Estimated carbon stored on some landscape forests in South East Sulawesi

Carbon stored in several forest landscapes in Southeast Sulawesi such as the Jati stand on the People's Forest, Pine stands in Protected Forest, Mangrove Forest vegetation, Natural vegetation of urban forest, and Campus Forest show the weight of carbon stored per hectare different from one vegetation to another. The objective of this research is to know the biomass and the amount of carbon stored up (levels of the tree, pole, stakes), the lower plants, litter and nekromassa in various forest landscape in Southeast Sulawesi. Biomass is obtained through the use of allometric equations (plants on the surface), and measures the wet weight and dry weight (bottom plants, woody necromassa and non-woody). Furthermore, the estimated amount of carbon stored. The results showed Pinus stand (Pinus mercusii) carbon stored 65,992 tons ha-1, stand Teak (Tectona grandis) 36.213 tons ha-1, Mangrove vegetation (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora sp, Sonneratia alba, and Avicennia alba) 68.12 tons ha-1, natural vegetation Forest City 50.01 tons ha-1, natural vegetation Forest Campus 98.18 tons ha-1. The availability of carbon estimation information in various forest landscapes can be used as supporting data for REDD + programs aimed at addressing climate issues.


INTRODUCTION
Forest landscape is a description of land cover both within forest area and outside forest area in the form of forest and non forest. This can be described in terms of the area of land cover. Area of land cover in and outside the forest area of Southeast Sulawesi Province 3,638,000,7 Ha. Where land cover area in forest area is 1,943,000,8 Ha and not forest area 1,694,000,9 Ha [1]. REDD + activities are one of the mitigation or mitigation measures caused by climate change in the forestry sector by reducing emissions from deforestation, degradation and conservation, SFM and increased carbon stocks. [2], [3], [4] that, there are 5 carbon sources to be measured through field measurements; above ground biomass, below ground biomass, dead wood, litter, and soil. While the source of carbon to 6 that is harvested wood products (harvested wood products) has not been taken into account. Carbon needs to be measured because basically carbon stock is the amount of carbon stored in vegetation, other biomass in the soil.Efforts to reduce GHG concentrations in the atmosphere (emissions) is to reduce the release of CO2 into the air. Therefore, the amount of CO2 in the air must be controlled by increasing the amount of CO2 uptake by the plants as much as possible and suppressing the emission release as low as possible. [2]Thus maintaining the integrity of natural forests, planting trees on agricultural lands and protecting peatlands is essential to reduce excessive amounts of CO2 in the air.

Materials
The results of the research took place in the teak plantation forest (Tectona grandis Lf)) in North Buton District, Mangrove Forest in Latompa village, Maligano sub-district, Muna district, Pinus stands (Pinus mercusii) in Nanga-Nanga Protection Forest Kendari City, Natural Forest Vegetation in Kecamatan Baruga Kendari City, and natural vegetation Forest Campus in District Baruga Kendari City.

Methods
This research method using Desk Study approach by summarizing the results of existing carbon estimation research that took place in 2012 until 2015, and also collects materials and other information from literature related to climate issues. The results are then studied in the form of qualitative and quantitative descriptive.

III.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Biomass calculations use some allometric equations (Table  1), and estimates of carbon stored in several forest landscapes in Southeast Sulawesi use the equation ie C = BK (ton / ha) x 0.46 [2] Calculations Biomass used in the results of research, can be seen in Table 1 below:  [11] Forest City Baruga is one of the city forest in Kendari City is established with an area of 3 ha with natural environmental conditions so that the management must be able to meet one of the ecological functions as a carbon sink. [12] The results study show that the number of individual vegetation in City Forest, from 8 point sampling that the number of individual of vegetation (tree, poles, stakes, seedling and puppies) averages 4781.25 individuals ha -1 . Mean of biomassa natural vegetation in city forest 108.719 ton ha -1 , and carbon deposit 50.01 ton ha -1 . Upper plants, plants and necromassas only have a total stored carbon of 50.01 tons ha -1 . This is possible because the city forest with natural vegetation is located within the city of Kendari, making it very susceptible to disruptions that could lead to forest degradation.  [17] Land use system consisting of trees with species with low wood density values, the tree biomass will be lower when compared to land with species with high wood density values.

Recapitulation of Estimated Saved Carbon
Carbon stored in several landscapes of forests in Southeast Sulawesi are protected forests, urban forests, campus forests, community forests and mangrove forests show different amounts of stored carbon. This can be seen from the structure of the constituent vegetation, the vegetation type, the age of the plant, the stand site, and the degree of damage to the forest landscape. The more layered growth rate in a stretch (the level of trees, poles, stakes, seedlings), the higher the carbon content stored in the vegetation. Vegetation consisting of various types has a higher stored carbon than a one species vegetation. This can be seen in Table 4 below.

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Forest landscapes in Southeast Sulawesi have different amounts of stored carbon. The largest amounts of stored carbon among forest landscape observed in upper plants, under plants and necromassas, respectively were in the campus forests of 98.181 tons ha -1 , then in protected forests (Pinus stands), and urban forest (natural vegetation) of 50, 01 tons ha -1 . Forest landscapes in Southeast Sulawesi have different amounts of stored carbon. The largest amount of stored carbonaceous forests, under plants and necromassas, respectively were in the campus forests of 98.181 tons / ha, then in protected forests (Pinus stands), and urban forest (natural vegetation) of 50, 01 ton / ha. While the forest landscape that only observes carbon stored in the upper plants, the highest in the mangrove forest (68.12 tons ha -1 ), and the lowest in the forest (Teak plant) with 36.213 tons ha -1 of stored carbon. The amount of carbon stored in each forest landscape is affected by the structure of the stand, the number of vegetation constituents, the age of the plant, the site where the vegetation develops, and the extent of damage. The natural vegetation composed of complete stand structures (trees, masts, saplings and seedlings) tends to have higher amounts of carbon stored, compared to one standing layer alone. Natural vegetation of mixed species also tends to have higher amounts of stored carbon than vegetation consisting of only one type of constituent. Carbon stored in plants will be higher, as the age of the plant increases. In addition, mangrove vegetation with tidal habitats (tidal vegetation), although a natural vegetation but has a lower amount of carbon stored than in the natural vegetation habitat on land. Carbon stored in plants will be higher, as the age of the plant increases. In addition, mangrove vegetation with tidal habitats (tidal vegetation), although a natural vegetation but has a lower amount of carbon stored than in the natural vegetation habitat on land. The People's Forest Program is very good at reducing carbon emissions, but it is best to use multi-species cropping patterns with layered structures.