Parameter: The Area of Microclimate Gradient Diurnal Dynamic for Characterization and Monitoring of Forest Ecosystem and Environment

Microclimate forests are usually described by the parameters: quantity of microclimate differences of interior-exterior, the depth of the effect of edge and gradient. These parameters can characterize ecosystem conditions but their quantities are often inconsistent and thus less valid for monitoring ecosystem and adjacent environmental changes.This paper introduces the concepts, methods, and the results of the application of the parameters: the area of microclimate gradiet diurnal dynamic which the advantage in: (1) characterize ecosystem conditions and their interactions with adjacent environments, (2) categorize transects (in forest ecosystems) based on ecosystem conditions and their interactions with adjacent environments, (3) monitoring the forest ecosystem changes (deforestration, natural damage etc), (4) determine the time of thermal equilibrium between forest and environment.


INTRODUCTION
The microclimate variables used by many researchers in describing the microclimate of forest ecosystem are: the intensity of solar radiation penetration, air temperatire, air humidity, wind speed (Hennenberg et al, 2008, Davies_Colley et al, 2000. Parameters used to express the quantity of forest microclimate are: the maximum difference of interior-exterior, the depth of edge effect, the maximum gradient at the forest boundary. These quantities can not determine the ecosystem capacity in controlling the total daily thermal diffusion between the ecosystem and the environment. Quantity of these parameters, are not consistent for the data measured at the different day, although in the same weather condition. Mathematical modeling of temporal changes and spatial variation can produce microclimate gradient data at the edge of foret ecosystem. The mathematical modeling of daily microclimate gradient dynamics, yield the functions that describe the thermal interaction between forest and environment. Interesting information obtained from the graph of micaroclimate gradient dynamic functions are: the duration of thermal diffusion from the environment to the ecosystem and vice versa, the time of diffusion transition (marked by gradient value = 0), and the area of intersection between the dynamic gradient curve with the thermal equilibrium line. The area surrounded by gradient dynamic curve of microclimate variables may consist of two or one plane only, depending on the ecosystem condition and its adjacent environment. If the curve forms two planes of gradient dynamic, the one plane represents the thermal diffusion from the environment into the ecosystem while the other plane represent the thermal diffusion in the opposite direction. This area of mocroclimate gradient dynamics is related to the acceptance of solar radiation and thermal energy storage by the interior of the forest through the diffusion process. The thermal diffusion mathematical model that produce a gradient function is developed based on the assumption of steady flow of thermal energy. This article describes the method and examples of application of parameter "the area of diurnal dynamic of microcilamet gradient" in characterizing the interaction of forest ecosystem with the environment. These examples resulted from measurements on several transects, in 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2016.

II.
LITERATURE REVIEW Microclimate is defined as the climate condition of the localized area as a different zone with surrounding environment (Chen et al. 1999;Medellu, 2012). The microclimate variables were studied by experts are the intensity of solar radiation, air temperature and air humidity (Hennenberg et al., 2008  If the measurement repeated in two consecutive days with the same weather conditions (no rain and wind speed less than 2 km/hour), the value of parameters: maximum difference of edge-interior, the depth of edge effect and the maximum edge gradient of air temperature and air humidity were fluctuated and occured in the different time (Medellu, 2012). The depth of edge effect will show two to four top values in different time during the day (Medellu, 2012). Chen et al (1999) found the top value of the depth of edge effects occur four to six times a day. This daily fluctuation was the reason for De Siqueira et al (2004) to use the variance of the depth of edge effect data. This result indicates that the microclimate parameters can be used to characterize the interaction between the forest and the adjacent environment (Chen et al, 1999;Medellu, 2012Medellu, , 2013, but less valid if used as a reference for monitoring the changes of the ecosystem and its environment. In 2012 I publish the parameters "area of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic" through the dissertation entitled "Mathematical Modeling of Daily Dynamics of Microclimate Gradients in Mangrove Forest. This parameter indicates the change of microclimate variables during one day or one period of sun illumination, to obtain the daily response of forest ecosystem and environment on solar radiation. The reason for the using of this parameter was in line with Godefroid et al. (2006) and Laurance et al. (2011), who proposed that the effect of microclimate in the transition zone is the cumulative response on solar radiation. Determination of the area of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic includes the stages of the temporal and spatial modeling, determination of edge gradient, modeling the edge gradient function, determination the area of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic, and the coefficient of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic. The area of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic is the area (abstract) surrounded by the microclimate gradient curve with the line of thermal equilibrium. Thermal equilibrium line is the line in twodimensional coordinate system i.e. gradient versus time, which the gradient value is zero. Thermal equilibrium line indicates the time of the changes of thermal diffusion direction between forest ecosystems -environment. The area of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic describe the change of microclimate variables during one day according to the period of sun illmunination, acceptance-storagereemissin of thermal energy by forest and the environment. This parameter is also influenced by the weather conditions i.e. rainfall and wind speed (Medellu, 2012; 2013). The rainfall and wind speed must be controlled during the measurement to ensure that the value will represent the condition and the changes of forest ecosystem and environment.

III. METHOD
The parameter: area of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic was developed through the mathematical modeling the daily gradient changes. The basic concept of modeling is The position of measurement follows the phenomenon of thermal energy absorption by the medium (air, water) which is greater around the edge and decreased with the increasing of the distance from the edge. Theoritically, the physics variables (f) change due to absorption as f = ko.e-k1x , where k1 is the constant of absorption, x is the distance from the edge, and k0 is physics variables value at the edge. The value of f is greater near the edge and gradually desreased by the increasing of the distance from the edge. 1.3. Variables, measurement and tabulation of data.
The measurement of variables on each position is done with one hour interval. The measurement was conducted by switch from one position to the next position (moving station). The measurement on each position is done simultaneously for four variables i.e: air temperature, air humidity, the intensity of the light and the water/mud temperature. The measurement of air temperature, air humidity and solar illumination was done on the height of 50 cm above ground, using instrument "four in one", which also measured the wind speed for controlling. The measurement on the position of 50 cm vertically assumed represents the vertical variation of air temperature and humidity (Didham and Ewers, 2014). Wind speed measured for controlling the other microclimate variables. The measurement is only done if the wind speed is less than 2 km/hour that quarantee the free or unforced diffusion. Water or mud temperature measured using the water/land termometer, with the depth variation of 0 -2 meters. The measurement position is determined using GPS. The measurement position marked for the next measurement. One day measurement on each position produced 24 data. The measurement result data recorded in form as Table-1  The synchronization must be done because the data were not measured simultaneously, but switching from one to the next position, along transect. Synchronization is done by measuring the difference of time measurement between the two consecutive positions and then submits into the temporal function to get a new microclimate data. This process of synchronization does not alter the temporal function but gives a new data wich synchron between positions along transect. The synchronized data used for analysis and modeling of spatial function wich describe the microclimate variations along transect. 1.7. Modeling of spatial function.
Modeling of spatial function using the exponential model as presented in equation (3). This hypothetical function contains four unknown constants. These constants can be determine at least using three pairs of data (distance (x)microclimate T(x)), including the edge data as a reference of position: where x is the distance from the reference or the edge of the forest. The constants: k1, k2, k3 and k4 obtained by computer iteration techniques, using the pair of data:. condition where no thermal diffusion between forest and environment.
The measurement for 24 hours can produce two areas of diurnal dynamics gradient, above and below the thermal equilibrium line, depends on the changes of gradient sign (Figure-1).
If the gradient has the negative sign, the area of diurnal dynamics gradient lies below the line of equilibrium, indicates the thermal diffusion from the environment to the forest. If the gradient sign is positive, the area of diurnal dynamic gradient lies above the equilibrium line that indicates the thermal diffusion from forest to environment. The area of diurnal dynamics microclimate gradient (A) determined using the the numerical integral: Where n is the number of elements of area. Gt is the value of the function gradient. Δt is the interval of time sampling.

Location of research
Research was performed on several locations that to show the consistent results according to ecosystem and environment conditions. Research in 2011 taken on 10 transects which the condition as describes in Tabel-2

International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB)
Vol -3, Issue-3, May-June-2018  http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.3.28  ISSN: 2456-1878 www.ijeab.com Page | 939   The differences of the area of air temperature gradient diurnal dynamic between the two transects that measured at the same time and on the same weather conditions (no rain), proves that the difference is caused mainly by canopy cover (sea basic data in Table-2). Figure-5 October 14, 2011. The condition of the mangrove ecosystem and environment along transect 2 on the first and second measurements were the same. The area of air temperature gradient diurnal dynamis in dry day was 9.024 0 C.hours/m at the day, and 3.064 0 C.hours/m at night. The area of air temperature gradient diurnal dynamis in rainy day was 7.30 0 C.hours/m at the day, 2,623 0 C.hours/m at night. Decreasing the area of air temperature gradient diurnal dynamic due to rainfall was in line with the decreasing of other parameters such as the maximum difference of interior -edge, maximum edge gradient and the depth of edge effects. 4.4. The monitoring the change of forest width and the gap size in mangrove forest .  The second measurement has been done at 07.00 a.m. on July 20, 2016 to 07.00 a.m., July 21, 2016. In the second measurement the width of gap decreased to 18 m, while the width of mangrove or the distance of the two edges was increased to 76 m. The green color graph shows the air temperature gradient dynamic constructed by the data of second measurement. Weather conditions for the first and second measurement were the same, by controlling wind speed less than 2 km/hour and no precipitation. The dense of canopy was relatively in the same range, around 72 %-85% in the first and (72 %-86%) in the second measurement. The area of air temperature gradient diurnal dynamic derived from the first measurement data are 9.586 0 C.hours/m at the day, and 3.034 0 C.hours/m at night. In the second measurement, the area of air temperature gradient diurnal dynamic was 9.982 0 C.hours/m at the day, 3.424 0 C.hours/m at night. 4.5. The grouping of mangrove ecosystem based on the area of air temperature and humidity gradient diurnal dynamic Figure-8 and Figure-9 shows the map of the transect grouping based on the area of air temperature gradient (absis) and the humidity gradient (ordinate) on night and day. The numbers on the map represent the number of ten transects on Table-1, without distinguish location, for example the transect number 4 was the transect no-1 Location Ratatotok etc. Based on the area of air temperature and humidy gradient data at night and day, the transects grouping was:: (a) group of transects (1,2,3,5,9), and (b) group of transects (6,7,8). Transect-4 and transect-10 was not grouping, each transect stand alone.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Group of transects (a) have the high value of the area of air temperature and humidity gradient at the day and night. The group (b) represesnts transects with the low value of the area of air temperatre and humidity gradient at the day and night V. CONCLUSION The area of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic represents the one day accumulative response of forest ecosystem and environment wich more stable than the other parameters: interior-edge differences, the depth of depth edge, maximum edge gradient. Parameter the area of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic can be used to: (1) characterize, identify and classify or grouping the transects, (2) monitor the changes in forest structure, the change of forest or changes the gap size in the forest, (3) monitor the impact of environment to forest ecosystems. The application of parameter the area of microclimate gradient diurnal dynamic for mangrove ecosystem monitoring, limited to variable: air temperature, air humidity and illumination. For variable of water/mud temperature needed the control of water flow which caused the complex of spatial variation and temporal changes of water temperature. To quarantee the good ouput, the measurement of microclimate conducted in the condition of the wind speed less than 2 km/hour; this to ensure the unforced thermal diffusion.