding have the characteristics of short nursery cycle, low labor intensity, large number of seedlings per unit area, easy transportation and planting, well-developed taproot and intact root system, high post-planting survival rate, fast growth, strong tolerance to drought, wind and cold, and early tapping. The quality of rubber tree axillary buds is a key factor affecting the budding of rubber mini-seedling buddings, and there are many environmental factors affecting the quality of rubber tree axillary bud. Production practice shows that moderate shading is beneficial to the quality of rubber bud stick. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the effect of light on the quality of rubber tree axillary bud. This study set up two treatments with 75% and 100% light intensity based on production practice to observe and analyze the phenology and axillary bud morphological indicators of rubber tree leaf whorl. The results showed that axillary buds of the 3rd leaf whorl had the highest quality under 75% light intensity. Suitable light intensity promotes axillary buds to grow more robustly. Taken together, light has a significant impact on the quality of rubber tree axillary bud. Suitable lighting is more conducive to improving the quality of rubber tree axillary bud and laying a good foundation for the subsequent growth and development of rubber mini-seedling budding. http://ijeab.com/detail/light-intensity-affects-axillary-bud-quality-of-rubber-mini-seedling-budding-catas73397/ Jinglan Ruan, Zhennan Cha, Xuedan Gong, Xiying Jiang, Xianhong Chen, Jun Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-11220247-Light.pdf In this study an automated Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFlux) was used to produce actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimates for rabi wheat, compared against the FAO-56 approach using ground-measured weather data. Eight cloud-free Landsat images from the 2020-2021 rabi season were processed in METRIC-EEFlux, producing ETa values ranging from 0.95 mm to 4.07 mm, with an average of 2.41 mm. Conversely, the FAO-56 method estimated ETa values between 0.64 mm and 4.80 mm, averaging 2.58 mm. Cumulative ETa for wheat was 290 mm (EEFlux) and 336 mm (FAO-56). The comparison showed moderate agreement (IA = 0.67), with EEFlux underestimating by 13.69% relative to FAO-56. EEFlux-ETa had an RMSE of 0.93 mm/day and NRMSE of 0.33. The findings suggest that EEFlux can achieve more accurate ET estimates with frequent satellite imagery, improved weather data, and automated ETrF adjustments, necessitating further validation across multiple years to confirm its general applicability. http://ijeab.com/detail/determination-of-wheat-evapotranspiration-using-the-earth-engine-evapotranspiration-flux-eeflux/ Vishal Pandey, S.A. Kadam, S.D. Gorantiwar, M.G. Shinde http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-111202411-Determination.pdf The primary issue in zucchini cultivation is water availability. As a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, zucchini is notably sensitive to water supply, which can significantly influence plant growth and productivity. Each growth phase of the plant has specific water requirements that must be met for optimal development. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal watering management, tailored to the growth stages of zucchini, ensuring sustainable cultivation practices. The study was designed using a randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatments. Four levels of watering management, based on field capacity (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%), were applied in combination with two main growth phases (vegetative and generative). The treatments were repeated three times, resulting in 36 experimental units. The findings of this study indicate that treatments V40G60, V40G80, and V60G60 led to a decrease in both growth and yield of zucchini plants. These included growth parameters such as plant length, number of leaves, number of male flowers, number of female flowers, plant fresh weight, and plant dry weight. Furthermore, the V40G60 treatment significantly reduced yield parameters, including fruit weight and plant yield. http://ijeab.com/detail/optimizing-watering-strategies-enhancing-zucchini-cucurbita-pepo-l-growth-and-yield-through-phase-specific-water-management/ Dian Nugraha Harry Putra, Eko Widaryanto, Anna Satyana Karyawati http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-11220246-Optimizing.pdf This study evaluated the effect of inulin-fortified maize-based Rab on the lipid parameters of 30 hyperlipidemic subjects. The subjects consumed 200 ml of modified Rab (5% inulin) for 28 days. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and lipid parameters were assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention. The data showed that the LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly reduced (p http://ijeab.com/detail/inulin-fortified-maize-based-fermented-beverage-rab-affects-lipid-profile-and-blood-pressure-levels-in-indian-hyperlipidaemic-subjects/ Zahara Ali Shams, Nikita Wadhawan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJEAB-11120243-Inulin.pdf In the present study, three groundnut genotypes ICG2106, ICG5236 and ICG76 were collected from ICRISAT, Patancheru to study the mutagenic effect of EMS (Ethyl methane sulfonate) on the quantitative traits. The groundnut seeds were treated with different (0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%) concentrations of chemical mutagen EMS and the seeds were sown in the experimental farm of department of genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad. The ANOVA results revealed that the difference is highly significant due to the treatment of all the characters indicating that there is a considerable amount of genetic variability in the genotypes. In among the three genotypes (ICG2106, ICG5236 and ICG76), the quantitative traits were found to be higher in the genotype ICG2106 than ICG5236, ICG76 and it is also evident from the study that when the concentration of EMS increased, the mean values of all the quantitative traits decreased. It is observed that the seeds treated with 0.3% EMS and 0.4% EMS concentrations showed the highest mean values for quantitative characters under consideration. These mutant varieties can be further utilized in groundnut crop improvement programme. http://ijeab.com/detail/assessment-of-quantitative-characters-of-groundnut-arachis-hypogeae-l-mutants-in-m3-generation-under-induced-ems-mutagenesis/ A. Yugandhar, Kumara Joshi, K. Srinivas Naik, P. Sathish, G. Vijay Kumar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJEAB-10320247-Assessment.pdf