Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastes

The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.


INTRODUCTION
The pollutants from the wastewater are harmful to the public health and the environment, and they are toxic to the aquatic organisms as well. The wastewater treatment helps to remove contaminants from water to decrease pollutant load [1]. Water pollution occurs through natural processes in certain cases, but most of the pollutions caused by human activities [2]. The used water of a community is called wastewater or sewage. The waste waters are not treated before being discharged into waterways, which causes serious pollution in the particular environment [3]. There are three major categories of pollutants that cause pollution in water. The first category includes disease-causing agents such as viruses, protozoa, parasitic worms, and bacteria, which enter sewage systems and untreated waste. Because of the abundance of these microbes, wastewater acts as the common source of transmission for diseases such as dysentery, cholera, and typhoid. The second category of water pollutants includes oxygen demanding waste, which includes the biodegradable matter such as plant residues and animal manure, which are added to the water naturally or by human beings. In natural process, this biological waste uses oxygen present in the waste water and thereby results in oxygen depletion. Once all the oxygen has been depleted, bacteria are able to take control of the sewage, by making the water polluted. The third category of water pollutants includes water soluble inorganic pollutants such ascaustics, salts, acids, and toxic metals. Another kind of water pollutants includes ammonium salts, nitrates, phosphates, and so on. The pollutants such as nitrates and phosphates are the important nutrients, andthis favor thegrowth of algae and thereby results in eutrophication [4 -6]. Studies on the water quality were carried out by various researchers on various effluents. Earlier studies revealed that anthropogenic activities strongly affect the water quality. This was a result of cumulative effects not only from upstream development but also from inadequate wastewater treatment facilities [7]. The waste water quality can be measured by analyzing the variations of total suspended solids, total phosphorous, chemical oxygen demand (COD), copper, iron, nickel, nitrogen, lead, zinc, and so on [8][9][10].
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influences. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industries, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations [11]. The contamination and quality of irrigation water are of the main concern especially in the regions with limited water resources [12]. Characterization of wastewater and activated sludge has been used for control and optimization of existing processes and development of new processes. The most possible sources of water, soil, and plant pollutions are sewage sludge and residues of industries and intensive fertilization [13]. The importance of testing a waste characterization in this study is to identify the composition of the waste so actions can be taken to reduce the amount of trash discarded [14]. The waste water discharged from various domestic and industrial sources has been characterized by various researchers [11,13]. Urban environmental management is one of the important issues as the urbanization trend continues globally. The undermanagement of municipal wastewater in many southern urban areas is a major challenge.
Management of wastewater in metropolitan cities is a very difficult task. The unsafe disposal of wastewater results in water pollution as well as terrestrial pollution. It causes various health problems that are epidemics due to the processing of the contaminated water [15,16]. This wastewater eutrophicates the water bodies, causing the mortality of aquatic biological resources. Hence, the role of treatment plants is in the sustainable use of wastewater as they make the water usable for various purposes [17]. The major objective of the present study was to characterize the wastewater discharged from different industries in Kombolcha and Debreberhan town, Ethiopia. A study of this kind will improve our knowledge on the quality of wastewater being discarded into the environment due to various anthropogenic activities.

II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS For the present study, effluent samples were collected from different industries in Ethiopia. The effluent samples were collected from the outlet of the process. The effluent was collected in polythene containers of two liters capacity and were brought to the laboratory with due care and was stored at 20 o C for further analysis. Chemicals used for the analysis of spent liquor were analytical grade reagents. The physical and chemical characteristics of industrial effluents parameters viz. pH, total alkalinity, total acidity, COD, BOD5, total solids (TS), total dissolved (TDS), totalsuspended solids (TSS), chlorides and sulfides were analyzed as standard method of APHA (1998) [18].  Determination of pH The pH of all five samples was measured immediately after its collection using a pH meter. The pH of the water sample collected from different sites was ranging from 4.7 to 8.2 and the result was shown in table 2.and Figure 1. The pH of the water is known to influence the availability of micronutrients as well as trace metals [19]. It is well known that the pH is an important parameter in evaluating the acid-base balance of water. A pH value of 7 is neutral; a pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than7 represents base saturation or alkaline. The principal component regulating ion pH in natural waters is the carbonate, which comprises CO2, H2CO3, and HCO3 [20].

Electrical conductivity
Water conductivity is mainly attributed to the dissolved ions liberated from the decomposed plant matter [21] and input of inorganic and organic wastes [22]. EC values are noted to be different for various samples, ranging from 1205.3-7130.17 µScm −1 , and the result was shown in Figure 2. EC depends on the dissolved solids in the discharged water. The EC being the measure of dissolved solid in solution implies that sampleW5 had more dissolved solids than other sample sites. High EC values indicate the presence of high amount of dissolved inorganic substances in ionized form.
The fluctuations in EC in any particular location depend on the fluctuation in TDS and salinity [23].

Determination of total dissolved solids
The amount of TDS in this study varies from 1370 to 8100 mg/l, and the result was shown in Figure 3. In the waste water, TDS are composed mainly of bicarbonates, chlorides, carbonates, phosphates, and nitrates of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium; manganese; salt; and other particles [24]. The higher values of TDS may be due to the discharge of waste from effluents from various smallscale industries in these towns. Kataria et al. [25] reported that increase in the value of TDS indicated pollution by extraneous sources.  (Fig. 4). BOD increases due to biodegradation of organic materials that exerts oxygen tension in water body [26]. Increases in BOD can be due to heavy discharge of industrial wastewater, animal and crop wastes, and domestic sewage. BOD value has been widely adopted as a measure of pollution in the particular environment. It is one of the most common measures of organic pollutant in water. It indicates the amount of organic matter present in water. Sources of BOD in aquatic environment include leaves and dead plants, woody debris, animals, animal manure, industrial effluents, wastewater treatment plants, feedlots, and food-processing plants and urban storm water runoff [27]. Determination of Chemical oxygen demand COD showed the minimum value of 772.56 mg/l and the maximum value of 3105.3 mg/l (Fig. 5). All organic compounds with few exceptions can be oxidized by the action of strong oxidizing agents under acidic condition. The COD determination is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of that portion of the organic matter in a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. While determining COD, oxygen demand value is useful in specifying toxic condition and presence of biologically resistant substances. The COD and BOD values are a measure of the relative oxygen -depletion Dissolve oxygen. The DO content of the wastewater collected from different sources decreases with increase COD and BOD. BOD directly influences the amount of DO in rivers and streams. The greater the BOD and COD the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the waste water. This means that less oxygen is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The effect of a waste contaminant. Both have been widely adopted as a measure of pollution effect. COD is also one of the most common measures of pollutant organic material in water. COD is similar in function to BOD, in which both  /dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.4  ISSN: 2456-1878 www.ijeab.com Page | 1472 measure the amount of organic compounds in waste water [27].

Determination of Nitrate
The nitrate content of wastewater samples varies from 11.00 to 166.00mg/l, and the result was shown in Figure 6. Nitrate content is an important parameter to estimate organic pollution in a particular environment, and it represents the highest oxidized form of nitrogen. Nitrate is one of the very common contaminants in ground water and surface water. Nitrate occurs naturally in source water as a result of decaying plants. However, there are other manmade sources of nitrate that can increase its presence in source waters to dangerous levels. Agricultural sources of nitrates include livestock waste matter and chemical fertilizers. The presence of nitrates in the water samples is suggestive of some bacterial action and bacterial growth [28].

Determination of Sulfate
The sulfate content of wastewater varies from 600to 6500mg/l, and the result was shown in Figure 7. Sulfates are considered toxic to plants or animals at beyond normal concentrations. Sulfates are formed due to the decomposition of various sulfur-containing substances present in water bodies. The sulfate ions (SO4 −2 ) occur naturally in most water supplies and hence are also present in wastewater. In human beings, small concentrations cause a temporary laxative effect [29]. Sulfate occurs naturally in water as a result of leaching from gypsum and other common minerals [30].

Determination of Chloride
Thechloride content of wastewater samples varies from 886.25 to 8543.45mg/l and the result was shown in table 2. Figure 9.And the levels exceed the permissible chloride level of 1000 mg/L of effluent discharge into inland surface waters. The chloride content in water sample gives an idea of the salinity of water sample.

Determination of Sulfide
Sulfides are particularly objectionable because hydrogen sulfide will be liberated if they are exposed to a low pH environmental, and if they are discharged into stream containing iron, black precipitates will be formed. Sulfides may be toxic to stream organisms or to organisms employed in biological treatment systems. The results of present study revealed that sulfide level from industrial wastes were given in Table 1 and figure 10. W1, W3, W4and W5 exceeds the permissible sulfide level of 2 mg/ L. of effluent discharge into inland surface waters [31].

Determination of Alkalinity
Alkalinity of water is its acid neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all the bases. The alkalinity of natural water is due to the salt of carbonates, bicarbonates, borates silicates and phosphates along with hydroxyl ions in the Free State. However, the major portion of the alkalinity is due to hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates. The results of present study revealed that alkalinity level from each industrial waste are given in Table 1 and figure 11.

Determination of Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
The results of present study revealed that TSS level from different industrial processes are given in Fig. 6 and it exceeds the permissible TSS level of (20-200) mg/ l. These suspended impurities cause turbidity in the receiving streams. The composition of solids present in industrial effluent mainly depends upon the nature and quality of raw material processed in the industries. High level of total suspended solids present in the industrial effluent could be attributed to their accumulation during the processing of  finished proses. Presence of total suspended solids in water leads to turbidity resulting in poor photosynthetic activity in the aquatic system [32] and clogging of gills and respiratory surfaces of fishes [33]. CONCLUSION From the result of physico-chemical analysis of industrial effluents, it has been concluded that PH, EC, TDS, Chlorides, Sulphate, sulphied, Nitrate,alkalinity, TSS, BOD and, COD are very high in concentration compared to the standards prescribed by WHO and EPA. Such effluent should not be discharged in to the nearby water body or soil without treatment. They are unfit for irrigation. The high level pollution of the industrial effluents cause's environmental problems which will affect plant, animal and human life [30].