Production Function Analysis of non-member of Dairy Cooperative Society for Milch cow in district Etawah of U.P.

This study covered Cobb douglas production function, Tukey and Kramer analysis on Non members dairy cooperative society for milch cow in district Etawah of U.P. In study researchers have taken post- stratified into Landless, Marginal, small, medium and large herd size categories. The study effect of various factors of production in (Rs.) like Feeding cost included (dry fodder + green fodder), expenditure of concentrate included (grain + khali + mineral material and chunni / choker) and miscellaneous expenses included (labor charge and fixed cost) on milk produced by the cow of dairy cooperative society non members in annual in different categories of farmers. Further, the researchers have found out the comparative analysis of all the categories of dairy cooperative society non members. At last Tukey and Kramer test was applied on all the category of dairy cooperatives society members in milch cow to get into the depth of the problem under investigation. This study is helpful to find out the elasticity of different factors of milk production and comparative analysis in all categories of members dairy cooperative society in milch Cow by Cob douglas production function analysis.

INTRODUCTION FAO predicting a 2% increase of world milk production from 805 million tonnes in 2015 to 827 million tons in 2020. Most of this increase is expected to come from developing countries such as India, China, Pakistan and Turkey, where it will be used to meet growing demand. The FAO forecasts also show some supply growth in Europe, Australia and the US, although at much lower rates while they predict New Zealand"s 2015 production to be roughly the same as last year. As consumption levels in developed countries such as Europe, Oceania and North America are unlikely increase fast enough to use up the additional milk supplies, this will lead to an increase in exports during 2015. Uttar Pradesh is the highest milk producing state 23.33 Million Tonnes and hold a share of more than 17% in the total milk production in India. Apart from being the largest milk producer, Uttar Pradesh also has the largest number of cows and buffaloes, which is more than 1.8 Crore. in 2014-15. Kherigarh, Ponwar, Gangatiri and Kenkatha are some of the cow breeds found in Uttar Pradesh. These cow breeds are mainly found in Uttar Pradesh and known for producing milk in high quantity. Uttar Pradesh has more than 40 dairy cooperatives, which supply milk to many states in the country. On the basis of per capita milk consumption, Uttar Pradesh continued to remain the leading milk producer, followed by Rajasthan and Gujarat, whereas, the per capita demand was maximum in Punjab followed by Haryana. Milk is an essential as well as popular food of the Indian diet. It is highly nutritious and occupies 15 percent of the total consumed dietary protein in the industrialized world. Grossly speaking milk constitutes 3.1 percent protein 4.0 percent fat, 5.0 percent lactose 0.74 percent minerals and sizeable amount of vitamins, milk is also a close substitute for nonvegetarian food. "As per an assessment made by the Planning Commission Report-2012, the domestic demand for the milk by 2020-21 is expected to be 172.20 million tons. India would have sufficient production to meet such demand. The international body on the farm sector in its latest "Food Outlook" report also estimates global milk production in 2020 grow by 2% to 827 million tones. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) had published a report in "Perspective 2010" in which to enable the co-operatives to meet the new challenges of globalization and trade liberalization. Like other major dairying countries of the world, the Indian co-operatives are expected to play a predominant role in the dairy industry in future as well.
However, India is in the meantime, attaining its past glory and is once again becoming "Doodh Ka Sagar". But what percentage of this Sagar is handled by the co-operatives is just a little over 7 per cent. Since liberalization of the dairy sector in 1991, established of the dairy factories in the country but their share of total milk is hardly 5 per cent. Therefore, the total share of the organized sector in India, both co-operatives as well as the private sector is hardly 12 per cent. Besides, growth in milk production is likely to continue at present * (Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying& Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI-2014-15) rate of 4.4 % in the near future. Who will handle this increment in milk production in India? Demand for milk at current rate of income growth is not sufficient; India needs to grow at-least 7 per cent per annum to full fill the demand. The study analyzed various factors of production in (Rs.) like Feeding cost included (dry fodder + green fodder), expenditure of Concentrate included (grain + khali + mineral material and chunni / choker) and miscellaneous expenses included (labor charge and fixed cost) on milk produced by the cow of dairy cooperative society members in annual in different categories of farmers i.e, landless, marginal, small, medium and large on the basis of land holding capacity. Analyses of Cobb Douglas production function, researchers find out elasticity of fodder, concentrate and miscellaneous factors of milk production. Further, the researchers have identified percentage of data variation on different category members of dairy cooperative society. At last Tukey and Kramer test was applied on all the category of dairy cooperatives society members in milch cow to get into the depth of the problem under investigation. This study is helpful to find out the comparative analysis in all categories of members dairy cooperative society in milch Cow. "Etawah" in Uttar Pradesh is famous for its Bhadawari breeds of buffalo and Jamunapari breed of goats. The said breed of buffalo were also known for consuming less fodder relative to production of high fat content milk. However, all the milch animals such as buffalo, cow and goats are grazed in the ravines and the forest area between Jamuna and Chambal rivers of Etawah district of U.P. The numbers of milch livestock of Etawah district during 2012 were reported as total number of female adult cows 1, 10,825 total number of adult females' buffaloes 92065 and total female adult goats were 2, 41, 61.

II.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE Murithi, Festus Meme,(2002), study was motivated by the need to find means of increasing milk supply in Kenya in order to meet an expected rise in demand. The study was concerned with the efficiency of resource use in smallholder milk production. The major objective of the study was to determine whether tnere are possibilities of increasing milk production through re-allocation of the resources used in milk production~ The problems encountered by farmers involved in milk production were also examined. The data used in the study were collected from 60 smallholders who are members of five Dairy Co-operative Societies which are affiliated to the Meru Central Farmers Co-operative Union. A Cobb-Douglas milk production function was fitted using the inputs used in milk production. The results showed that concentrates significantly Influenced milk yields. The test for efficiency of resource use revealed that there was inefficiency in the use concentrates. Profit maximization I~equires that the marginal value product of an input be equated to the price. If this condition is fulfilled in the study area with respect to concentrates, the average milk yeild per animal per year would increase by 73% above the current levels. An important conclusion of the study is that there could be substantial in milk output and consequently gains in farm profits if the amount of concentrates fed to the animals is increased above the cur-r-errt level s. It is recommended that:-(i ) effot'ts be intensified to educate the benefits of increased feeding of concetrates to the (i i ) animals, constraints which contribute to the unavailability of concentrates when farmers need them be removed, (iii) farmers be educated on how they can the excess animal feeds which is produced in the winter season to feed the animal and educated on how best season, they can utilize the farm by-products while they are of high nutrition value to feed the animals. Sharma, P.K. & Singh, C.B. (1984), conducted a study in the intensive cattle development project and observed an increasing trend of human labor employment per household. The dairy enterprise on an average generated 250 days of employment on both category of beneficiary and non beneficiary households . The family labor income of Rs.1076 obtained from cross bred cow was much higher than that of a buffalo and local cow. Further the beneficiary households recorded higher income from different types of milch animal as compared to that of non beneficiary households. Therefore, they concluded that the project has been able to generate additional gainful employment in the study area and thus it can go a long way in boosting up income and employment levels specially an small cattle holdings. Sharma, P.K. & Singh, C.B. (1986), studied the impact of I.C.D.P. Karnal on production, consumption and marketed surplus of milk in rural Karnal. The study revealed that production of milk was relatively higher on the beneficiary households than that of nonbeneficiary households of cattle owners with rise in production of corresponding increase in milk being marketed by the beneficiary households. The overall marketed surplus of milk on beneficiary and non beneficiary households was about 44 and 28 per cent respectively. The project could, therefore be expected to provide a better source of income through milk production. Interestingly a positive impact of project was seen as consumption of milk. The per capita per day milk consumption of 729 and 623 gm on beneficiary and non beneficiary households respectively. It was much higher than the national average of 121 gm only Hirevenkanagoudar, L.V. et .al., (1988),studied the impact of dairy development programmes of the Karnataka Dairy Development Cooperation (KDDC) on the selected economic aspects of small and marginal farmer and agricultural labours. The study revealed that over 56 per cent of KDDC beneficiaries were getting 50-75 per cent of their family income from dairy enterprises whereas, 60-87 per cent of nonKDDC farmers getting 25 per cent of their income from dairy enterprises. All KDDC farmers were selling milk to dairy co-operative societies. Mostly small farmers, marginal farmers and agricultural labors in the KDDC programme and 60 per cent of the non KDDC category through that dairy co-operative societies were the best agencies for milk marketing. More than 64 per cent of KDDC farmers had repaid 75 per cent to 100 per cent of the dairy loan, whereas only 10-25 percent at nonKDDC farmer had repaid 75-100 per cent of their dairy loan. Dass, B. et. al., (1990), studied performance of dairy cooperative. involved in production of dairy co-operative involved in production and distribution of milk in Tarai region of district Nainital (Uttar Pradesh) during the year 1986. The study revealed that the co-operative societies had a positive and significant impact on the size of milch breed, level of milk production and marketed surplus of milk per member household. The size of milch herd increased by 55 per cent, the level of milk production by 65 per cent and marketed surplus of milk by 72 per cent in the societies group as compared the non-societies group. The income generated through dairying was 30 per cent of the total cash income in the societies group as against 21 per cent in the non-societies group. Jitendra, K. & Shankara, M. (1992), studied the impact of dairy co-operative and income and employment in chittor district,Andhra Pradesh. It was found that agricultural labour and non-agricultural labour earned more income from dairying than small farmers who were earned more in crop production. The employment created to members (121.5 days in area-I and 112.2 days in area-II) was significantly more compared in non-members (76 days in area-I and 53.5 days in area-II) in the study area. Thus, the dairy co-operative have contributed in generating more income and employment to the dairy farmers. Prajneshu,(2008), the set of Cobb-Douglas production functions is usually fitted by first linear zing the models through logarithmic transformation and then applying the method of least squares. However, this procedure is valid only when the underlying assumption of multiplicative error-terms is justified. Unfortunately, this assumption is rarely satisfied in practice and accordingly, the results obtained are of doubtful nature. Further, nonlinear estimation procedures generally yield parameter estimates exhibiting extremely high correlations, implying thereby that the parameters are not estimated independently. In this paper, use of expected-value parameters has been highlighted and the advantages of their use have also been discussed. Finally, the developed methodology has been illustrated by applying it to the wheat yield time-series data of Punjab. Venkatesh P. and Sangeetha V.,(2011), a study was conducted to examine the cost structure and resource use efficiency of dairy farms in the Madurai district of Tamil Nadu. The dairy farmers were selected by using multi stage random sampling technique. Tabular analysis and Cobb-Douglas production function were used in this study. Total costs per lactation per animal estimated were of the order of Rs.12776.09, Rs 11791.20 and Rs.12079.28 and returns per rupee of investment 0.78, 1.08 and 0.95 respectively on small, large and pooled farms. Feed cost was the higher input cost in dairy farming (61.6%). The cost of production milk per litre was less in case of large farms (Rs. 4.62) compared to small farms (Rs. 5.39). Results indicated the inverse relationship with the size and the herd of the total costs, due to economies of scale. Functional analysis showed barring human labour on small farms all the selected input variables such as green fodder, dry fodder, concentrates and health care were positive and significant impact on the production of milk indicating the potentiality of their further use. production function revealed that concentrate had positive and significant influence on returns from buffalo milk across all the household categories for both the member and non-member groups. Green fodder and dry fodder were also influenced the returns from milk significantly across all the household categories for both the member and non-member groups with the sole exception of large category of nonmember group. D 1 (winter) and D 2 (Rainy) dummy variables were found to be positive and statistically significant. The results of Chow's test clearly revealed that the production functions between member and non-member groups differed significantly. The results of the resource use efficiency revealed that green fodder was over-utilized in small and medium categories for both the member and nonmember groups, dry fodder was over-utilized by medium category of member group, concentrate was over-utilized by only medium category of member group and by small & medium categories of non-member group while it was under-utilized by large category of non-member group and labour was over-utilized by only small category of member group.

Makwana D. Girish et.al.(2016)
, suggested the dairy subsector occupies an important place in agricultural economy of India. As milk is the second largest agricultural commodity in contributing to GNP. Currently, more than 80 % of the milk produced in the country is marketed by the unorganized sector (private organization) and less than 20 % is marketed by the organized sector. But, both organized and unorganized sector in the dairy industry of the district face a lot of constraints relating to production and marketing constraints as well asinfrastructural , technical , socio-psychological, economical with high or low severity to expansion of milk production in the district, availability of green fodder and concentrate , knowledge of balance feeding, irregular sale of milk ,lack of time of marketing, less knowledge about of marketing strategies, no or less provision for advance payment for milk by society or vendors, delay in payment by unorganized sector, in ability to market for value added products, transportation. Processing availability of veterinary facilities , lack of awareness of animal health care and training facilities for scientific dairying etc. facing by cooperative and noncooperative members in Kheda district of Gujarat.

III.
RESEARCH METHDOLOGY District Etawah milk producers' cooperative union was purposively selected from the state of Uttar Pradesh. Exhaustive lists of all the milk producers' cooperative societies in Etawah district milk producers' cooperative union were prepared. Researchers have selected randomly 150 non member of dairy cooperative society & 150 members of dairy cooperative society from 10 Villages of 2 blocks selected in district Etawah. All the milk producing household members and non members were classified into five categories, viz., Landless, Marginal, Small, Medium and Large farmers on the basis of land holding capability. Thus, in all, 300 households were interviewed during the year 2008-09. The primary data were collected to help of well structured pre-tested schedule by the personal inquiry method. The data collected were subjected to tabular analysis in order to study the comparative economics of milk production. Cobb-Douglas type Production Functional analysis was applied on cow milk production with three variables like-fodder, concentrate and miscellaneous of different categories landless, marginal , small, medium and large member farmers of dairy cooperative society.
The study effect of various factors of production in (Rs.) in case of milk cooperative societies non members in annual in different categories.
…… (1) log y = log a+ b1 log X1 + b2 log X2 +b3 log X3 …(2) Where Y = Production of milk in (Rs.) X1 = Feeding cost included (dry fodder + green fodder) X2 = Expenditure of Concentrate included (grain + khali + mineral material and chunni / choker) X3 = Miscellaneous expenses included a labor charge and fixed cost. bi = Respective elasticity's of milk production a = constant Having estimated the cost of milk production, it is desirable to ascertain the reliability of these fodder costs, concentrate cost and miscellaneous expanses estimates. The most commonly used "t" test was applied to ascertain whether the cost of milk is significantly different from zero or not at some specified probability level. "t" cal=bj / standard error of bj.. If calculated "t" value is greater than the table value of "t" at a specified probability level and "n-k-1" degree freedom, bj is said to be statistically significant.

Conclusion
The studyreveal that Elasticity of milk production for all the five categories of non member farmers of dairy cooperative society in milch cow namely Landless, marginal, small, medium and large farmers. Their economies of scale of out of these five categories none of the any category non member farmers were observed had decreasing return to scale. The all five categories i.e., landless, marginal, small ,medium and large exhibited increasing return to scale and analysis further reveals that return to scale was the highest for marginal farmers followed by large, landless and small and medium non member farmers of dairy cooperative society in case of milch cow. The analysis are revealed that mean of small farmers was the most benefited in nonmember cow followed by large farmers , Landless , Marginal farmers and least for Medium farmers . This indicated fact that small farmer interestedness in milch animals especially in cow is the highest. Further there is non significance difference between Large, Landless, Marginal and Medium farmers for non member of dairy cooperative society of milch cow.